Utilização do espaço subterrâneo

Underground space use

Building damage assessment

Rui Gomes

Learning goals for ...

Building damage assessment

- risk: basic concept

- Hogging vs sagging
- parameters to assess building damage
- Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)

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 Building damage assessment

Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability × Exposure x capacity

Region A – tensile failure at the heal

Region B – flexural failure at the toe
Region C – shear failure with formation of diagonal cracks

Building damage assessment

Foundation problems

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 Building damage assessment

- tunnel construction in soft ground causes ground movement, most notably

in the form of a surface settlement trough.

- In urban areas this ground subsidence can affect existing surface and
subsurface structures.

- Predicting tunnel induced deformation of such structures and assessing

the risk of damage is an essential part of planning, design and construction
of tunnels in an urban environment (Mair et al., 1996).

Building damage assessment

Bjerrum, 1963

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 Building damage assessment
Total settlement: (Sowers, 1962)
For structures supported on load bearing wall, the maximum settlement values are (2.5-5) cm. for
chimneys, silos, mats this value lies in between (8-30) cm, for framed structure (5-10) cm.
Other limiting factor like considering drainage, the maximum settlement should be 15-30 cm and
considering access (30-60) cm.
Tilting:
Maximum settlement for stability in respect of overturning depends on height and width of
structure:
•Tilting of towers, chimneys- maximum settlement 0.004L
•Machine operated within the structure:
•Turbo generator- 0.0002L
•Cotton loom- 0.003L
•Drainage on floors- (0.01 – 0.02) L
•Crane rails: 0.003L
•Goods Stacking- 0.01L
Differential movement:
•Continuous brick wall of significant height- 0.0005-0.001L
•Wall cracking in one-storied brick mill-0.001-0.002L
•Gypsum plaster cracking -0.001L
•Framed building of reinforced concrete-0.0025-0.004L
•Reinforced concrete structure curtain walls-0.003L
•Continuous steel framed structure-0.002L
•Simple steel framed structure-0.005L

Building damage assessment

Definition of structure deformation
Burland & Wroth (1974) proposed nine
parameters to define building distortion:

1. Maximum settlement (assentamento

máximo)– maximum vertical movement of a point.
Positive values indicate downwards movement, Sv,max.

2. Differential or relative settlement

(assentamento relativo) Sv,max - the difference
between two settlement values

3. Rotation or slope (rotação ou declive) max

- the change in gradient of the straight line defined by
two reference points embedded in the structure

4. Angular strain (distorção angular) máx

rotation of the straight line joining two reference points
relative to tilt; produces sagging or upward concavity
when positive while hogging or downward concavity is
described by a negative value

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 Building damage assessment
5. Relative deflection (defleção relativa)
máx - maximum displacement relative to the straight
line connecting two reference points with a distance L.
Positive values indicate sagging.

6. Deflection ratio (razão de deflexão) DR

- quotient of relative deflection and the corresponding
length: DR = /L

7. Tilt (inclinação)  - rigid body rotation

of the whole superstructure or a well-defined part of
it. It is difficult to determine as the structure normally
flexes itself

8. Relative rotation or angular distortion

(distorção angular)  max - rotation of the
straight line joining two reference points relative to the
tilt.

9. Average horizontal strain (extensão

horizontal média) h develops as a change in
length L over the corresponding length L: h= L/L.

Building damage assessment

Boscardin and Cording, 1989

The figure is valid for hogging deformations with L/H=1.

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 Building damage assessment
Mair, Taylor, & Burland, 1996

Ground movement in greenfield conditions

Prediction of Ground Displacements
Example (cont.):
A tunnel will be excavated in Lisbon, passing under several buildings.
Open shield excavation with D = 9.5 m will be performed in argilas dos prazeres (Stiff
clays VL  0.1% to 0.6%).
9,5 m
c) 20 m
15 m 9,5 m
C
3m
22 m
20 m
A B
39 m

22 m

A B
see excel file!
17
6.7 m 8.3 m 6.0 m 6.0 m 6.0m 6.0m

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 Evaluation of risk damage

Evaluation of risk damage

Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)

PHASE 1: INVESTIGATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
- surveying and data collection on the nature, configuration and condition of
buildings and utilities together with topographic measurements and technical
expert reviews.
- This is essential to assess the baseline or zero condition of each structure
prior to the start of construction works.

PHASE 2: INFORMATION SUMMARY

This involves a ‘typological’ classification of the structures according to, for
example:
- nature, function, value, size, design, age and current condition.

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 Evaluation of risk damage

Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)

PHASE 3: SELECTION OF DAMAGE CRITERIA

- This is aimed at converting the objectives required in terms of damage

limitation into criteria to be used by the designer.

- This could be, for example, a system based on strains, where the strains
are based on the initial reference condition and evaluation criteria are used
with respect to additional strains induced during the construction.

Evaluation of risk damage

Methodology recommended by
ITA/AITES (2007)

PHASE 4: MODELLING
This phase is intended to correlate
the building displacements induced
by ground movements to its structural
deformations.

Mair et al. (1996) suggested a three

stage assessment process, as
follows:

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Damages categories according to
the maximum tensile strain:

Evaluation of risk damage

Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)

PHASE 4: MODELLING
1. Preliminary assessment
- the presence of the building is not considered. Greenfield settlement
profile (normally as a contour plot along the proposed tunnel route) is evaluated.

- example of reference values: if  < 1/500 and Sv;max < 10mm the risk of building
damage is negligible.

- Buildings which are located within a zone in which greenfield predictions give
lower values than the above thresholds are assumed to experience negligible
damage risk.

- Such buildings are not considered further in order to avoid a large number of
unnecessary calculations.

- This approach is very simple and conservative as only greenfield settlement is

considered.

- If the greenfield settlement associated with a building exceeds the maximum

slope and settlement a second stage assessment has to be carried out.

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 Evaluation of risk damage
Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)

PHASE 4: MODELLING
2. Second stage assessment
- the building is represented as an elastic beam whose foundation is assumed
to follow the settlement profile described by the empirical greenfield (surface
movement transversal behaviour)

??

- this approach is still conservative

- However, it has been shown by case studies (Frischmann et al., 1994) that
the building's stiffness interacts with the ground such that deflection ratio and
horizontal strain reduce.

- Burland (1995): in the majority of cases the actual damage will be less than
the predicted category.

Evaluation of risk damage

Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)
PHASE 4: MODELLING
3. Detailed evaluation
Details of the building and of the tunnel construction should be taken into
account, this includes:

- the three-dimensional process of tunnel construction and the orientation of the

building with respect to the tunnel.

- Building features such as the foundation design and structural continuity as well
as any previous movement a building may have experienced in the past should
also be accounted for (Burland, 1995).

- The interaction between soil and structure is a key factor as the influence of the
building's stiffness is likely to reduce its deformation.

Burland (1995):
- because of the conservative assumption of the second
stage assessment, the detailed evaluation will usually
predict lower categories of damage than obtained from
the previous stage.
- If the risk of damage remains high it has to be
considered whether protective measures are necessary.

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 Evaluation of risk damage
Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)
PHASE 4: MODELLING
Example
Settlement of Mansion House, due to tunnel construction for the Docklands Light Railway,
London:

- the building's presence reduces both slope and maximum settlement compared to the
greenfield situation.

Evaluation of risk damage

Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)

PHASE 5: DETERMINATION OF THE ALLOWABLE

DISPLACEMENT THRESHOLDS

- the purpose of this phase is to determine the contractual threshold

requirements that will have to be met during construction.

The summary, prepared as part of Phase 2, is essential to allow

contractual criteria to be developed that meet the needs, in terms of
protection, of the structures.
Threshold values must never be taken as constant. They should be
essentially treated as alarm indicators and continuously reviewed based on
the actual building response due to the tunnelling works.

- it is important that ‘alarm’ thresholds and ‘stopping’ thresholds exist for

each project. A system based on amber and red trigger values is often
used.

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 Evaluation of risk damage
Methodology recommended by ITA/AITES (2007)

PHASE 6: BACK ANALYSIS AND CALIBRATION OF MODELS

WITH OBSERVED DATA

- check the displacement estimates (Phase 4) by monitoring the

construction works and the effects on the surrounding ground and
structures.

- Validating the design assumptions should be a routine part of all

construction management planning.

Evaluation of risk damage

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