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Hotelnyi Biznes Teoriia Ta Praktyka
Hotelnyi Biznes Teoriia Ta Praktyka
Hotelnyi Biznes Teoriia Ta Praktyka
М. П. Мальська, І. Г. Пандяк
ГОТЕЛЬНИЙ БІЗНЕС:
ТЕОРІЯ ТА ПРАКТИКА
ПІДРУЧНИК
2-ге видання, перероблене та доповнене
Затверджено
Міністерством освіти і науки України
для студентів вищих навчальних закладів
Київ
«Центр учбової літератури»
2012
УДК 640.41(075.8)
ББК 65.432я73
М 21
Гриф надано
Міністерством освіти і науки України
(Лист № 1.4/18-Г-343 від 9.01.2009 р.)
Рецензенти:
Башнянин Г. І. — доктор економічних наук, професор, завідувач кафедри
економічної теорії Львівської комерційної академії;
Дністрянський М. С. — доктор географічних наук, професор Львівського
національного університету імені Івана Франка;
Кульчицький Б. В. — доктор економічних наук, професор Львівського
національного університету імені Івана Франка.
ȼɫɬɭɩ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3
2.4.2. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ
ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4.3. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɫɜɿɬɭ. . . . . . . . . . 103
2.4.4. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ . . 111
2.5. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . 130
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.1. ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
ɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.2. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.3. Ɍɢɩɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . 142
3.4. Ɏɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 4. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ . . . . 168
4.1. ɉɨɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ . . . . 168
4.2. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . 176
4.3. ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɿ
ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
4.4. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. . . . . . . . . . . . 185
4.5. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 5. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢ-
ɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
5.2. ɐɿɧɨɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
5.3. ɋɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ
ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 6. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.1. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . 224
6.2. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶ-
ɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
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6.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ
ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ
ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
6.5. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
6.6. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ . . . . 294
6.7. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.8. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
6.9. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . 308
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 7. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɬɟɯ-
ɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɯɚ-
ɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
7.1. Ɍɢɩɢ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨ-
ɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
7.2. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
7.3. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ
ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
7.4. Ɉɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 8. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ
ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ
ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
8.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.3. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
8.3.1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ . . . . . . . 342
8.3.2. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɚɞɦɿ-
ɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
5
8.3.3. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . 348
8.3.4. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɠɢɬ-
ɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
8.3.5. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ
ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
8.3.6. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ . . . . . . . . . . . 365
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Ʌɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
6
«Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɞɨɝɨɞɠɚɬɢ
ɫɜɨʀɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ.
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɬɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʀ ɝɪɨɲɿ
ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɚɳɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ,
ɧɿɠ ɜɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɜ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ»
ȿɥɫɜɨɪɬ ɋɬɚɬɥɟɪ
ȼɋɌɍɉ
7
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɣ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɞɨɞɚɬ-
ɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ, ɩɨ-
ɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɰɶɤɿ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɨɡɜɿɥɥɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹ-
ɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ, ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɤɨɨɪ-
ɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɪɢɧɤɭ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɜɿɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚ-
ɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɚɥɭɡɿ. Ɉɞɧɨ-
ɱɚɫɧɨ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦɢ
ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. ɍ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜ-
ɤɢ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɿ-
ɜɧɹ, ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧ-
ɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɽʀ
ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨʀ ɫɭɛɝɚɥɭɡɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ.
ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɫɶɨ-
ɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɡ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿɽɸ
ɬɟɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɿ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ-ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɳɨ-
ɞɨ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ, ɧɚɩɪɚ-
ɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ
ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɨɤ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɚɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɭ ɿɦɟɧɿ ȱɜɚɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɤɚ.
ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ «Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ» ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ
ɞɥɹ ɮɚɯɨɜɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɳɢɯ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɨɦ «Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ», «Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ»
(ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ «Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ»). ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿ
ɡɦɿɫɬ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ
«ɦɚɝɿɫɬɪ» ɿ «ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪ», ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ-
ɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ.
8
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 1
ȱɋɌɈɊȱə ɋɌȺɇɈȼɅȿɇɇə ɌȺ ɊɈɁȼɂɌɄɍ
ɋɎȿɊɂ ȽɈɋɌɂɇɇɈɋɌȱ
41
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɫɢɧɚɦ ɜ «ɉɨɭɱɟɧɢɢ» ɤɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɧɹɡɶ ȼɨɥɨ-
ɞɢɦɢɪ Ɇɨɧɨɦɚɯ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɰɿ ɥɸɞɢ «ɦɢɦɨɯɨɞɹɱɢ ɪɨɡɧɟɫɭɬɶ ɩɨ
ɫɜɿɬɭ ɞɨɛɪɭ ɚɛɨ ɥɢɯɭ ɜɿɫɬɶ». ɉɪɢɣɨɦ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɢʀɜ-
ɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɧɹɡɹɦɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ɭ ɥɿɬɧɿɯ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧ-
ɰɿɹɯ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɛɭɥɢ Ʉɪɚɫɧɢɣ ɞɜɿɪ ȼɨɥɨ-
ɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɭ ɬɚ ȼɢɲɝɨɪɨɞ ɛɿɥɹ Ʉɢɽɜɚ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɿɣ Ɋɭɫɿ ɛɭɥɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɿɞ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɿɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ, ɹɤɿ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ «ɹɦɚɦɢ». Ɂ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɲ-
ɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɏV ɫɬ. ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɣ, ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ əɦɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɤɚɡɭ. ɍ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɳɢɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚɦɢ.
Ȳɯɧɿɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɤɭɩɰɿ, ɞɟɪ-
ɠɚɜɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɿ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ — ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɪɚɦ-
ɧɢɰɿ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿ ɪɹɞɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɧɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ
ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɛɚɝɚɬɨɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɪɚɦɢ, ɿɡɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɿɫɬɸ ɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɛɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɫɟ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ. Ɂɡɨɜɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɿ
ɞɜɨɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɝɨɪɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɿɧɚɦɢ, ɛɚɲɬɚɦɢ,
ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɦɚ ɜ’ʀɡɧɢɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦɢ.
ɇɚ ɱɭɦɚɰɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɲɥɹɯɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɫ-
ɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɪɱɦɢ, ɳɨ ɬɨɪɝɭɜɚɥɢ ɯɦɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɩɨɹɦɢ,
ɛɭɥɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɡɭɩɢɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɯ, ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɪɨɡɜɚɝ. Ʉɨɪɱɦɢ
ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ «ɲɢɧɤɨɦ», «ɤɨɪɱɦɨɸ-
ɡɚʀɡɞɨɦ», ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɜɧɶɨɸ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɽɸ, ɜɿɞɨɦɿ ɳɟ ɡ ɱɚ-
ɫɿɜ Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɨʀ Ɋɭɫɿ.
ȼ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɪɱɦɚ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɱɿɬɤɨ
ɪɨɡɞɿɥɟɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧ: ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɿ.
ɍ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ:
ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɜ ɲɢɧɨɤ ɡ ɩɪɢɥɚɜɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ — ɨɞɢɧ ɚɛɨ ɞɟ-
ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɦɚɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ, ɞɟ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɜɚɬɢ
ɿ ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɬɢɫɶ.
ɍ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɚɯ ɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɟɥɚɯ, ɧɚ ɭɡɛɿɱɱɿ ɞɨɪɿɝ, ɛɭɥɢ ɤɨɪɱɦɢ
ɿɡ ɡɚʀɡɞɚɦɢ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɨɪɱɦɢ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɮɚ-
ɫɚɞɧɨʀ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɛɭɜ ɜ’ʀɡɞ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɛɪɚɦɢ ɭ ɩɿɞɫɿɧɧɹ (ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪ), ɳɨ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɭɫɸ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɸ. ɉɨ ɛɨɤɚɯ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɿɦ-
ɧɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢʀɠɞɠɢɯ, ɤɨɪɱɦɚ ɿ ɠɢɬɥɨ ɤɨɪɱɦɚɪɹ.
42
ɋɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɜɿɱɱɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ,
ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɹɦɢ. ɉɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɨ
ɞɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ Ȼɥɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɋɯɨɞɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɮɨɪ-
ɦɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɋɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɜɿɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɧɚɫɚɦ-
ɩɟɪɟɞ Ʉɢɽɜɨ-ɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɚ ɬɚ ɉɨɱɚʀɜɫɶɤɚ ɥɚɜɪɢ, ɜɩɥɢɧɭɥɢ ɧɚ
ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɉɚɥɨɦɧɢɤɚɦ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɪɢɞɿɥɹ-
ɥɚɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ — ɜɨɧɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ,
ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚ ɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɱɚɧ ɧɚ ɧɨɱɿɜɥɸ ɬɚ ɧɚɝɨɞɭɜɚɬɢ. Ȼɿ-
ɥɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɩɚɥɨɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ — ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɯɪɚɦɿɜ
ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɨɤ ɭ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɫɩɟɰɿ-
ɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ — ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɞɜɨɪɿ. Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ȯɜɝɟɧ ȼɨɥɯɨɜɢɬɢɧɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɢɫɿ Ʉɢɽɜɨ-
ɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɥɚɜɪɢ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ: «Ɂɚ ɩɿɜɞɟɧɧɨɸ ɨɝɨɪɨɠɟɸ ɫɬɿɧɨɸ,
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɪɨɝɭ, ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɚɜɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɭ
ɭɫɿɦ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɿɦ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɛɿɞɧɢɦ ɛɨɝɨɦɨɥɶɰɹɦ, ɳɨ ɿɫɧɭɽ ɧɚ
ɰɶɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɳɟ ɡ ɱɚɫɿɜ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɿɹ (ɏVȱȱ ɫɬ.).
ɍ 1829 ɬɚ 1830 ɪɪ. ɡɚɦɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢɥɢ
ɤɚɦ’ɹɧɢɣ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɹɪɭɫɢ ɩɿɞ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɦ ɞɚɯɨɦ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ
ɧɶɨɝɨ...».
ȼ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ., ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ
ɞɨ Ɋɨɫɿɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɿɦɩɟɪɿʀ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ
ɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɜɿɞ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ ɞɨ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɡ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɹ-
ɦɢ, ɳɨ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
ɉɨɦɿɬɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ
ɡ Ʉɢɽɜɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɦɿɫɬɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɲɬɨɜɯɨɦ ɪɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɭ 1889 ɪ. ɪɟ-
ɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ
ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɭɸɱɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɭ Ʉɢʀɜ. Ⱦɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ
ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɰɿ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ «Ɂɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ», ɩɨɛɭ-
ɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ 1803–1805 ɪɪ., ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɜ ɉɟɱɟɪɫɶɤɿɣ Ʌɚɜɪɿ ɿ ɛɭɜ
ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦ ɭ 50-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ
ɛɭɞɢɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɜɭɥ. Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɶɤɿɣ, 30).
«Ɂɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɫɤɥɚɞɚɜɫɹ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ 4-ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɪɶɨɯ
2-ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɹ
ɭ Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɧɨ-ɥɚɜɪɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɭɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ «ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɩɪɿɿɦ-
ɧɿɰɢ» ɞɥɹ ɛɿɞɧɢɯ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɳɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɢɦ Ɏɟɨɞɨɫɿɽɦ
[91, ɫ. 40].
43
ɍ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 200 ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ
ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 20 ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɧɟɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɢɯ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɭɞ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɱɚɧ. ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɜɨɯ ɬɢɠɧɿɜ,
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɩɨɪɰɿɹ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɜɢ ɤɨɲɬɭɜɚɥɚ 20-25 ɤɨɩ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɥɿɤɚɪ-
ɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɱɚɧ ɡ ɠɿɧɨɱɢɦ ɿ ɱɨɥɨɜɿɱɢɦ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɧɚ 40 ɥɿ-
ɠɨɤ ɜ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ. ɓɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɥɨ ɞɨ 85 ɬɢɫ. ɨɫɿɛ.
ɍɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɲɬɢ ɦɟɰɟɧɚɬɿɜ — ɝɪɚɮɢɧɿ Ɉɪɥɨɜɨʀ
ɬɚ Ɍɭɪɱɚɧɿɧɨɜɨʀ.
Ⱦɨ 1880 ɪ. ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 15 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɤɿɧɧɢɦɢ ɟɤɿɩɚɠɚɦɢ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɢɦɢ ɨɦɧɿɛɭɫɚɦɢ. ɍɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ 20-ɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ-
ɥɶɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɿ ɏɪɟɳɚɬɢɤɚ ɬɚ
ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɢɯ ɜɭɥɢɰɶ, ɛɭɥɨ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨ 64 ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɧɚɣɛɿ-
ɥɶɲɟ ɡɚ ɜɫɸ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ ɦɿɫɬɚ.
Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚ-
ɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɭɦɨɜɧɨ
ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ: ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɭɱ ɡ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɨɦ ɿ ɦɟɛ-
ɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, «ɩɨɞɜɿɪ’ɹ», ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɿ ɞɜɨɪɢ.
Ɏɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɿ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɣ ɱɚɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ: ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨ-
ɪɚɧɢ ɡ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ, ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɟɤɡɨɬɢɱɧɿ
ɮɪɭɤɬɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿ ɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ
ɨɦɧɿɛɭɫɢ, ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɛɭɜ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɚɪɨɜɟ
ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɚɧɧɚ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɟ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ
ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɜ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɭ ɩɿɞɛɨɪɿ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ
ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɪɨɫɿɣɫɶ-
ɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɱɚɬ-
ɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ «ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ», ɧɚɣɫɬɚɪɿɲɢɣ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ
ɬɚ ɡ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɦ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ, «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ɉɬɟɥɶ», «Ʉɨɧɬɢ-
ɧɟɧɬɚɥɶ», «Ɉɬɟɥɶ-ɋɚɜɨɣ».
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɲ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɢɯ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɜɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɭɥɢɰɹɯ, ɜɢ-
ɦɨɳɟɧɢɯ ɛɪɭɤɿɜɤɨɸ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹɦ,
ɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɤɿɩɚɠɿɜ.
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ɉɟɪɟɞ ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɸ ɜɿɣɧɨɸ ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɛɥɢ-
ɡɶɤɨ 80 ɬɚɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ
ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɜɜɚɠɚɥɢɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ», «Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ», «Ȼɪɿɫɬɨɥɶ»,
«ȼɟɪɫɚɥɶ», «Ɇɚɪɫɟɥɶ» ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɧɚɡɜɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɿɸ ɜɫɿɽʀ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ.
Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɦɢɧɭɥɨɝɨ
ɫɬɨɥɿɬɬɹ ɛɭɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɛɭɥɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɜ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ,
ɞɹɤɭɜɚɜ ɣɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɫɚɦɟ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ, ɰɿɤɚɜɢɜɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɨ
ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɜ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ɉɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɢ ɡ ɇɿɦɟɱ-
ɱɢɧɢ ɿ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ. ɍ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɝɚɪɹɱɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɞɥɹ ɚɪɨɦɚ-
ɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɡɚɩɚɲɧɿ ɬɪɚɜɢ,
ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɥɚɡɧɿ, ɜɚɧɧɢ, ɩɪɢ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɢ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɢ.
Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɨɧɟ-
ɪɿɜ-ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɯ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɥɢ ɞɪɿɛɧɿ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ: ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ
ɥɢɫɬɿɜ, ɩɨɫɢɥɨɤ, ɤɜɿɬɿɜ, ɧɚɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɡɧɢɤɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ
ɤɨɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɥɿɤ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɥɨ ɞɜɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɨɪɢ —
Ɇɢɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɿ ɒɩɢɝɚɧɨɜɢɱɚ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɏɪɟɳɚɬɢ-
ɤɭ. ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɨɧɟɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɜɿɞ 10 ɞɨ 50 ɤɨɩ.
ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ.
ȼ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɨ ɩɪɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɨɬɢ-
ɪɶɨɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɭ ɿ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚ-
ɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɥɢ ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɢɦ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ. ȼɫɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
1880-1890 ɪɪ. ɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ Ȼɚɡɚɪɧɿɣ.
Ɇɟɛɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿɲɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɧɟ-
ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ ɠɢɬ-
ɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɿɪɧɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚ ɪɿɜ-
ɧɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɟɪɲɨɤɥɚɫɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ. ɐɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ
ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɦɿɫɬ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ
ɥɸɞɧɢɯ. Ɇɟɛɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞ-
ɧɨɲɟɧɧɿ ɰɿɧɚ — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɧɚ
ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɬ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
«ɫɚɦɨɜɚɪɚ ɿ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɝɢ».
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Ɉɤɪɿɦ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ — Ɉɞɟɫɿ, ɏɚɪɤɨɜɿ, əɥɬɿ.
ȼ Ɉɞɟɫɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ
ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɡ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɦɿɫ-
ɬɚ — ɜɿɞɨɦɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣ-
ɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ
ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɛɿɥɹ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɭ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɦɨɪɫɶɤɨ-
ɦɭ ɛɭɥɶɜɚɪɿ, ɧɚ ɜɭɥɢɰɿ ɉɭɲɤɿɧɫɶɤɿɣ, ɳɨ ɡ’ɽɞɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɦɨɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɿ
ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɢɣ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɢ. Ⱦɨ ɉɟɪɲɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ ɞɿɹɥɨ
34 ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿ 6 ɩɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɯ ɞɜɨɪɿɜ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɛɭɥɢ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɿ «Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɶɤɢɣ» (ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ 1899 ɪ.), «Ȼɪɿɫɬɨɥɶ» (1899 ɪ.),
«ɉɚɫɚɠ» (1898 ɪ.).
ȼ əɥɬɿ ɩɟɪɲɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «əɥɬɚ» ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ 60-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ
ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ( ɭ 1906 ɪ. ɩɟɪɟɣɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ «Ȼɪɿɫɬɨɥɶ»). Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɚ
ɪɨɡɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ — ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɿɜ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɢɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ.
ɍ 1875 ɪ. ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ɋɨ-
ɫɿɹ» (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ɍɚɜɪɢɞɚ»). ɍ 1915 ɪ. ɜ əɥɬɿ ɞɿɹɥɨ 14 ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚ 800 ɦɿɫɰɶ, 3 ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀ, 5 ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɸ ɜɿɣɧɨɸ ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɨ
43 ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, 18 ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀɜ ɬɚ 16 ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Ɋɨɫɿɹ» ɭ əɥɬɿ (150 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ),
ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɸɥɶɛɟɪ» ɜ ȯɜɩɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɩɪɢɪɿɜɧɸɜɚɜɫɹ ɞɨ ɤɪɚɳɢɯ ɽɜ-
ɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚ-
ɥɢɫɶ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɡɪɭɱɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ.
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɿɜ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀɜ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ
ɞɚɱ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɧɬɿɜ ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ
ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɩɪɢɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ
ɛɭɞɢɧɤɿɜ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ.
ɍ ɋɯɿɞɧɿɣ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɜ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɨ-ɍɝɨɪɳɢ-
ɧɢ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɏȱɏ — ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɫɮɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨ-
ɫɬɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɨɦ. Ɇɚɣɠɟ
ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɭ ɛɭɥɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ,
ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɿ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɭ 1902 ɪ. ɭ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ (ɋɯɿɞɧɚ ɿ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɚ ɪɚ-
ɡɨɦ) ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 935 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɹ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɹɤɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚ-
ɥɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 20 ɨɫɿɛ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɥɢɲɟ 0,5 % ɜɿɞ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨ-
ɫɬɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ.
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Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦ-
ɮɨɪɬɭ — ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢɦ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɦ ɜɨɞɨ-
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ. ɐɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚ-
ɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɿɡ ɧɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ,
ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ. ɇɚ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɭɜɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɬɚ
ɩɨɨɞɢɧɨɤɿ ɦɚɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɦ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɪɨɡ-
ɤɿɲɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɛɥɹɦɢ, ɜɢɲɤɨɥɟɧɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɸ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ
ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɢ ɬɨɝɨɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɸ ɮɟ-
ɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ȼɟɥɢɤɿ ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚ-
ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɿ, ɥɚɡɧɿ, ɞɭɲɭ, ɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɠɢ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɨɛɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɛɚɝɚɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ.
ɍ ɋɯɿɞɧɿɣ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɚ-
ɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɭ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ 48 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧ-
ɧɹ ɭ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɿ — 32, Ʉɪɚɤɨɜɿ — ɥɢɲɟ 18.
ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ Ʌɶɜɨɜɚ ɛɭɥɢ «ɀɨɪɠ», ɡɚ-
ɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ 1796 ɪ. ɿ ɜ ɱɚɫ ɡɚɫɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɜɫɹ «De La Rus».
Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɿɦɟɧɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɿɡ ɡɚɫɧɨ-
ɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɀɨɪɠɚ Ƚɨɮɦɚɧɚ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɛɭɥɢ 93 ɧɨɦɟɪɚ:
32 — ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ ɡ ɥɚɡɧɢɱɤɚɦɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɭ ɧɨ-
ɦɟɪɚɯ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɿ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ. ɐɿɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɜɿɞ 6 ɡɥɨɬ. — ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ
ɞɨ 24 ɡɥɨɬ. — ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡ ɜɚɧɧɨɸ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ
ɛɭɥɢ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɤɚɜ’ɹɪɧɹ, ɭ ɦɚɪɦɭɪɨɜɿɣ ɡɚɥɿ
ɳɨɜɟɱɨɪɚ ɝɪɚɜ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Ʌɶɜɨɜɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɜɫɹ «Ⱥɧɝɥɿɣɫɶ-
ɤɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» (1840 ɪ.), ɦɿɫɬɢɜ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ 1888 ɪ. ɛɭɞɿɜɥɸ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɪɨɡɿɛɪɚɧɨ ɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɩɟɪɟɦɿɳɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɭɥ. Ʉɚɪɥɚ Ʌɸɞɜɿɤɚ
ʋ 21 (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɤɬ ɋɜɨɛɨɞɢ).
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ «Ƚɪɚɧɞ» ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɭ 1893 ɪ. — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ
ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɭ ɦɿɫɬɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɿɫɬɢɜ 48 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɜɢɞɿ-
ɥɹɜɫɹ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɸ, ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɚ-
ɪɨɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɥɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɨɦ
ɧɚ ɮɨɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɦɿɫɬɚ — «ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɹ»
(1906 ɪ.), ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɞɿɹɱɟɦ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ
ȼɚɫɢɥɟɦ ɇɚɝɿɪɧɢɦ; «ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ» — ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɧɚɣɫɬɚɪɿɲɢɯ
ɭ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɭ 1804 ɪ., «Ʉɪɚɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ», «Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɢɣ»,
«ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ».
47
Ɂɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ Ƚɚɥɢɱɢɧɿ ɧɚɛɭɥɢ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ —
ɦɟɛɥɶɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɨɤ ɡɚɯɿɞɧɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ
ɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ ɛɭ-
ɥɢ ɦɟɧɲɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ
ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɦ ɡɚɬɢɲɤɨɦ, ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɭ,
ʀɞɚɥɶɧɹ ɿ ɫɚɥɨɧ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɧ-
ɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɐɶɨɦɭ ɫɩɪɢɹɥɨ
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɟ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɢ, ɩɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɫɜɿɬɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡ ɽɜ-
ɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦɢ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɪɢɫɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ
ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɸ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ,
ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɚ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɰɿɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɛɭɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɸ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ. ɍ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɩɨɦɿɬɧɢɦ ɽ ɩɨɞɿɥ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɧɚ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɿ ɰɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɤɪɿɦ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ
ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɿɛ
ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɦɿɠ ɉɟɪɲɨɸ ɿ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɸ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɦɢ ɜɿɣɧɚɦɢ ɭ ɪɨɡ-
ɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɿɞɛɭɥɢɫɹ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ. ȼ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ɋɚ-
ɞɹɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɽɞɢɧɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɫɬɢɯɿɣɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ʀʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ, ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɭ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ɇɟɫɩɪɢɹɬɥɢɜɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɥɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ
ɜ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɚ
ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɮɿɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ 30-ɯ ɪɨ-
ɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ ɡɦɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ
ɧɨɜɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ 10 ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɢɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ 649 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
«Ɏɪɚɧɫɭɚ», «ȿɪɦɿɬɚɠ», «ɑɟɪɜɨɧɢɣ Ʉɢʀɜ», «ȱɦɩɟɪɿɚɥɶ», «ȱɧ-
ɬɟɪɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶ», «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ», «ɉɟɝɚɫ»). ɍ 1937 ɪ., ɡɝɿɞɧɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ «ɉɪɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɫɬɨɥɢɰɿ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ» ɛɭɥɨ ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ» [89, ɫ. 65].
ȼ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ɂɚɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ ɉɨɥɶ-
ɳɿ, ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɱɱɢɧɢ ɬɚ Ɋɭɦɭɧɿʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɯɨ-
48
ɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɿ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɥɨ ɤɪɚɳɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɸ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɋɭɬɬɽ-
ɜɨɸ ɪɢɫɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɛɭɥɚ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɱɢɫɟɥɶɧɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɧɟ-
ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ, ɹɤɢɦ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɿɧ-
ɬɟɥɿɝɟɧɰɿɽɸ ɤɪɚɸ, ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɤɪɚɽɡɧɚɜɱɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɨ-
ɜɚɪɢɫɬɜ «ɉɥɚɣ» ɬɚ «ɑɨɪɧɨɝɨɪɚ», ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ, ɩɨ-
ɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɲɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɥɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ
ɭ Ʉɚɪɩɚɬɚɯ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɬɭɬ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶ-
ɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɨɦɿɜɨɤ, ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ — ɜɿɥɥ ɜɿɞɨ-
ɦɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɩɿɫɥɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ «ɯɪɭɳɨɜ-
ɫɶɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɥɢɝɢ» ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɠɜɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɦɿɠɧɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɋɊɋɊ. Ɂɪɨɫɬɚɸɱɿ ɨɛɫɹɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ
ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ — ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɧɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɿɜ. ɍ Ʉɢɽɜɿ ɭ 1964 ɪ. ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɣ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɰɟɣ ɱɚɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ», ɛɿɥɹ Ʉɢɽɜɚ ɧɚ
ɀɢɬɨɦɢɪɫɶɤɿɣ ɬɪɚɫɿ ɭ 1965 ɪ. ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨ ɦɨɬɟɥɶ-ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝ «ɉɪɨ-
ɥɿɫɨɤ» ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ
ɹɤɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ», ɭ 1972 ɪ.
ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɦɿɫɬɚɯ ɋɊɋɊ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɨ 40 ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ
ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ — ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ
«ȿɪɦɿɬɚɠ» (ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ»), Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ — «ɀɨɪɠ», Ɉɞɟɫɿ —
«Ʉɪɚɫɧɚɹ», əɥɬɿ — «Ɉɪɟɚɧɞɚ» ɿ «Ɍɚɜɪɢɞɚ» — ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ
ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ.
ɍ 70-ɯ ɪɨɤɚɯ ɫɬɪɿɦɤɢɣ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ. Ȼɭɥɢ
ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɨɜɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭ-
ɪɢɡɦɭ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ» — ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ — «Ʌɢɛɿɞɶ» ɿ «Ȼɪɚɬɢɫɥɚɜɚ»,
ɏɚɪɤɨɜɿ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬ», «Ɇɢɪ», ɦɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɪɭɠɛɚ», Ʌɶɜɨɜɿ —
«Ⱦɧɿɫɬɟɪ», ɍɠɝɨɪɨɞɿ — «Ɂɚɤɚɪɩɚɬɬɹ», Ɉɞɟɫɿ — «ɑɨɪɧɟ ɦɨ-
ɪɟ», Ɂɚɩɨɪɿɠɠɿ — «Ɂɚɩɨɪɿɠɠɹ», ɉɨɥɬɚɜɿ — ɦɨɬɟɥɶ «ȱɧɬɭ-
ɪɢɫɬ» ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ «ȱɧɬɭɪɢɫɬɚ» ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ
ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ 1980-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ 10096 ɦɿɫɰɶ [91, ɫ. 88].
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɭ 70-ɯ — ɩɟɪɲɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ
80-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ
1983 ɪ. ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɛɭɥɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɨ 25 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, 75 ɬɭɪɛɚɡ, 4 ɬɭ-
49
ɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ, 11 ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɿɜ, 6 ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɿɜ, 36 ɫɬɨɹɧɨɤ
ɿ ɧɚɦɟɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɿɜ. ȼɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 1986–1990 ɪɪ. ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɬɚ ɟɤɫɤɭɪ-
ɫɿɹɯ ȼɐɊɉɋ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ,
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ, ɛɚɡɚɯ ɿ ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɚɯ ɳɟ ɧɚ 40 ɬɢɫ.
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 2
ɈɋɇɈȼɂ ɆȿɇȿȾɀɆȿɇɌɍ
ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈ ȻȱɁɇȿɋɍ
63
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɭɤɬɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɣ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɜɢɞɿɥɟɧɧɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ. ɐɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɡɞɨ-
ɪɨɜɱɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɝɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿɨɧɢ ɬɚ
ɿɧ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɽ ɜɫɟ ɛɿ-
ɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɥɢɲɚɸɱɢɫɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɤ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɟ ɹɜɢɳɟ. ɉɿɞ-
ɜɢɳɟɧɢɣ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɟ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ. ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ, ɳɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨ-
ɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ. ɉɪɨ ɰɟ ɫɜɿɞɱɚɬɶ ɭɫɩɿɯɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧ-
ɰɸɝɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
Ȼɪɸɫɫɟɥɹ, ɋɬɪɚɫɛɭɪɝɚ, Ⱦɚɜɨɫɚ, ɞɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɫɨ-
ɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɢ — ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬɢ, ɛɚɧɤɿ-
ɪɢ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚ-
ɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɪɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɲɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɬɿ ɿɧ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜɿɞɨɦɢɣ ɮɟɲɟɧɟ-
ɛɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Steigenberger belvedere» ɭ Ⱦɚɜɨɫɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ- ɿ ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɫɚɭɧɭ, ɦɚɫɚɠ,
ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɬɚ ɟɤɡɨɬɢɱɧɨʀ
ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ.
ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɤ
ɽɞɢɧɟ ɰɿɥɟ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢ-
ɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ
ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ. Ⱦɨɫɜɿɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ
ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫ-
ɬɢɤ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ, ɫɩɟ-
ɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɟɥɟɦɟ-
ɧɬɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɿɦɿɞɠ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɿ
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɩɿɥɤɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
64
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɤɥɿɽɧ-
ɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ.
ȿɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ,
ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ. ɋɟɪɟɞ
ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ
ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɿ, ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɛɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ. ɐɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɯ.
Ⱦɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɧɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɧɢɯ ɪɟ-
ɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɫɢɥɢ, ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ. ȼ ɡɚɥɟɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬ-
ɜɚ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɧɿ, ɬɪɭɞɨɜɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɧɚ
ɡɛɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɛɭɬ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ.
ɍ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚ-
ɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝ — ɤɥɿɽɧɬ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ,
ɬɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɭɜɚɝɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢ-
ɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɽ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɦ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ» ɡ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɪɢ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ: ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
«ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɹɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ»
(ɪɢɫ. 2.2).
Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɰɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ,
ɳɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿ ɬɢɩɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɚ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɹɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ
ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ». ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» ɹɤ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɭɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɜɫɿ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ,
ɹɤɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɥɟɠɧɿ, ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɽɞɢɧɟ ɰɿɥɟ. ɋɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ «ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶ» ɭ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲ-
ɧɶɨʀ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɭɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
«ɝɨɬɟɥɶ» — ɬɪɟɬɿɣ (ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ) ɪɿɜɟɧɶ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ
ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɿɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿʀ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɣ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ.
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ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ «ɝɨɬɟɥɶ»
ɹɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɪɨɞɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ
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Ɉɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ — ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ
ɡɞɚɬɧɿ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɹɬɢ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ȼɿɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ
ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ — ɱɚɫ, ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɶ, ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɰɿɧɭ ɬɨɳɨ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɚɝɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɟɸ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ
ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɜɿɞ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ
ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɽ ɪɢɫɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ,
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɿʀ, ɡɪɭɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɳɨ ɡ ɱɚɫɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬɶ
ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢɫɶ ɹɤ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɸɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɨɸ «ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ».
ɉɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɫɹɠɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɭ ɪɢ-
ɧɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɞ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɡɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ
ɬɚ ɡɚɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. ɉɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ
ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɲɭɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ,
ɬɢɩɿɜ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ʀɯ
ɜɿɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɿ:
— ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ;
— ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ;
— ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
ɇɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɚɠɟɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɭ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ, ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɨɯɨɩɢɬɢ ʀɯɧɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɱɿ
ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ. ɋɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɞɨ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ, ɿɧɨɞɿ ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɹɜɢɬɢ ɹɤɿɫɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɿ ɭ ɰɿɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬɿ, ɽ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɸ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɽɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɟɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
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ɽɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɜɿ ɫɜɿɣ ɬɨɜɚɪ, ɳɟ ɫɤɥɚɞ-
ɧɿɲɟ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɉɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɥɢɲɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ,
ɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɹɤ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɿɫɥɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɤɭɩɿ-
ɜɥɿ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɜɿɪɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ:
— ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ ɜɿɞ ʀʀ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ;
— ɩɿɞɜɢɳɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɱɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ;
— ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɡɨɤ-
ɪɟɦɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɿ;
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɰɿɣ ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ
ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɭ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɫɬɜɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ (ɚɪɬɢɫɬɿɜ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɿɜ, ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟ-
ɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
Ɉɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɦɚɽ ɨɛ-
ɦɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ. ɇɚɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɟ ɬɨɞɿ, ɤɨɥɢ
ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɜɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɚɧɢɦ, ɣɨɝɨ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ
ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ. ɇɚɜɿɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɧɚɩɨʀ), ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ
ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡ ʀɯɧɶɨɸ
ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɢɣ ɿ ɧɟ ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɢɣ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɠɟɧɶ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ, ɧɟɪɨɡɞɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɜɢ-
ɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɸ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɿɞ ɬɨɜɚɪɭ.
Ɍɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɭ-
ɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɩ-
ɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɟ ɫɩɿɜɜɿɞɧɨɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɂɨɤ-
ɪɟɦɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɩɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ȼɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɣɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɿ ɰɿɧ, ɡɧɢɠɨɤ, ɨɩɬɢɦɿ-
ɡɭɸɱɢ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢ, ɦɨɠ-
ɧɚ ɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɡ ɩɿɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ
ɡɚɬɢɲɤɭ.
ȱɧɲɢɦ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɽ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɿɥɶ-
ɲɟɧɧɹ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ
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ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɿɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ
ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɡɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɸ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ.
Ɍɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɭɬɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɨɫɨɛɥɢ-
ɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ — ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɚɣɤɨɪɨ-
ɬɲɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ. ɐɟɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɚɽ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɑɚɫ ɩɪɨɩɨ-
ɡɢɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢ-
ɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɿɪɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɯɜɢɥɢɧɚɦɢ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɦɢ. ɇɚ-
ɣɲɜɢɞɲɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɡ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Ɍɨɤɿɨ. Ɍɭɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ — ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɬɚ
ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ 45 ɫɟɤ. ȼ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ
ɧɨɪɦɚ ɱɚɫɭ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɶɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 10–15 ɯɜ.
ɉɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ (ɫɟɡɨɧɧɢɣ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ
ɬɢɩɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɟ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɢɠɧɹ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɧɚɣɜɢ-
ɳɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɜɚɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɿɧɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɜɟɫɧɹɧɢɣ
ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢ, ɬɨɞɿ ɹɤ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɥɿɬɨɦ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɢɠɧɹ, ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɟ ɡɚ-
ɜɚɧɬɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɫɬɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɧɿ ɞɧɿ.
ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢ-
ɜɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɽ ʀɯ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ, ɞɟ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢ-
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ ɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢ, ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ʌɸɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ, ɦɿɧɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. əɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ
ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ
— ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫ-
ɬɸ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɩɫɢɯɨɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɦ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɨɦ ɦɿɧɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ. Ɉɫɨɛɢɫɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɣɨɝɨ
ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɿɧɞɢ-
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ɜɿɞɭɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɭɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɥɸɽ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɢɪɨ-
ɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ȱɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɪɨɞɠɭɽ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɨɸ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ
ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɛɚɝɚ-
ɬɶɨɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭ-
ɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɯ
ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɨɩɟ-
ɪɚɰɿɣ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɿ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ
ɨɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɿɹɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɹɯ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ:
— ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶ-
ɲɟ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ: ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɜɢɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ
ɜɿɞ ɦɚɫɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɡɚʀɡɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɬɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 5–15 ɯɜ.,
ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ — ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɛɢ, ɞɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 3 ɯɜ., ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ-
ɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ 10–30 ɫɟɤ. ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
— ɮɨɪɦɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɿ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ-
ɦɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ ɡɪɚɡɤɭ;
— ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜɿɞ-
ɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɹɞ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ,
ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ:
— ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɬɚɥɨɧɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɦɿɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ
ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹɦ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ;
— ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɦ ɮɚɤ-
ɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɬɨɦɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧ-
ɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ;
— ɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ
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ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ;
— ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɣ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɦɚɽ ɤɨɥɢ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ;
— ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɦɚɽ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦ, ɟɬɧɿɱɧɢɦ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɦ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɚ-
ɬɭɫɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ (ɤɚɪɬɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚ-
ɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ);
— ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɹɤ ɧɟɪɨɡɞɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ.
Ɂɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɬɢɩɨɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ
ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɰɿɣ
ɫɮɟɪɿ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɨɪɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ
ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ ɭ ɰɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ.
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ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ.
Ɍɢɩɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɚ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɥɹ ɤɟ-
ɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ,
ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɿ
ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
ɱɢɧɤɭ, ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɤɥɿɽɧ-
ɬɚɦɢ.
Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ (ȼɌɈ) ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ —
ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ (ɪɢɫ. 2.4.). Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ,
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ
ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀ-
ɧɢ ɜɿɞ 16. ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ. 2004 ɪ. ʋ 19», ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɦɚɣɧɨɜɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚ-
ɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ 7 ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɽɞɢɧɨɦɭ ɤɟɪɿɜ-
ɧɢɰɬɜɭ ɿ ɡɝɪɭɩɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɦɚɸɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ — ɰɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɪɚ-
ɜɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɧɹɦ
ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ
ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ
ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɧɨ
ɡ ɡɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɧɹɦ ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ (ɩɚɧɫɿɨ-
ɧɚɬɢ, ɤɥɭɛɢ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɿ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ (ɬɭ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɛɭɧɝɚɥɨ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɦɚɸɬɶ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ
ɿ ɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ (ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ,
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɝɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɿɛ ɩɨɯɢɥɨ-
ɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɿ ɬɚ ɲɤɨɥɹɪɫɶɤɿ ɝɭɪ-
ɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
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ɁȺɋɈȻɂ ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɌɍɊɂɋɌȱȼ ȱ ɉɈȾɈɊɈɀɍɘɑɂɏ
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɿ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ
ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
Ɇɨɬɟɥɿ Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ
Ɇɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɿ ɡ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɟ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɠɢɬɥɨ
ɉɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ
Ɍɚɛɨɪɢ
Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɿ Ɋɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɭ ɪɨɞɢɱɿɜ ɬɚ
Ʉɥɭɛɢ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɯ
ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɉɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ
Ȼɭɞɢɧɤɢ
ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ȱɧɲɿ
Ƚɨɫɬɶɨɜɿ
ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ Ɋɨɬɟɥɿ
Ʉɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ
ȱɧɲɿ Ɏɥɨɬɟɥɿ
Ȼɭɧɝɚɥɨ
Ȼɨɬɟɥɿ
Ƚɭɪɬɨɠɢɬɤɢ
ȱɧɲɿ
ȱɧɲɿ
73
Ⱦɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ, ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ
ɦɿɧɿɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɟ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɫɤɥɚ-
ɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɦɨɠɟ
ɛɭɬɢ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɿɧɲɿ
ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɥɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ, ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ
ɱɚɫ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ
ɰɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ — ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ,
ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɨɤ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ.
Ⱦɨ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɚɧɚɬɨ-
ɪɿʀ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ ɪɟɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɿʀ, ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɧɢɰɿ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ,
ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ, ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ.
Ⱦɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ
ɱɚɫ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨɦ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɨɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ, ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ, ɟɤɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɬɚ-
ɛɨɪɢ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɬɚɛɨɪɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɭɧɿɜ (ɫɤɚɭɬɿɜ), ɝɿɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɬɭɥɤɢ, ɞɢ-
ɬɹɱɿ ɬɚɛɨɪɢ, ɯɢɠɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚ-
ɫɨɛɿɜ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ-
ɦɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ
ɿ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɿ ɜɿɞ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɬɿ. Ⱦɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɥɟ-
ɠɚɬɶ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɩɨʀɡɞɢ, ɫɭɞɧɚ, ɹɯɬɢ.
Ⱦɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɟ ɠɢɬ-
ɥɨ ɜ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɨɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɚ ɤɿɥɶ-
ɤɿɫɬɶ ɦɿɫɰɶ, ɹɤɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ ɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɠɢɬɥɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ
ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɹɤ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɠɢɬɥɨ ɚɛɨ ɡ ɦɟ-
ɬɨɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ (ɞɚɱɚ). ɋɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚɯ, ɛɭɞɢ-
ɧɤɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɢ, ɨɫɨɛɧɹɤɢ, ɛɭɞɢɧɤɢ, ɤɨɬɟɞɠɿ, ɳɨ ɧɚ
ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨʀ ɞɨɦɨɜɥɟɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɹɤ ɩɨɜ-
ɧɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɚ-
ɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɥɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɢ, ɨɫɨɛ-
ɧɹɤɢ, ɤɨɬɟɞɠɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɱɥɟ-
ɧɚɦɢ ɪɨɞɢɧɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɿɧɲɢɯ
74
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɬɥɚ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɭɪɢ-
ɫɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɠɢɬɥɨ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɥɚɬɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɠɢ-
ɬɥɨ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɚɦɟɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɚɯ, ɫɭɞ-
ɧɚɯ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚɯ.
ɍ ɬɢɩɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ
ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ:
— ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ;
— ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ;
— ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɰɿɧ;
— ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ;
— ɦɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ;
— ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ;
— ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ;
— ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ.
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ:
ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ, ɫɿɥɶɫɶɤɿɣ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɫɬɿ,
ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ. Ɂɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧ-
ɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɧɚ:
— ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ (ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɚɫɭ Lux, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
5* ɿ 4*, ɳɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɨɛɫɥɭ-
ɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ — ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɿɜ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧ-
ɰɿɣ, ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɛɿɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɭ);
— ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ, ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿɣ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ,
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɳɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ;
— ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɰɹɯ ɦɿɫɬɚ — ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ
ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɡ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɦ ɨɛɫɥɭ-
ɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɥɿɤ ɜɚɠ-
ɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ — ɜɨɤɡɚɥɿɜ ɚɜɬɨ-
ɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪɬɿɜ,
ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɪɭɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɨɦ, ɧɢɡɶɤɨɨɩ-
ɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɿ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ —
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɨ-ɭɱɧɿɜɫɶɤɭ ɦɨɥɨɞɶ, ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɤɥɚ-
ɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɯ
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɚɬɪɚɤɰɿɣ — ɦɨɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɹ, ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɥɨɝɿɱ-
ɧɢɯ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȱɡ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɞɨ
75
ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ.
Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɣɨɝɨ
ɩɟɪɟɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɚɟɪɨɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɮɥɨɬɟɥɶ, ɪɨɬɟɥɶ, ɛɨɬɟɥɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ
ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ (ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ,
ɭ ɋɒȺ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɨ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɥɢɦɢ, 100–500 —
ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦɢ, ɩɨɧɚɞ 500 — ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ; Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ ɞɨ 100 ɦɿɫɰɶ — ɦɚɥɿ, 100–200 — ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ, ɩɨɧɚɞ 200
ɦɿɫɰɶ — ɜɟɥɢɤɿ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ, ɞɨ 150 ɦɿɫɰɶ (ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) —
ɦɚɥɿ, 150–400 ɦɿɫɰɶ (ɞɨ 300 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) — ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ, ɩɨɧɚɞ 400
ɦɿɫɰɶ (300 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ) — ɜɟɥɢɤɿ. ɋɜɿɬɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ-
ɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɿ ɦɚɥɢɯ
ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.
Ɂɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿ-
ɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ: ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɿ — 25–35 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ — 35–
55 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿ — 55–95 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɚɩɚɪɬ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ —
65–125 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɩɟɪɲɨɤɥɚɫɧɿ 95–195 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ, ɮɟɲɟɧɟ-
ɛɟɥɶɧɿ 125 — 425 ɞɨɥ. ɋɒȺ.
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ: ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ (ɫɟɡɨɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ — ɥɿɬɨɦ, ɡɢɦɨɸ) ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ.
Ɂɚ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ (ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ, ɜɿɞɨɦɱɿ, ɤɨɧɮɟ-
ɪɟɧɰ-ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ);
— ɞɥɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ (ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɟɦɩɿɧɝɢ
ɬɚ ɿɧ.);
— ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ (ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨ-
ɪɬɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚɯ — ɜɨɤɡɚɥɚɯ, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɿ, ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ:
— ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɛɟɡ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɿ ɝɚɫɬɪɨ-
ɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ — ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɛɚɪɢ;
— ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ;
— ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧ.
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Ɂɚ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ:
— ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ (ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɿ);
— ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ;
— ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɿ.
ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɿ, ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɝɧɭɱɤɿ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧ-
ɧɿ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɡɦɿɧ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨʀ
ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɤɰɿɨɧɟɪɧɢɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɨɦ
(ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ), ɫɿɦɟɣɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɨɞɧɨɨɫɨ-
ɛɨɜɢɦ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹɦ.
Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɧɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ
ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ, ɜɨɧɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɱɨɝɨ
ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ Ɋɚɞɹɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ
ɋɨɸɡɭ, ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ.
Ɇɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɚ (ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɚ) ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɡ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɦɿ-
ɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɫɜɿ-
ɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ (2–5 %). ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧ-
ɧɹ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ
ɧɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɿɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚ-
ɥɿɜ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɉɨɞɿɛɧɨ
ɞɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɧɟɫɟ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɭ ɬɚ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹɦ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɦɭɧɿɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ
ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɸ
ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɦɨɧɨɩɨ-
ɥɿɡɦ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɪɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɿ
ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɬɚ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɚɯ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ
ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. Ɋɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɩɥɚɧɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ:
— ɛɥɨɱɧɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ
ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɦɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɚɯ;
— ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɱɢ ɛɚ-
ɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɪɿɡ-
ɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ;
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— ɩɨɞɿɭɦɧɟ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɧɭɬɚ ɝɨɪɢ-
ɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡ-
ɜɢɧɭɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɿ.
ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɦɿɫɶ-
ɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɛɥɨɱɧɢɣ
ɬɢɩɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿ «əɥɬɚ» ɡ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɛɥɨɱɧɢɦ
ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ, ɤɨɪ-
ɩɭɫ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ «ȱɡ-
ɦɚɣɥɨɜɨ» ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ ɛɥɨɱɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɬ-
ɥɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ.
ɍ ɦɿɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɿɡ ɳɿɥɶɧɨɸ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɨɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
«Ⱦɧɿɩɪɨ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, «Holiday Inn» ɜ Ⱥɭɫɛɭɪɡɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ). ɍ
36-ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ-ɛɚɲɬɿ «Holiday Inn» ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨ-
ɜɚɧɿ ɡ 1-ɝɨ ɩɨ 11-ɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɬɹɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ.
ɉɨɞɿɭɦɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ
ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ, ɳɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɸ ɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ
ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿɜ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɰɟɣ ɬɢɩ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɢɣ
ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ «Ɋɭɫɶ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ, «Europa» ɭ Ȼɭɞɚɩɟɲɬɿ, «Sokos
Viru» ɜ Ɍɚɥɥɿɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
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ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢ-
ɬɚɧɿʀ — Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿʀ — ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɚ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ-
ɪɿɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ —
ɰɟ ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɢɣ ɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ
ɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɰɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɣ, ɳɨ
ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ:
— ɫɬɚɧ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɪɚ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ;
— ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ: ɩɥɨɳɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɨɞɧɨ-,
ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ, ɨɞɧɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ, ɛɚɝɚɬɨɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɢɯ, ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ-ɚɩɚɪɬɚ-
ɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
— ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ;
— ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɫɬɚɧ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɸ: ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɤɚɮɟ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
— ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɭ, ɯɨɥɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɡɭ-
ɫɬɪɿɱɟɣ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
— ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ: ɫɬɚɧ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɿɧɜɟɧ-
ɬɚɪɸ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢ-
ɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɫɟɣɮɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
— ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨ-ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɟ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚ-
ɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ: ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɢ, ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɫɭɩɭɬ-
ɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪɚ, ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
— ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɣ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɯ
ɬɚ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ:
ɨɫɜɿɬɚ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ, ɜɿɤ, ɫɬɚɧ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ, ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɜ, ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ
ɜɢɝɥɹɞ, ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɚ.
Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ɡɚ-
ɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɛɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
«ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɿɣ» ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɰɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ, ɞɨ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ «ɹɤɿɫɧɿ»
ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ — ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɍɫɿ ɧɚ-
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ɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɞ-
ɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ:
— ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɨʀ
ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɜɢ-
ɧɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ;
— ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɰɿɧɰɿ, ɩɨɲɢ-
ɪɟɧɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ.
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɿɞɨ-
ɦɨ ɩɨɧɚɞ ɬɪɢɞɰɹɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɽ ɬɚɤɿ:
— ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɡɿɪɨɤ», ɚɛɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ;
— ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɛɭɤɜ» — Ⱥ, ȼ, ɋ, D, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ;
— ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɤɨɪɨɧ», ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ;
— ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɛɚɥɿɜ», ɚɛɨ ɿɧɞɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
ɍ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ
ɹɤ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɨ-ɪɿɡɧɨɦɭ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɧɚɜɿɬɶ
ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ ɡ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɱɢ ȯɝɢɩɬɿ, ɞɟ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ «ɡɿɪɨɤ», ɦɿɠ
ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ȯɝɢɩɬɿ ɤɚɬɟ-
ɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɧɚ 1–2 ɡɿɪɤɢ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɞɥɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɮɟ-
ɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɬɢ ɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɸ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢ-
ɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɚɠɤɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Burj-Al-
Arab» ɡɚ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɩɟɪɟɞɠɚɽ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɣ
ɿɧɲɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɿ ɤɨ-
ɪɨɥɿɜɫɶɤɢɯ ɚɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ, ɜɫɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ɿ
ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɫɩɚɥɟɧɶ, ɜ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɡɚɤɥɚ-
ɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ — ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ.
ɍ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
ɪɹɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɧɢɠɱɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Marriott» (ɩ’ɹɬɶ ɡɿɪɨɤ) ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɿ-ɧɚ-
Ɇɚɣɧɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ) ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɜɢɳɟ 37 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɭ,
ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɨɝɨ «ɪenthouse»,
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɚɣɬ-ɤɥɸɱɚ
(ɫɚɣɬ-ɤɥɸɱ — ɰɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡ ɤɨɞɨɦ, ɳɨ
97
ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɬɜɿɪ ɭ ɩɚɧɟɥɿ ɿɡ ɤɧɨɩɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɿɮɬɿ,
ɤɨɞ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ ɿ ɥɿɮɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɪɭɯ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɜɢ-
ɫɨɬɢ). Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ ɡ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɤɨ-
ɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɿ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɫɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
Ɂɚ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ HOTREC ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɤɪɚʀɧ ȯɋ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɿ ɜɿɞ-
ɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɿɣ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɿɣ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɩɨ-
ɪɿɡɧɨɦɭ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤ Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ, ȱɡɪɚʀɥɶ ɜɡɚɝɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɦɚɸɬɶ
ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ȼ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ,
ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿʀ, ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɿ, Ʉɢɬɚɸ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɿʀ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿʀ,
ɒɜɟɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɛ-
ɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ; ɭ Ȼɟɥɶɝɿʀ, ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɿ, Ƚɪɟɰɿʀ, Ⱦɚɧɿʀ, ȯɝɢɩɬɿ,
ȱɬɚɥɿʀ, ȱɫɩɚɧɿʀ, ɉɨɥɶɳɿ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɶɨɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫ-
ɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ (ɞɨɞɚɬ. 2.1.).
98
ɇɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚ-
ɰɿɽɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɨɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɜɫɹ
ɫɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɳɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɫɟɝ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɫɜɨʀ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɢ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɭ
ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ.
Ɂ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɞɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ
ɱɚɫɭ ɧɟ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
ɋɩɪɨɛɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɿɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɭ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɭ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɸ. ɓɟ ɭ 1952 ɪ. IUOTO —
Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ (ɩɨ-
ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɤ ȼɌɈ) ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ «Hotel Trade Charter», ɭ ɹɤɨ-
ɦɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ 1971 ɪ.
ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɚ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ʀʀ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨʀ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ
ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨʀ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɿɫɧɿɣ
ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɿɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ. ɉɿɫ-
ɥɹ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ 1975 ɪ. ȼɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ,
ɜɫɿ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ IUOTO ɛɭɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶ-
ɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɹɤ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɿ. Ɉɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ
1976–1982 ɪɪ. ɪɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɣ ȼɌɈ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɥɢ
ɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ
ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɍ 1982 ɪ. ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɜ
ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
ɐɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɜ ɝɨɫɬɪɿ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɚɦɢ ȯȿɋ ɿ HOTREC — ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɸ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɿɽɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ,
ɤɚɮɟ ɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ. HOTREC ɜɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ
ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢ-
ɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɯ, ɚɥɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ȼɧɚɫɥɿ-
ɞɨɤ ɰɿɽʀ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɿʀ ɡ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ Ɋɚɞɢ ȯȿɋ ɜɿɞ 31 ɝɪɭɞɧɹ 1986 ɪ.
ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ «Standardized Infor-
mation in Existing Hotels», ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɦ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɥɨɫɶ
ɫɩɪɢɹɬɢ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɸ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɭ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ
ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɜ
99
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɭ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɹɯ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɜɢɝɨɞɢ ɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ
ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ 1988 ɪ.
HOTREC ɨɩɭɛɥɿɤɭɜɚɥɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ «ɉɪɨ ɩɪɨɩɨ-
ɧɨɜɚɧɭ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ-
ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɜɬɨɜɚɪɢɫɬɜɚ». ɍ ɞɨ-
ɤɭɦɟɧɬɿ ɧɚɝɨɥɨɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟ
ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ, ɚ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
ɍ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɦɿɠ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɫɬɚɧ-
ɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ (ISO) — ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ IHRA ɿ HOTREC — ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞ-
ɯɢɥɹɸɬɶ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɭ ɿɞɟɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚ-
ɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɍ 1997 ɪ., ɧɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ
ɜɢɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ISO ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɪɨɛɨɱɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ «ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɡ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ». ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɪ-
ɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɛɭɥɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
ɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ISO 9000 ɹɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ
ISO 9000 ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɚɝɨɫɬɪɢɥɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɤɢ ɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ IHRA ɿ HOTREC, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ, ɳɨ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɽɜɪɨ-
ɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹɦɢ
ɡɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɨ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɭɬɨ ɿ ɜɢ-
ɪɿɲɟɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ.
ɍ 2001 ɪ. ɨɩɭɛɥɿɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ «European Standart on Tourism
Services-Hotels and other types of tourism accommodation-
Terminology» (ȯɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɩɨ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭ-
ɝɚɯ — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɣ ɿɧɲɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ-ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ).
ɍ 2003 ɪ. Ʉɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɪɟ-
ʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɜɫɹ ɜ ȯɋ
ɡ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ
ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ-ɱɥɟɧɚɯ ȯɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɭ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ
ɰɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ. ɉɪɨ-
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ɬɟ, ɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɫɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɭ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠ-
ɱɿɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɽɞɢɧɭ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɹɤɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɛɭɥɚ ɛ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣ-
ɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ. ɉɪɨɬɟ,
ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɟɪɟɱɢɬɶ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ
ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ, ɹɤɢɣ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɜ ɛɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɬɭɪɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ.
ɋɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ GDS — ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (Amadeus, Galileo, Worldspan,
Sabre). ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡ 1994 ɪ. ȱɧɬɟɪ-
ɧɟɬɭ, ɹɤ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ, ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ
ɩɨɹɜɭ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɚɣɬɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɪɿɽɧ-
ɬɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ. Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢ-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɫɬɚɽ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɱɿɬɤɨʀ ɨɪɿɽ-
ɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɹɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɐɟ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɿɜ ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬ-
ɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ UTELL ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɢɬɢ ɭ 2001 ɪ.
ɜɥɚɫɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲ 6400 ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
ɽɦɫɬɜ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ UTELL ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧ-
ɰɢɩɚɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɫɟɫɜɿɬɧɶɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɦ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɦ
ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɨɦ «Official Hotel Guide» (OHG).
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɿɽɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɛɭɥɢ
ɩɨɞɿɥɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɚ ɡɚ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɸɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ — ɧɚ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ɂɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ:
Luxury — ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨ-
ɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɶ
ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ Luxury,
ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤɚ «Official Hotel Guide» ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ — Superior Deluxe, Deluxe, Moderate Deluxe
ɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢ-
ɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɚɛɨ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
Superior — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
ɞɥɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɨʀɡɞɤɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ
ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ «Official Hotel Guide» ɭ ɰɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɚɤɨɠ
101
ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɩɿɞɬɢɩɢ — Superior First Class, First Class,
Limited Service First Class. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɨʀ ɩ’ɹɬɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɨʀ
ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ Superior ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ
ɱɨɬɢɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɬɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
Value — ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɤɥɚɫ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɿɜɧɹɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɨɧɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɰɿɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱦɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ
ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɭ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɯ — Ma-
derate First Class, Superior Tourist Class, Tourist Class, Maderate
Tourist Class, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɫɤɪɨɦ-
ɧɢɯ ɬɪɢɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɨɞɧɚ ɡɿɪɤɚ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ,
ɭ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ, ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ
ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ Limited Service Tourist Class, ɳɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ
ɛɟɡɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦ — ɯɨɫɬɟɥɚɦ.
Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɱɨɬɢɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ
ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɪɢɧɤɭ:
Style — ɫɬɢɥɶɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɚɯ-ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɚɯ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭ-
ɪɢ, ɚɛɨ ɡɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɨɦ.
Resort — ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɸ
ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɚɛɨ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɛɚɥɶɧɟɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɛɥɢɡɭ.
Apartment — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬ-
ɫɶɤɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ; ɧɨ-
ɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɿ ɧɟɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɨɸ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ.
Airport — ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪ-
ɬɚɯ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɫɟɦɢ ɦɢɥɶ ɜɿɞ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɿ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪ «ɩɪɢɥɿɬ-ɜɿɞɥɿɬ».
ɉɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɢɫ-
ɬɪɢɛ’ɸɬɨɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɝɚɞɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɳɟ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɰɿ ɹɤɨʀ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ
ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɿɣ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ
ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɋɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɞɨ-
ɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ-
ɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɢɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪ, ɳɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɦɿɠɧɚ-
102
ɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶ-
ɲɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɛɪɟɧɞɿɜ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɤɢ (ɡɿɪɨɤ,
ɛɭɤɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɭ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ʌɢɲɟ
ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɸ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ
ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɿɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿ-
ɤɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɿɤɭ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɸɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɰɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ Luxury, Upper-
scale, Mid-market, Economy/Budget — ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɿ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹ «Accor», ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɭ ɲɭɫɬɢ ɤɥɚɫɚɯ —
Sofitel, Novotel, Mercury, Ibis, Etap ɿ Formula-I. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹ-
ɬɨʀ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɚʀɧ ɫɜɿɬɭ ɡɿɪɤɨɜɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ
Sofitel ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɿɜɧɹɬɢ ɞɨ «ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɡɿɪɨɤ», Novotel — «ɱɨɬɢ-
ɪɢ», Mercury — «ɬɪɢ», Ibis — «ɞɜɿ», Etap ɿ Formula-I — ɞɨ
«ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡɿɪɤɢ». ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɥɢɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɦɨɠɟ
ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɥɢɲɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣ-
ɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ Novotel ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɢɩɟɪɟɞɠɚɸɬɶ
ɡɚ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɭ ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ ɬɪɟ-
ɬɶɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɭ. ɐɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɨɸ ɹɤ ɞɥɹ
ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢɫ-
ɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɣ ɞɨ ɿɞɟʀ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ȼɌɈ, ɹɤɚ
ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ,
ɳɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ ɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɿɜ, ȼɌɈ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨ-
ɜɭɽ ɦɿɫɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɿɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ
ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɚɯ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɽɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ. Ɂɝɿɞ-
ɧɨ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ȼɌɈ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɞɨ-
ɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨʀ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɦɿɠ ɜɫɿɦɚ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɦɢ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ — ɭɪɹɞɨɜɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɦ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɨɦ,
ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɿ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ.
132
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 3
ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱə Ƀ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇɂɆ ɉȱȾɉɊɂȯɆɋɌȼɈɆ
ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.1
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɅȱɇȱɃɇɈȲ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ
ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
145
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.2
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɎɍɇɄɐȱɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȲ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ
ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
146
ɬɭɪɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɟɡɩɨ-
ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ, ɜɨɧɢ ɝɨɬɭɸɬɶ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ
ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɹɦɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ
ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɰɿɜ. ɉɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ (ɥɿɧɿɣɧɨ-
ɦɭ) ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɿ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ, ɩɥɚɧɿɜ ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ
ɚɩɚɪɚɬ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ (ɜɿɞɞɿ-
ɥɿɜ, ɝɪɭɩ) (ɪɢɫ. 3.4, ɬɚɛɥ. 3.3).
ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ⱥ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
ȼɢɤɨɧɚɜɟɰɶ Ȼ
147
ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ, ɚɥɟ ɡ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹɦ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɜ ɦɟ-
ɠɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɨɤ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɟ-
ɡɧɚɱɧɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɨɥɶ
ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡɚ-
ɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɝɨ-
ɬɭɸɬɶ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɡ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬ-
ɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɡɜɿɥɶɧɹɸɬɶ ɥɿɧɿɣɧɢɯ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ
ɜɿɞ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.3
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɅȱɇȱɃɇɈ-ɎɍɇɄɐȱɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȲ
ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
149
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɿɡ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ
ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ
ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ
(ɪɢɫ 3.5, ɬɚɛɥ. 3.4).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.4
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌɈȼɈȲ
ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
ȽȿɇȿɊȺɅɖɇɂɃ ȾɂɊȿɄɌɈɊ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ
ɫɭɩɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ Ⱥ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ Ȼ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ
ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
151
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɿɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɡɚ-
ɜɞɚɧɶ ɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɱɚɫɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɦɨ-
ɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ
ɭɬɪɭɞɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ. Ɂ ɦɟ-
ɬɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɚɬ-
ɪɢɱɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɩɿɞ-
ɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ (ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ). Ɇɚɬɪɢɱɧɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ
ɞɨɩɨɜɧɸɸɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɦɢ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɥɢ ɹɤɿɫɧɨ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɩɪɹɦ ɭ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɧɚɣ-
ɛɿɥɶɲ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨ-ɰɿɥɶɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚ-
ɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɨʀ
ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɢ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ
ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ (ɬɚɛɥ. 3.5).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.5
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɆȺɌɊɂɑɇɈȽɈ Ɍɂɉɍ
ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱɃɇɈȲ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
152
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɚɛɨ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɚɳɢɦɢ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚɦɢ — ɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɧɨɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. ȼɨɧɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ
ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɡɛɭɬɭ ɨɫɜɨɽɧɢɯ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɚ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɭ —
ɩɨɲɭɤɨɜɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ. ɍ ɩɨɲɭɤɨɜɿɣ ɝɪɭɩɿ
ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɟ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ, ɿ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɜɢɤɨ-
ɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɰɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.6
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɈ ɄɈɇɌɊȺɄɌɍ
ȾɅə ȼɅȺɋɇɂɄȺ ȽɈɌȿɅɘ
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.7
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɉɈ ɄɈɇɌɊȺɄɌɍ
ȾɅə ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɋɖɄɈȲ ɄɈɆɉȺɇȱȲ
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
156
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ. Ɏɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ
(ɮɪɚɧɰ. franchise — ɩɿɥɶɝɚ, ɩɪɢɜɿɥɟɝɿɹ) — ɰɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɟ ɩɚɪ-
ɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɿɠ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɿ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɢɦɢ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɤɭɩɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬ-
ɜɨ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɜɿɞ ɣɨɝɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɸ ɦɚɪɤɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ
ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱ-
ɧɿɣ ɬɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɿ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɦ «ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣ-
ɡɢɧɝ» ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɢ «ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɢɧɝ», «ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡ»,
«ɭɝɨɞɚ ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɢ».
ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɨɜɧɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ «ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ» ɞɚɽ
Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ: «Ɏɪɚɧ-
ɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ — ɰɟ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿ ɭ ɱɚɫɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɢɯ
ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ (ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ) ɧɚɞɚɽ ɡɚɯɢɳɟɧɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɟɜɧɨɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫ-
ɬɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚ
ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɜɿɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ (ɮɪɚɧɲɢɡɨɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱɚ)»[41].
ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɰɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɭ 1907 ɪ. ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɤɭɩɿɜɥɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɽɸ «Ritz Development
Company» ɜ ɧɶɸ-ɣɨɪɤɫɶɤɨʀ ɮɿɪɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ — ɩɪɚɜɨ
ɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ «Ritz-Carlton».
ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡ-
ɧɟɫɿ ɛɭɜ ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɭ 1927 ɪ. ɏɨɭɪɞɨɦ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɨɧɨɦ. ȼɿɧ ɡɭɦɿɜ
ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɫɜɿɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ ɧɚ ɋɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ, ɡɝɨɞɨɦ ɋɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɶɨɦɭ Ɂɚɯɨɞɿ ɿ Ʉɚɥɿɮɨɪɧɿʀ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɚ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɨ-
ɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɨɧɚɞ 900 ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ.
ɍ 50–80 ɪɨɤɚɯ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɫɬɚɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
ɽɦɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. ȼ ɟɜɨɥɸɰɿʀ ɰɿɽʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ
ɧɨɜɿ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ: ɭ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɛɿ ɡɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɟɪ-
ɲɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɨɪɿɽɧɬɚɰɿɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɡ ɰɿ-
ɧɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɳɟ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɿɡ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪ-
ɬɭ. ɋɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɿ (ɧɚɣɞɟɲɟɜɲɿ)
ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɦɨɬɟɥɿ, ɹɤɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɭɡɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɞɟ-
ɲɟɜɢɯ ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɿɜ ɦɿɫɬ ɬɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɦɿɫɬɿ. Ɂɝɨɞɨɦ, ɿɡ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɥɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬ-
ɜɨ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɭɜɚɥɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɭ ɞɨɪɨɝɿ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ, ɮɪɚɧ-
ɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ. ɐɿ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɨɧɢɧɿ.
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Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɝɨɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɫɬɚɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦ
ɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɹɤ «ɏɨɥɿɞɟɣ Ʉɨɪɩɨ-
ɪɟɣɲɧ», «ɒɟɪɚɬɨɧ», «ɏɿɬɨɧ». ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɚɧɿɹɦɢ, ɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ ɭ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɜɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ «Hospitaliti Franchise System»
(3413 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɲɬɚɬ ɇɶɸ-Ⱦɠɟɪɫɿ), «Choice Hotels International»
(2487 ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ), «Holiday Inn Worldwide» ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ
ɫɮɟɪɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ — «Mc Donald’s», «Burger King»,
«Kentucky Fried Chicken», «Pizza Hut» ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ
ɬɚɤɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ: ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ (ɮɪɚɧɲɢ-
ɡɨɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱɭ) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɭ ɦɚɪɤɭ, ɬɟɯɧɨ-
ɥɨɝɿɸ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɰɶɨɜɚɧɿ
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɧɢɠɨɤ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɏɿɪɦɚ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ
ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ
ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶ-
ɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɽ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɳɨ
ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɠɟɪɟɥɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ, ɬɨɦɭ
ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɿ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɨʀ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ
ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɱɧɢɯ
ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ, ɡɧɢɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿ-
ɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ
ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ
ɡ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɽ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɟ ɫɮɟɪɢ
ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɪɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɿ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɡɚ ɪɚ-
ɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɩɚɤɟɬ
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɨ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ ɬɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ,
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɸ, ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨ-
ɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɽ «Ɂɚɹɜɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɭɦɨɜɢ». ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚ-
ɰɿʀ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ, ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ, ɭɦɨɜɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ — ɫɭɬɶ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ
ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɭ, ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɿ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɩɨɦɚ-
ɝɚɬɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ,
ɹɤɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹɦ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ, ɞɨ-
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ɰɿɥɶɧɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɽ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɿ ɡ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɭ ɦɿɠ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ ɿ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɱɚɣɡɿ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ. Ⱦɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɫɨ-
ɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɯ
ɚɛɨ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɢɯ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɦ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɞɨɝɨ-
ɜɿɪ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɽ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɞɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ
ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɪɿɜɟɧɶ
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ, ɳɨɛ
ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ, ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭ-
ɜɚɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.
ȼɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɡ-
ɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɹɤɭ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɶ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ.
ɍ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɹɤ
ɜɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ, ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɢ
(ɪɨɹɥɬɿ), ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ.
ȼɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɽ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɸ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɨɸ ɜɢɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɡɚ
ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɍ ɜɧɟɫɨɤ ɜɤɥɸɱɚ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ
ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɸ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɜɚɥɿ-
ɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɥɭ-
ɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ
ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ. ȼɢɩɥɚɬɚ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ
ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɢ: ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ.
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟ-
ɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ (ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ), ɹɤɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɚɦɢ ɨɩɟ-
ɪɚɰɿɣ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɜɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ 3–4 %
ɜɿɞ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
Ɉɛɫɹɝ ɜɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɫɤɭ ɿ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɩɟɜ-
ɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ; ɿɡ ɡɦɿɰɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɲɢ-
ɪɨɤɨʀ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɰɿɧɚ
ɮɿɪɦɨɜɨʀ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɡɪɨɫɬɚɽ.
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Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɚ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɩɨɜɢ-
ɧɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɢɣ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɿɪɤɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ
ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɩɪɨ-
ɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɡɦɿɧɢ ɿɧ-
ɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ, ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɢ
ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ,
ɭɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɍ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɰɿ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɡ ɛɨɤɭ
ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪ-
ɬɿɜ ɿ ɧɨɪɦ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɜ ɭɝɨɞɿ.
ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɦɿɠ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ
ɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɣ ɡɛɿɪ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ
ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ 1–5 % ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɭ. ɇɚ ɰɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ-ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ
ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɧɟ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬ-
ɜɨɦ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ, ɜɨɧɨ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ ɹɤ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ-ɜɥɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ
ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɽ ɥɢɲɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɢɦ ɱɥɟɧɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɡɚ-
ɯɨɞɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɥɨɜɠɢɜɚɧɶ ɜɢɞɿɥɟ-
ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ, ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
ɽɦɫɬɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ.
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɦ, ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɡɚɽɦɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ, ɩɪɢ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɝɥɹ-
ɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɚ, ɹɤɭ ɨɱɨɥɸɽ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ
ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ. ɇɚɝɥɹɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɤɨɧɬ-
ɪɨɥɸ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ʀʀ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɣɦɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɚ.
Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ
ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ:
— ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ;
— ɡɧɚɱɧɿ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨ-
ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɹɝɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ;
160
— ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ;
— ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɚ ɡɦɿɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ-ɮɪɚɧ-
ɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ.
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ,
ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɸ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɛɭɥɢ
ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡ-
ɧɢɤɿɜ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ. ɇɚɬɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞ-
ɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɜɢ-
ɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ.
ȿɜɨɥɸɰɿɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɚɪɿ-
ɚɧɬɿɜ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨʀ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ
ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡ ɝɪɭɩɨɸ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟʉɿɨ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ.
Ɋɟʉɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɢɣ ɪɟ-
ʉɿɨɧ — ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɝɚ-
ɥɨɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɪɟʉɿɨɧ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɱɚɣɡɟɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɦɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɿ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ. ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨɦɭ
ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ
ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɸ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɿ ɜɡɚɦɿɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɡɚ-
ɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦ-
ɧɭ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɭ, ɧɚɞɚɽ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ
ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɥɶ-
ɝɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɪɨɡɩɨ-
ɞɿɥɭ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ, ɜɧɟɫɤɿɜ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɣ ɮɨɧɞ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɚɦ ɫɩɥɚɱɭɽ
ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɮɿɤɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɜɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
Ɋɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɨɦ
ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɫɚɦɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɜɢ-
ɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ. Ɍɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣ-
ɡɢɧɝɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɪɨɹɥɬɿ,
ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɥɭɱɟɧɿ ɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɜɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ.
ɍ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ, ɹɤɚ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɚ ɜɢɤɥɸɱ-
ɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ. ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɞɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚ ɿ
ɞɥɹ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.8 ɿ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.9.
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.8
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁɂɇȽɍ ȾɅə ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁȿɊȺ
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.9
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁɂɇȽɍ ȾɅə ɎɊȺɇɑȺɃɁȱ
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
162
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɟɪɚɦɢ
ɿ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿʀ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɿ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ, ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢ ɡ ɦɟ-
ɬɨɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɜ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɢɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɽ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ
ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɋɒȺ, 50 % ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ
ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɽ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 2–3 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ, ɱɟɪɟɡ
5 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɚɽ 70 %. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɚ-
ɰɸɸɬɶ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɭ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɛɚɧɤɪɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ 5 ɪɨɤɿɜ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 4 %. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɪɚɧɱɚɣɡɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ʀʀ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɡɛɚ-
ɧɤɪɭɬɿɥɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɲɟ 1 % [41, ɫ.79].
Ɉɪɟɧɞɚ. Ɉɪɟɧɞɚ (ɥɿɡɢɧɝ) ɹɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ
ɫɮɟɪɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɏɏ ɫɬ., ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɨɧɚ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɧɟ
ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ. Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɢ ɥɿɡɢɧɝɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹ-
ɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ-
ɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɞɚɸɬɶ ʀɯ ɜ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɢɦ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚɦ; ɿɧɲɢɣ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɸ ɟɤɫ-
ɩɚɧɫɿɽɸ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɫɥɚɛɥɸɸɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɬɚ ɡɦɭɲɭɸɬɶ ʀɯ
ɭɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ.
Ɉɪɟɧɞɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ, ɜɢɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɨɤ ɿ ɡɦɿɰɧɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɦɭ. ɑɚɫ-
ɬɨ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɡ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢ-
ɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɦɿɰɧɸɸɬɶ ɫɜɨʀ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭ-
ɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɨɪɟɧɞɧɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɽ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ
ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɪ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɪɟɧɞɭ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɫɨɬɨɤ ɜɿɞ
ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ, ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ
ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɜɿɞ 20 % ɞɨ 50 %.
Ⱥɧɚɥɿɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨ
ɡɪɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɥɿɡɢɧɝɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɞɭ
ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿ ɪɢɧɤɭ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɥɿɡɢɧɝɭ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢ-
ɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɦɨɞɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɋɒȺ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɧɟɞɨɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟ-
ɧɢɣ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɞɚɽ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ
163
ɛɟɡ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɭ. Ɉɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɿ ɡ ɧɨɦɟ-
ɪɿɜ. ȼɿɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚ-
ɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ɂɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɛɿɥɶɲɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ
ɞɨɯɨɞɭ ɡ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɦɨɝɚ ɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨ-
ɫɢɧ ɦɿɠ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɪɟɦ ɿ ɨɪɟɧɞɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɿ-
ɝɪɚɸɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɪɟɧɞɿ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀʀ ɞɿʀ, ɭɦɨɜɢ ɫɭɛɨɪɟɧɞɢ.
ȼ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɿɜ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɦɿɠ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ
ɛɭɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɿɣ ɨɪɟɧɞɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɪ ɫɚɦ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚ
ɜɫɿ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ, ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɭ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ (ɨɛɥɚɲɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɇɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɜɢɝɿɞɧɨɸ ɞɥɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɽ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɚ ɨɪɟɧɞɚ ɡ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɿ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɫɭɛɨɪɟɧɞɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɭɦɨɜɚ ɫɭɛɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ, ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ
ɨɪɟɧɞɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɧɟ-
ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ
ɜ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɿ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɲɨɦɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ. ɉɟɪɟ-
ɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɟ-
ɧɞɨɞɚɜɰɹ ɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɬɚɛɥ. 3.10 ɿ ɬɚɛɥ. 3. 11.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.10
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɈɊȿɇȾɂ ȾɅə ɈɊȿɇȾɈȾȺȼɐə
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
1. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɭɬɪɢɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɧ- 1. Ɋɢɡɢɤ ɩɨɝɿɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ
ɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɪɨɡɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞ-
ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɚ; ɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɿɜ;
2. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ 2. ȼɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ
ɨɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɣɧɚ; ɧɚɞ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ;
3. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɿɹ-ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪ ɧɟ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɽ 3. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ ɞɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɿɪ-
ɦɚɣɧɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ; ɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ;
4. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ 4. ȼɬɪɚɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ,
ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɹɤ ɜɢɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɭ ɨɪɟɧ-
ɭɦɨɜ ɨɪɟɧɞɢ ɨɪɟɧɞɚɬɨɪɨɦ. ɞɚɬɨɪ.
164
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 3.11
ɉȿɊȿȼȺȽɂ ɌȺ ɇȿȾɈɅȱɄɂ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə
ɁȽȱȾɇɈ ȾɈȽɈȼɈɊɍ ɈɊȿɇȾɂ ȾɅə ɈɊȿɇȾȺɊə
ɉɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɇɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ
167
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 4
əɄȱɋɌɖ ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə
ɍ ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇȱɃ ɋɎȿɊȱ
175
4.2. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ — ɨɞɧɚ ɿɡ
ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫ-
ɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɨɯɨɩ-
ɥɸɽ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɦɿɠ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɦɿɠ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɮɨɪɦɚɦɢ
ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɬɢ-
ɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ.
Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɪɹ-
ɦɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɞɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɫɜɨɽɪɿɞɧɢɣ ɦɟɯɚ-
ɧɿɡɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ:
— ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɦɿɠ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ʀʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɰɿɥɿɫɧɿɫɬɶ;
— ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ
ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɶɨɝɨ ɿ ɧɢɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ʀɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ);
— ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɚɛɨ
ɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ;
— ɮɚɤɬɨɪɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ (ɧɚ ɳɨ ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɿɹɥɶ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɰɿɥɟɣ);
— ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɰɿɥɟɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧ-
ɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɠɢɬɬɽɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ — ɫɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɯ ɪɿɲɟɧɶ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ — ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ-
ɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɿɸ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬ
(ɩɥɚɧɿɜ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ, ɪɿɲɟɧɶ, ɧɨɪɦ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɿɜ, ɮɨɪɦ ɦɚɬɟ-
ɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ);
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— ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ — ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɶ
ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ, ɩɨɞɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɫɯɟɦɢ, ɡɚ ɹɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɫɜɨʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ, ɬɨɛɬɨ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɛɭ-
ɞɨɜɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɹɤɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɬɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɤɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ;
— ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɡɛɨɪɭ, ɨɛɪɨɛɤɢ ɬɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɿʀ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ, ɹɤɿ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ;
— ɤɚɞɪɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɿɜ,
ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ.
Ɇɟɬɨɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɿɩɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɣɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɦɟɬɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɜɫɿɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɨɜɚɧɭ ɧɚ
ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɬɢ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫ-
ɬɿ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɹɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ [10]:
— ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ
ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ
ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ;
— ɭ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ (ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯ-
ɧɿɱɧɿ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɢ);
— ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɢ, ɜɩɪɨ-
ɜɚɞɢɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿ-
ɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ;
— ɦɿɠ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ, ɡɨɪɿɽɧ-
ɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.
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ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬ-
ɜɚ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɸ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɢ ɬɚ ɰɿɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ
ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ, ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɭ ɫɮɟ-
ɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɥɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ, ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
ɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɿ-
ɞɨɜɧɨʀ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨʀ ɚɛɨ ɞɨɜɝɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɨʀ ɰɿɥɿ
ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɬɢ: ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨ-
ɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɳɨɞɨ
ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɨɪɿɽɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ
ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɪɢɧɤɭ, ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ
ɿ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ
ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɚ ɬɚ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ
ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ
ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. ɉɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ — ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɥɟɣ ɬɚ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɞɨ ɡɚ-
ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɬɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɞɿ-
ɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɪɝɪɚɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɹɤɿɫɬɸ — ɰɟ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚ-
ɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ
ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚɦɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ
ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧ-
ɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ — ɰɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɿ
ɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɢ
ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝ. ɉɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ — ɰɟ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɿ (ɜɢɝɨɞ) ɞɥɹ
ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɬɢ, ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹ-
ɬɢ, ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɥɹ
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɯ ɿɡ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ.
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ɋɭɱɚɫɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɸɬɶ ɭɫɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ
ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɨɱɢɧɚɸɱɢ ɡ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧ-
ɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨ-
ɥɟɦ ɬɚ ɨɰɿɧɤɨɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɹ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɭɫɿɯ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ ɠɢɬɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢ-
ɤɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɿ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽ ɫɬɿɣɤɿ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ,
ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
ɽɦɫɬɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.
ɍ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ȱɋɈ 9000 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɯɿɞ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɩɪɨ-
ɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɮɚɤ-
ɬɨɪɨɦ. ɍ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ
ɞɜɿ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ. ɉɟɪɲɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɨɯɨɩ-
ɥɸɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɛɿɡ-
ɧɟɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ). Ⱦɪɭɝɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ
ɬɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ.
ɍ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɭɫɿ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɡɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿ
ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɹɤɿɫɬɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɜɢɪɿɲɚɥɶɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɹɝɭ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ. ȼɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɦɿɠ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ,
ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ,
ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɹɤ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ʀʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ.
ɋɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ:
— ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɰɟ ɜɢɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧ-
ɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ;
— ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ — ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɩɟɰɿɚ-
ɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ;
— ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨ-
ɫɬɿ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɢɧɢɤ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɭ ɩɪɚɰɿ ɬɚ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɞɿɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɬɚɞɿɹɯ ɠɢɬ-
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ɬɽɜɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ: ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ, ɡɛɿɪ, ɨɛɪɨɛɤɚ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ,
ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱ-
ɧɨɝɨ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭ-
ɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶ
ɜɩɥɢɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ. ɋɩɟɰɢɮɿɱɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɜɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɿɧɧɨɜɚɰɿɣ
ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ (ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ), ɩɨɝɥɢɛɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɽɸ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ
ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɬɚ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɣ
ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɞɨɫ-
ɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ
ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ, ɬɟɯɧɿɤɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ
182
ɫɥɭɝ), ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɝɚɥɭɡɟɜɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ (ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ).
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿɸ (ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ), ɹɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɸɬɶ ɿ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶ (ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ) ɥɢ-
ɲɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɿ.
ɍ Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬɿ Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞɚ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ:
— ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɬɟɪɟɫɿɜ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ
ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿ-
ɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɿɜ ɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɢɫɭɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɿ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɿʀ ɜ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿʀ;
— ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ
ɞɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ-
ɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.
Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ
ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ —
ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɬɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
ȼɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ
ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɡ ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ
ɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɭ. ɓɨɞɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɜ Ⱦɟɤɪɟɬɿ ɡɚ-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɚ ɜ ɭɫɿɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪ-
ɤɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ. Ʉɨɲɬɢ, ɜɢɬɪɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɚ
ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪ-
ɬɨɫɬɿ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɞɭ-
ɤɰɿʀ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɡɚ
ɧɟɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɭ ɱɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭ ɜɢɞɚɱɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ» ɞɿɽ ɜɿɞ
17 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2001 ɪ. ɿɡ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɿɞ 21 ɠɨɜɬɧɹ
2004 ɪ. ȼɿɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɡɚɫɚɞɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪ-
183
ɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɞɨɜɤɿɥɥɹɦ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɬɚ
ɫɩɪɹɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɽɞɢɧɨʀ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɨ-
ɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. ȼɿɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɜɿɞ-
ɧɨɫɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚ-
ɥɭ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɽ Ʉɚɛɿɧɟɬ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚ-
ɠɟɧɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪ-
ɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ,
ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɡ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ
ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɶɨɜɚɧɿɣ ɫɮɟ-
ɪɿ, ɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡ-
ɤɨɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɚ (ɝɨɬɟɥɸ) ɱɢ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɿɡ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɸ
ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ (ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ) ɫɜɨʀɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭɫɿɦ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨ-
ɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ.
ȱɧɲɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɳɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɽ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ — «ɉɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ", ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɿ-
ɬɟɬɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ, ɦɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ
30 ɫɟɪɩɧɹ 2001 ɪ. Ⱦɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡ-
ɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ
ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ⱦɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ
ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ
ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ.
Ⱦɨ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɟ-
ɝɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ: «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɿɜ», «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ. Ɂɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ
ɜɢɦɨɝɢ», ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ».
ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟ-
ɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ. ȼɿɧ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ʀɯ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ
184
ɬɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ. ȼɢɦɨɝɢ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɩɨɲɢɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
ȱɧɲɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɞɧɭ ɡ ɧɚɣɜɚɠ-
ɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭ ɩɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ —
«ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ», ɜɿɞ
27 ɫɿɱɧɹ 1999 ɪ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɚ-
ɞɿɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ, ɜɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦɢ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ», ɞɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ʀɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɨɛɨ-
ɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨɪɿɧ.
ɇɟɡɜɚɠɚɸɱɢ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɿɜ, ɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ, ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ
ɜɿɬɱɢɡɧɹɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɢɡɶɤɨɸ,
ɚ ɰɿɧɢ ɣ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚɛɥɢɠɟɧɿ ɞɨ ɧɚɣɜɢɳɢɯ. ɐɟ ɩɨɹɫ-
ɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɪɿɥɨɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɛɚɡɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɬɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɤɨɲɬɿɜ ɧɚ ʀʀ ɩɨɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɩɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ. ɇɟɞɨ-
ɫɬɚɬɧɽ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɸ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɸ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɨɸ
ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣ-
ɧɢɣ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɹɤ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ,
ɧɟɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ — ɬɚ-
ɤɨɠ ɜɚɝɨɦɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
ȼɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɿɫɬɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɟɯɚ-
ɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ȼɡɚɽɦɨ-
ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɿ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɡɚɥɟɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ ɪɟɝɭɥɸ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɨɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
189
ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ ɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɨ-
ɜɨɸ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɽɸ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɭ ɞɟ-
ɫɹɬɢɞɟɧɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɭ
ɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɜ ɩɪɨ ɫɜɨʀ ɧɚɦɿɪɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɤɨɪɟɤɰɿʀ, ɬɨɞɿ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨ-
ɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ.
əɤɳɨ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɧɚɦɿɪ ɨɫɤɚɪɠɢɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚ-
ɧɨʀ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɭ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ
ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɹɰɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ
ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɧɹɽ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ.
Ⱥɩɟɥɹɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɢɣ
ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡ ɱɚɫɭ ʀʀ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɿɪɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ
ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ. Ɂɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚ-
ɫɥɭɯɚɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ.
ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɡɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ
ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɱɚɫɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɜɟ-
ɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɸ ɡ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿʀ ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢ-
ɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɫɭɞ.
ɇɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɿ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɿ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿ-
ɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɽ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɨ-
ɜɿɪ ɩɪɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ
ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. Ⱦɨ ɰɶɨ-
ɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɞɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ:
— ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɞɟ ɜɤɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɞɢ
ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɿ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ;
— ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪɧɨʀ ɰɿɧɢ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢ-
ɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɟɬɚɩɚɦɢ — ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨ-
ɪɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɹɦɢɦ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɿɡ ɫɭɛɩɿɞɪɹɞɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹɦɢ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɽ
ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɿɬ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɭ
ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ
ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɸ ɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿ-
ɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ). Ƚɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ
190
ɚɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɑɥɟɧɚ-
ɦɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢ ɿ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ ɜ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢ
ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ. ɋɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ
ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɿɜɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣ,
ɡɚɰɿɤɚɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
Ƚɨɥɨɜɚ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɱɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ: ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɬɟɪ-
ɦɿɧɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɿɪɤɢ), ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɽ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ
ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ-
ɞɚɬɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɜɫɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɞɥɹ ʀʀ
ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɭ ɜɫɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɞɟ
ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɫɯɟɦɚɦɢ (ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ, ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɶ, ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ) ɜɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɧɟɩɿɞɟɦɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɩɨɠɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ, ɿɧɲɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɿʀ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɹɜ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɭɝɨɞ ɡ ɰɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɚɤɬɿɜ, ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɿɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɶɨʀ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɿɪɤɢ, ɞɚɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɩɿɜɪɨɤɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɭɜɚɧɶ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɰɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ
ɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɞɥɹ
ɠɢɬɬɹ ɿ ɡɞɨɪɨɜ’ɹ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɢɧɚɽ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ
(ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ) ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ:
— ɩɨɜɧɟ ɚɛɨ ɜɢɛɿɪɤɨɜɟ ɨɛɫɬɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ;
— ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɤɚɪɝ, ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɿɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɡɚɯɨ-
ɞɿɜ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɥɨɤɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ;
— ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ
ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ;
— ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ
ɚɛɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ;
— ɜɢɛɿɪɤɨɜɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ
(ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɢɦɢ) ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ.
191
ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɨɡ-
ɜɢɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɡɚ ɬɪɶɨɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ:
— ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ;
— ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ;
— ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ⱥɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫ-
ɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿ-
ɤɚɰɿʀ.
ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɚɣɧɢɠɱɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɛɟɡ
ɡɿɪɤɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ) ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɪɨɤɭ.
Ⱥɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ (ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɦɨɬɟɥɿɜ), ɹɤɿ ɩɥɚɧɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ.
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ
ɰɿɽɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ, ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ). ɉɿɫɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɿ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɜɢ-
ɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫ-
ɧɸɽ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɭ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ) ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ
ɭ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɟ
ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ.
ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ,
ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ ɿ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ʀʀ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ
ɚɛɨ ɡɞɨɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɳɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɸ.
ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɿɧɿɰɿɚɬɢɜɢ ɡɚ-
ɹɜɧɢɤɚ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ
ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɦɭ
ɪɟɠɢɦɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦ ɜɢ-
ɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɿ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɜ-
ɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ). ɋɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɨ ɩ’ɹɬɢ ɪɨɤɿɜ.
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ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɡ ɬɪɶɨɯ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɡɜɿɬ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɨɰɿɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ
ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟ-
ɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ) ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨ-
ɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɹɤɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɸ
ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɭ ɿ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ.
ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɝɨɥɨ-
ɜɚ ɿ ɜɫɿ ɱɥɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɚ. əɤɳɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɚ ɥɚɛɨ-
ɪɚɬɨɪɿɹ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ʀʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ ɿ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ ɩɨ-
ɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɤɨɩɿɹ ɩɪɨɬɨ-
ɤɨɥɿɜ — ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɶ (ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ) ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɚɤɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ,
ɹɤɢɣ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɸ ɿ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɟɤɡɟɦɩ-
ɥɹɪ ɚɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɜɫɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ
ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ (ɡɜɿɬ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɢ, ɚɤɬ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢ ɫɨɰɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɨ-
ɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɿɧ.) ɿ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɜɢɞɚɽ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ.
əɤɳɨ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɭ
ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɬɨɞɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨ-
ɜɢɦ ɜɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɬɟɪ-
ɦɿɧ ɧɟ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚɹɜɤɚ
ɚɧɭɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɜɬɨɪɧɟ ɜɢɩɪɨɛɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɿ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɿɜ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ
ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ.
ȼɢɞɚɱɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɭ Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɿ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ,
ɳɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɢɳɭɽ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɚɤɬɚ. Ɉɪɢɝɿɧɚɥ ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ.
əɤɳɨ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɿɜ (ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ) ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ, ɬɨɞɿ ɞɿɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ
ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɚɫɭ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɡɦɿɧ ɜ ɭɦɨ-
ɜɚɯ ɩɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱ-
ɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɽ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɜɩɥɢɜ ɧɚ
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ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ,
ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
ɇɚ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɧɿɠ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɿɫɹɰɿ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɧɨɜɭ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. Ɉɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢ-
ɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ.
Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɩɿɞ
ɱɚɫ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɚɜ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɍɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɿ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɩɨɡɚɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɨɤ.
ɉɥɚɧɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ, ʀɯɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ
ɦɿɠ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɡɚɦɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɬɟɯ-
ɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ:
— ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɬɢ-
ɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿɣ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ
ɡɦɿɧ ɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ;
— ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚɬɟɫɬɚɰɿɹ
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ;
— ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚ-
ɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɤɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ) ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɚɯ, ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚɯ.
Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɜɿɬ, ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɤɚɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɧɟɜɿɞ-
ɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨ-
ɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɡɜɿɬɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ
ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ.
ɉɨɡɚɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɫɤɚɪɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɿɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ
ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɚɛɨ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɝɿɞ-
ɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɢɯ ɚɤɬɿɜ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɿʀ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɚɛɨ
ɭɦɨɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
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Ⱦɿɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭ-
ɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɚ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ:
— ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɦɨ-
ɝɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ;
— ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɞɚɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ (ɡɿɪɤɢ);
— ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɿɱɧɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɡɝɨ-
ɞɢ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ;
— ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɿ ɡɧɚɤɚ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ;
— ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɤɚɪɝ ɿ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɡ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ.
ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɬɪɶɨɯɞɟɧɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɭ ɿɧɮɨ-
ɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ
ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɜɢɞɚɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ Ⱦɟɪɠɫɬɚɧ-
ɞɚɪɬ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɣɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, Ⱦɟɪɠɤɨɦɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɿ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɭ. Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚ-
ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɟɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ
ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿ-
ɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿ-
ɧɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ, ɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ
ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɳɟɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɩɨɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ.
Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɟ
ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ:
— ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɭɫɭɧɭɬɢ ɭ ɜɿɞɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ;
— ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɦɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɿɜ ɭ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢ ɡɭɩɢɧɤɭ ɞɿʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɭ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ;
— ɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɨ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿɣɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ.
ȼɿɞɦɿɧɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɫɬɚɽ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɣɨɝɨ
ɜɢɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɡ Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɭ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɢ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɟɧɨ ɞɿɸ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚ
195
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɭ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɨɦ
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɫɤɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ
ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ, ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɭ. ɍ ɬɚɤɿɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɿɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɢ.
əɤɳɨ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɤɚɪɠɢɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɿ-
ɧɭ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ
ɿ ɦɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ (ɡɿɪɨɤ) ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɡɚ-
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ, ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɹɰɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ
ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɡɭɩɢɧɹɽ ɞɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ.
Ⱥɩɟɥɹɰɿɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɢɣ
ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɿɪɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ
ɫɬɜɨɪɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɨɦɿɫɿɹ. Ɂɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɭ
ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɡɝɨɞɢ ɡ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣ-
ɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɿɫɿʀ, ɡɚɹɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɞɧɿɜ ɡ ɞɧɹ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ Ʉɨɦɿɫɿɸ ɡ ɚɩɟɥɹɰɿɣ ɇɚɰɿɨ-
ɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɫɭɞ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɭ ɞɿɹ-
ɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ
ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɲɬɪɚɮɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɿɣ ɜ ɨɛɫɹɝɚɯ, ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ.
Ʌɿɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɮɟɪɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨ-
ɞɚɜɱɨʀ ɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɛɚɡɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɬɢɦɱɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɯɚ-
ɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɭ-
ɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɩ-
ɥɟɤɫɧɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɸ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɬɭɪ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɶɤɚ ɞɿ-
ɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ) ɿ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɢɰɶɤɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɪɟɚɥɿ-
ɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
(ɬɭɪɚɝɟɧɬɫɶɤɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ) ʀɯɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɸ.
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ
ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɭ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɿɥɶɧɚ
ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
196
ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ
197
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 5
ɆȿɏȺɇȱɁɆ ɌȺ ɈɋɈȻɅɂȼɈɋɌȱ ɎɈɊɆɍȼȺɇɇə
ɌȺɊɂɎȱȼ ɇȺ ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇȱ ɉɈɋɅɍȽɂ
223
Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 6
ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱə ȱ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽȱə
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ɍ ȽɈɌȿɅəɏ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
«Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ»
Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɮɿɪɦɚ «ɍɤɪɬɭɪ»
Ʉɢʀɜ, ɜɭɥ. Ƚɚɥɢɰɶɤɚ, 5
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ 000000001 ɜ ɏ ɛɚɧɤɭ
Ɂɚɹɜɤɚ
ɉɪɨɫɢɦɨ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɧɚɲɨʀ ɮɿɪɦɢ ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɚ
Ⱥ.Ɇ., ȱɜɚɧɟɧɤɚ Ɍ.ȱ. ɞɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡ 1.03. 2007 ɩɨ 4.03.2007,
ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɨ 10 00
Ɉɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽɦɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ 17-Ⱥ ɜɿɞ 1.07. 2005 ɪ.
ɉɪɨɫɢɦɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɮɚɤɫɭ 228-00-07.
Ɂ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ȱ.ȼ. Ɍɚɪɚɫɨɜ
Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ Ɍ.ɉ. ȼɟɞɦɿɞɶ
25.02.07 ɪ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ»
Ɂ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ȼ.ɋ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜ
Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ Ɇ.ȼ. Ƚɪɨɲɨɜɚ
25.02.07 ɪ.
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɇɨɦɟɪ
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɜɿɞ- Ⱦɠɟɪɟɥɨ ɜɿɞ-
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ Ƚɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɢ ɛɪɨ-
ɦɿɧɢ ɦɿɧɢ
ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢɧɚ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɜ ɞɨ Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1- Ƚ (Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ)
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ/Invoice
(Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ)
Ʉɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɡɜɿɬ
(Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 8-Ƚ)
254
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɰɿʀ — ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿɡ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ (ɦɿɫɰɹɦɢ), ɩɟɪ-
ɫɨɧɚɥ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ,
ɬɚɪɢɮɢ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɽ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɛɥɚɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɝɿɞ-
ɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɲɢɪɨɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚ-
ɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ
ɣɦɨɜɿɪɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɧɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭɦɨɜ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɰɿɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɥɢɲɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɱɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ — ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ
ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ, ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ
ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ, ɿɧɲɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ
ɿ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɚ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ
ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ ɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ
ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɭɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʌɢɲɟ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ, ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɩɿɜɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦ (ɪɭɱ-
ɧɢɦ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɿɡɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚ-
ɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɭ) ɬɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.
ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ
ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɨɦɢɧɚɸɱɢ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ.
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɚɽ ɩɟɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛ-
ɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ
ɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ.
Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ, ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɩɨ-
ɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚ-
ɬɨɤ Ȼ. 1) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɨɫɨɛɭ.
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ (ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1) ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨ-
ɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɫɜɿɞɨɰɬɜɚ ɩɪɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ,
ɜɨɞɿɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ.
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ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ
ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 5-Ƚ, ɞɨ-
ɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.). ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ,
ɚ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɭ. Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɡɛɟɪɿ-
ɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɦɿɫɹɰɹ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ
ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɡɿ ɪɨɤɭ, ɚ ɩɨɬɿɦ ɡɧɢɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɚɤɬɚ. ɍ ɤɚɪɬɨ-
ɬɟɰɿ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɮɚɜɿɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. ɍ ɪɟ-
ɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɢ — ɨɞɧɭ ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɞɪɭɝɭ — ɞɥɹ ɜɢɛɭɥɢɯ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɒɜɚɪɰ ɇɚɬɚɥɿɹ Ʌɶɜɿɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɥɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ
«Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ» 10 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɨ 11.00. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬɤɚ ɩɨɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɡɚɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ 207 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ», ɨɩɥɚɬɚ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɭ ɰɟɣ ɠɟ ɞɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɡɚ ɞɜɿ ɞɨɛɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɞɨ 12.00 12 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɭ ɫɭɦɿ 1772 ɝɪɧ.
ɍɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɰɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɨ
ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɡ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɦɚɫɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ,
ɩɪɨɤɚɬɭ ɮɟɧɚ ɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɸ ɨɩɥɚɬɨɸ. 12 ɜɟɪɟɫɧɹ 2006 ɪ.
ɒɜɚɪɰ ɇ.Ʌ. ɜɢɛɭɥɚ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɮɨɪ-
ɦɚ ʋ 5-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɫ-
ɬɟɣ — ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɡɚ-
ɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ.
ȱɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɢ ɚɛɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸ-
ɸɬɶ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɧɚ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɿ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɚɛɨ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɳɨ ɩɨɫɜɿɞɱɭɽ ʀɯɧɸ ɨɫɨ-
ɛɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɞɨɤɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ (ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1) ɜɿ-
ɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɿ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ
ɦɨɜɚɯ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
ɞɜɨɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɦ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ
(ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 6-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɡɧɢɳɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɚɤɬɚ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, Ɇɿɲɟɥɶ Ⱥɧɪɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ⱦɧɿɫɬɟɪ»
13 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɨ 7.45. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɟɞ’ɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɜɿɡɢ
ɿ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬ-
ɤɚ. Ƀɨɦɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ 305 ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ», ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ Ɇɿ-
ɲɟɥɶ Ⱥɧɪɿ ɨɩɥɚɬɢɜ ɫɜɨɽ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɞɨ 20 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ
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2006 ɪ. ɜɤɥɸɱɧɨ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɭ ɫɭɦɿ 4880 ɝɪɧ. Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɜ-
ɫɹ. 20 ɬɪɚɜɧɹ 2006 ɪ. ɨ 19.20 Ɇɿɲɟɥɶ Ⱥɧɪɿ ɜɢɛɭɜ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɮɨɪ-
ɦɚ ʋ 6-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1) ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨ-
ɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ
Ȼ.1.), ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɿ ɜɿɡɢ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩ-
ɥɹɪɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨʀ Ɇȼɋ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɨɜɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɜ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ
(ɦɿɫɰɶ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɿ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ
ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɚ-
ɞɹɧ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ, ɳɨ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɚ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɛɪɨ-
ɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ.
ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ
ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ, ɪɟ-
ɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɬɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ, ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢ-
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɧɿɣ
ɮɨɪɦɿ ɿ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚ-
ɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɿ ɜɢɞɪɭɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ.
ɍ ɛɥɚɧɤɭ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɜɤɚɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ: ɩɪɿɡ-
ɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ, ɞɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɦɿɫɰɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ,
ɫɟɪɿɹ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɤɨɥɢ ɿ ɤɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɧɢɣ, ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ
ɦɿɫɰɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɟɬɚ ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ, ɬɪɢɜɚɥɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ.
ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɤɚɡɭɽ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɬɚ ɤɨɞ
ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ, ɧɚɡɜɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ
ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. ɍ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ
ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɨɸ ɦɨɜɚɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɧɤɟ-
ɬɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ
ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ.
ȼɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ — ɫɭɬ-
ɬɽɜɢɣ ɟɬɚɩ, ɳɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɩɥɢɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɇɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɚɠɤɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɬɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ — ɿɧɲɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱ-
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ɧɿ ɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ, ɭɦɟɛɥɸɜɚɧɧɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɨɛɥɚɞ-
ɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɨɝɥɹ-
ɞɨɜɿɫɬɸ ɡ ɜɿɤɨɧ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟ-
ɪɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɫɚɦɟ ɭ ɬɢɯ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ.
ȼɚɝɨɦɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. Ʉɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɚɧɟ
ɡɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɨɞɧɚɤɨɜɨʀ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɩɪɨ-
ɬɟ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɫɬɚɧɭ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ,
ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤ ɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɶ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɥɢɜɨ
ɜɩɥɢɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ȼ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ
ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɨɛ-
ɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɜɫɿɽɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɸ,
ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬ ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɨɛɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨ-
ɦɟɪɿɜ. ɉɨɜɧɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨ
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɛɪɨɧɸ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ
ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ
ɡɦɿɧɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɣɧɹɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɿ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɿ-
ɤɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ʀɯɧɿɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨ-
ɦɟɪɿɜ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɿ ɬɚ
ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɚɛɨ ɩɨ-
ɪɬɶɽ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɿ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-
ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞ-
ɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɇɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ
ɦɨɠɟ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɜɚɝɨɦɿ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿ, ɡɛɨʀ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨ-
ɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɝɿɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɪɟɲɬɨɸ
ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɸ-
ɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɭɫɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ,
ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɦ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɩɨɲɬɿ. ȼ ɭɫɧɿɣ
ɮɨɪɦɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɜɿɧ
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ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɲɜɢɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ
ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɇɟɞɨ-
ɥɿɤɨɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɽ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ
ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ
ɜɚɠɤɨ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɢ ɧɟɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜɿɞ-
ɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛ.
ɉɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ, ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɭɫɧɢɦ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɿɞ-
ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɨɦ ɽ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ
ɜɬɪɚɬɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɞɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɡɜɿɬɭ.
Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɢɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɩɨɲɬɚ. ɐɟɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ
ɧɟ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɱɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ
ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ
ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
Ʉɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨ-
ɞɧɿ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɡɚɤɥɚ-
ɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɨɛɦɿɧ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɽɸ ɦɿɠ
ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ
ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɚ. ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚ-
ɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿ-
ɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ, ɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɫɜɨɽɦɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿ
ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɢ-
ɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɰɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪ. ɑɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ, ɚɝɟɧɬ
ɡ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɜɲɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɿɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ.
ȼɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɽ ɧɚɣɝɨɥɨɜɧɿɲɨɸ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɸ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɯ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ,
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ. ɐɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿɡ ɧɟɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɫɢ-
ɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ
ɩɪɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ɇɚɜɿɬɶ
ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɤɚɬɢ — ɰɟ ɧɚɣɤɪɚɳɟ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ
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ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɧɿɠ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɡ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɳɨɞɚɜɧɨ
ɜɢɛɭɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ.
ȱɧɲɚ ɜɚɝɨɦɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɛɚɠɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢ-
ɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɱɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ. ɋɥɭɠɛɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɥɚ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɽ
ɱɿɬɤɨ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɭɦɨɜ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɣ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ, ɡɚɩɪɨ-
ɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ. ȼɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ
ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɦɿɪɿɜ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɭɜɚɝɨɸ ɞɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. ɉɨɫɬɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ
ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ
ɭ ɧɚɥɚɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ
ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ
ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɨɛɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ — ɬɚɪɢɮɢ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ) ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɬɚɪɢɮ ɦɨɠɟ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ
ɧɚ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɢɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ
ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɿɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ
ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɤɭ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɿ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɢ ɫɟɡɨɧ-
ɧɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ. ɉɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɭ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟ-
ɝɿɞɶ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɭ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɭ
ɭ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹɯ.
Ɋɿɜɟɧɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɿɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɪɿɜɧɹ
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɍɚɪɢɮɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɬɢɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧ-
ɬɿɜ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɧɚ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɳɨ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɿɸɱɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ
ɞɿɬɟɣ ɭ ɜɿɰɿ ɞɨ 5 ɪɨɤɿɜ ɡ ɛɚɬɶɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɥɢɲɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɤɥɿɽɧ-
ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ, ɛɟɡ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ-
ɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɚ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ, ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ.
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Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ȼɢɦɨɝ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɩɨɫɟɥɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɚ
ɞɜɚ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɡ ɨɩɥɚɬɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹ-
ɡɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ. Ƚɨɬɟ-
ɥɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
ɡ ɜɢɤɥɢɤɭ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧ-
ɰɿʀ, ɩɨɫɥɭɝɭ ɡ ɩɨɛɭɞɤɢ ɜ ɧɿɱɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɿɧ-
ɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɜ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɒɜɢɞɤɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɰɿ-
ɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɟɮɟɤɬɨɦ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɽ ɨɡɧɚ-
ɤɨɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɿɡɦɭ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨ-
ɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ «ɉɪɚɜɢɥ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱ-
ɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ», ɡɚ-
ɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɢɯ ɇɚɤɚɡɨɦ Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɜɿɞ 16 ɛɟɪɟɡɧɹ 2004 ɪ., ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɭ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭ ɿ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ [7]. ɋɚɦɟ ɧɚ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿɣ ɿ ɧɚ-
ɨɱɧɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɭ ɡɪɭɱɧɨɦɭ
ɞɥɹ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ:
— ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɚɞɚ-
ɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ;
— ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚ-
ɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɫɜɿɞɨɰɬɜɨ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɽɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ;
— ɤɨɩɿɸ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡ-
ɤɨɜɿɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ;
— ɤɨɩɿɸ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ, ɹɤɳɨ ɞɚɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɥɿ-
ɰɟɧɡɭɜɚɧɧɸ;
— ɩɪɟɣɫɤɭɪɚɧɬ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ (ɦɿɫɰɹ);
— ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
(ɦɿɫɰɹ);
— ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɿ ɰɿɧɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɨ-
ɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣ ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɿɥɶɝɢ, ɚ ɬɚ-
ɤɨɠ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɩɿɥɶɝ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɿɡ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ;
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— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ, ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ,
ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. əɤɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ — ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ
ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɯ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɿ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɡɚɯɢɫɬ ɩɪɚɜ
ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɿɜ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɹɤɨʀ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɱɢ
ɩɨɪɬɶɽ. ɉɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɤɨɥɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɢɛɭɜɚɽ ɡ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɞɨɛɨɜɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɧɧɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ
ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɭ ɰɿɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ (ɦɿɫɰɹ).
ɉɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞ-
ɧɨ ɡ ɽɞɢɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɢɦ ɱɚɫɨɦ — 12 ɝɨɞ. ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨʀ ɞɨɛɢ ɡɚ
ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɦ ɱɚɫɨɦ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɥɢ-
ɜɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɽɞɢɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫ.
əɤɳɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɞɨɛɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ
ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɪɚɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚʀɡɞɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɿɡɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ɉɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɉɪɢɣɨɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧ-
ɧɹ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɬɚ ɮɿ-
ɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ. Ɉɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɞɜɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ-
ɦɢ, ɽ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɰɟɦ ɡ ɹɤɢɦ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɜɢ-
ɛɭɬɬɿ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ, ɳɨɛ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɛɭɥɢ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɿ.
Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ
ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ;
— ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɩɨɜɿɞ-
ɨɦɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ;
— ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɨɬɪɢɦɚ-
ɧɢɯ ɨɩɥɚɬ;
— ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ;
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— ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɩɨ-
ɪɬɶɽ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ;
— ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ;
— ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɫɟɣɮɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ȼɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɤɚ-
ɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡ ɤɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɪɬɨɬɟɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɢɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ.
Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ
ɡɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ (ɮɨɪ-
ɦɚ ʋ 4-ɝ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1). ȯɞɢɧɢɣ ɜɢɧɹɬɨɤ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ,
ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɭ ɞɨɛɭ. Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɚ-
ɤɢɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɪɿɡ-
ɜɢɳɚ, ɿɦɟɧɿ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
ɚɧɤɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. ȼɫɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɿ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ.
ȼɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ɉɨɪ-
ɬɶɽ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɩɪɨ ɰɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɸ ɿ ɫɤɟɪɨɜɭɽ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɞɨ ɤɚ-
ɫɢɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ. əɤɳɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ
ɛɚɠɚɽ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɣɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɧɟɫ-
ɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɩɥɚɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɜɢ-
ɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɡ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ.
Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɚ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ
ʀɯɧɸ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ. Ɂɦɿɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ:
— ɩɨɦɢɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ;
— ɡɦɿɧɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɜɢʀɡɞɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɞɟ-
ɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɳɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɚɛɨ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɡ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ;
— ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ;
— ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ;
— ɜɢɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ, ɿɦɟɧɿ, ɩɨ-ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ;
— ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɢ, ɳɨ ɧɟɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɚɜɿɚɟɤɿɩɚɠɭ.
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ȼɿɞɦɿɬɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦ-
ɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɍ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɿ (ɛɿɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ) ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɸɬɶɫɹ
ɩɪɨɫɬɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ (ɩɭɧɤɬ 1;2;5;6), ɜɿɧ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɿ ɜɿɞɪɚ-
ɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɫɢɪɭ. əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɣ
ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɩɭɧɤɬ 3), ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɧɨɫɿɹ ɛɚ-
ɝɚɠɭ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ ɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɭ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɣ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ (ɠɨɜɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ) ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ
ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɶ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɚɧɤɟɬ ɚɛɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ
ɭ ɮɚɣɥ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɨɦ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɫɿɯ ɡɦɿɧ ɬɚ
ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɡɛɨʀɜ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ, ɜɫɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ
ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɨɹɜɢ. ɇɟɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿ-
ɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɽ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɭ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɬɚɪɢɮɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɡɚ
ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɸ ɞɨɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɨɮɨɪɦ-
ɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɿ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɿ ɫɬɨ-
ɫɭɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɤɚɫɢɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɛɭ-
ɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ.
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ, ɧɟ ɜɢ-
ɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɐɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɩɿɜ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧ-
ɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɬɚ-
ɤɢɦɢ ɞɿɹɦɢ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ:
— ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɽ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɿɡɧɚ-
ɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ;
— ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɚɧɤɟɬɭ (ɩɪɢ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ
ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɮɚɣɥ);
— ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɞɨɞɚɬ-
ɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ
ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭ-
ɸɬɶ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɳɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɸ ɿ ɧɟ ɜɧɟ-
ɫɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ);
— ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɫɭɦɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ;
— ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɡɚɪɟɽɫ-
ɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ʀʀ, ɜɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɱɚɫ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɭ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ,
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ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɪɟɽɫɬ-
ɪɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ.
Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɩɟɪɟɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ
ɛɟɡ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ ɚɛɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɿ-
ɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ȱɜɚɧɱɟɧɤɨ ȱ.ȱ., ɧɨɦɟɪ 335, ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ
ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɚ ɉ.ɉ.,
ɧɨɦɟɪ 725. ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɟɧɤɚ ɉ.ɉ. ɩɪɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿɸ
ɿ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɪɭɱɧɨ ɡɚɫɜɿɞɱɢɬɢ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ȱɜɚɧɱɟɧɤɚ ȱ.ȱ. ɫɜɿɣ
ɞɨɡɜɿɥ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ.
Ɋɨɛɨɬɚ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɡ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ
ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɡɚ ɫɟɣɮ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɤɚ-
ɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ
ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɧɚɹɜɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ, ɭ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚ-
ɬɢɫɶ ɝɪɨɲɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ. Ʉɥɸɱɿ ɜɿɞ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ
ɩɪɢɦɿɪɧɢɤɚɯ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ — ɨɞɢɧ ɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɤɚɫɢɪ
ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ.
Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ, ɹɤɭ ɪɨɡ-
ɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ. Ƚɪɨ-
ɲɨɜɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ, ɿɧɲɢɦ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɚɛɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɦɢ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ ɩɿɞɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɡɦɿ-
ɧɭ. Ʉɨɧɜɟɪɬ ɡ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɹɦɢ ɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɨɸ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɡ ɿɧɲɨɸ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɸ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨɸ ɫɭɦɨɸ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɿɞ-
ɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɧɤɧɨɬ ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɿɧɚɥɭ ɡ
ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɳɿɜ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ.
ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ ɯɜɨɪɨɛɢ, ɜɿɞɩɭɫɬ-
ɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢ, ɝɪɨɲɨɜɚ ɫɭɦɚ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɭ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡ-
ɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɿ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɨ
ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ
ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɣ ɤɨɞ (ɮɚɣɥ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɿ), ɹɤɢɣ ɞɨɡɜɨ-
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ɥɹɽ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɬɚ ɩɨɡɛɚɜɥɹɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿ-
ɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɢɥɤɢ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧ-
ɬɿɜ ɡ ɞɚɧɢɦɢ ɱɟɤɿɜ ɤɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɿɜ. ȼɫɿ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɭ.
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɛɭɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɟ-
ɱɚɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ,
ɜɨɧɢ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɚɫɨɛɨɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ
ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ.
Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɽ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ
ɪɟɱɟɣ. ȼɿɧ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɢ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɧɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ
ɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɚɛɨ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ
ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ.
ɍ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɟ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɞɨ-
ɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ. ɋɤɥɚɞɟɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɟɚ-
ɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «ȼɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨ-
ɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ» (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɨɬɪɢ-
ɦɚɧɧɸ ɤɚɫɢɪɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɨɩɥɚɬɨɸ
ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ.
ȼɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɭ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ
ɧɚ 9.00 ɝɨɞ. ɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɡɜɿ-
ɥɶɧɟɧɢɯ ɿ ɡɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɭ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ.
Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɛɨ-
ɪɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ
(ɮɨɪɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɭ ɬɪɶɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɞɚɧɢɯ — ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ «Ʉɚɫɨɜɢɦ ɡɜɿɬɨɦ» (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 8-Ƚ, ɞɨ-
ɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ, ɬɪɟɬɿɣ
ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɤɚɫɢɪɚ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
Ʉɚɫɨɜɢɣ ɡɜɿɬ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɫɢɪɨɦ (ɩɨɪɬɶɽ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɞɿɣɫ-
ɧɸɽ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ) ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɡɜɿɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ
ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹ-
ɪɿ. ȼ ɝɪɚɮɿ «ȼɢɞ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ» ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ,
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ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɡɚ ɡɜɿɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɦɢ ɪɚ-
ɯɭɧɤɿɜ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.), ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɸ ɤɚɫɨɜɨɸ
ɫɬɪɿɱɤɨɸ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɸ ɫɬɪɿɱɤɨɸ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɥɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪ-
ɬɨɤ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ).
ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 3-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɫ-
ɬɹɦ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɦɟ-
ɪɿɜ ɿ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɜɤɚɡɭ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ — ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨ-
ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɿ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɿɧɲɿ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ
ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬ-
ɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɚɧɤɟɬɢ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.) ɚɛɨ ɪɟ-
ɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ (ɮɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.). ȼɿɡɢɬɧɚ ɤɚɪ-
ɬɤɚ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɧɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɿ ɚɧɝɥɿɣɫɶɤɿɣ
ɦɨɜɚɯ.
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ. Ɏɨɪ-
ɦɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɿ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ (ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿɣ, ɪɭɱɧɿɣ) ɿ ɩɪɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɿ ɪɨɡɪɚ-
ɯɭɧɤɭ (ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ, ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨɦɭ). Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɢɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ
ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪ ɜɢɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɦɭ,
ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ. ɍ ɝɪɚɮɿ «ɉɨɫɥɭɝɚ» ɩɟɪɟɪɚ-
ɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɭ ɡɜɿɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɋɭɦɚ ɞɨ
ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɳɨɞɨɛɨɜɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɢ ɫɭɦɭ ɉȾȼ ɿ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ.
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɽ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɬɪɨɝɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ:
— ɝɨɬɿɜɤɚ;
— ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ;
— ɞɨɪɨɠɧɿ ɱɟɤɢ;
— ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ.
Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɦɩɿɜ ɡɚɩɪɨ-
ɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɨɤɢ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ. ɋɶɨ-
ɝɨɞɧɿ ɞɨɫɢɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨ-
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ɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɯ ɡɚɪɨɛɿɬɧɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɢ, ɫɬɢɩɟɧɞɿɣ ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɪɨɡ-
ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ
ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ ɡɚɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ
ɫɬɚɽ ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɦ ɹɜɢɳɟɦ.
ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɣ ɱɿɬɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧ-
ɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ.
ɇɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɞɨɜɟ-
ɫɬɢ ʀʀ ɞɨ ɜɿɞɨɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ
ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. Ɏɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨ-
ɦɿɱɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɬɿɫɧɨ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɡ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬ-
ɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ. ɍ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɞɨ-
ɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɬɚ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀʀ ɞɿʀ. əɤɳɨ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɚɧɚ,
ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɿɧɲɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɿɪɤɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɞɿʀ, ɤɚɫɢɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɨɦɭ, ɳɨ
ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɟ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɞɿɣɫɧɚ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɯ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. ɉɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɭ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɛɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɡ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ-ɟɦɿɬɟɧɬɨɦ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɽɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɤɚɫɢɪ
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɞɚɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿʀ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɤɚɡɭɽ
ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɐɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɸɬɶ ɮɚɤɬ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ
ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ.
ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪ-
ɬɨɤ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɦɚɤɫɢ-
ɦɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɭɦɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ, ɹɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟ
ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ. əɤɳɨ ɫɭɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɚ
ɚɛɨ ɜɢɳɚ ɦɟɠɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ (Floor limits), ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɚ-
ɧɿɽɸ, ɳɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɭɦɿɫ-
ɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɞɿɣ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ
ɲɬɪɚɮɭ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɡɚ ɧɟɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɡɭ-
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ɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɬɪɚɬɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɫɭɦɢ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɡɚ
ɦɟɠɭ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɠɿ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɶ.
Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ
ɩɨɥɿɬɢɤɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɢɜ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɬɚ ȱɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɿɝɭ ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ.
Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɿɤɨɜɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɮɨɧɞɭ ɽ ɳɨɞɨɛɨɜɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɮɨɪ-
ɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ, ɞɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ.1.).
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ
ɩɪɢɦɿɪɧɢɤɚɯ: ɩɟɪɲɢɣ — ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿʀ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
Ɂɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɟɤɡɟɦɩɥɹɪɚɯ. ɉɟɪɲɢɣ — ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɤɚɪɬɨɸ ɧɚ
ɛɪɨɧɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɿɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧ-
ɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ, ɞɪɭɝɢɣ — ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ.
Ɉɤɪɟɦɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɝɨɫ-
ɬɶɨɜɿɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɭ-
ɦɭ ɦɿɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ. əɤɳɨ ɫɭɦɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɥɿɽɧ-
ɬɨɦ ɛɿɥɶɲɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɨʀ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɢ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɞɨ
ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ. ɉɪɨɬɟ, ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɜɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɽ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɡɚɩɥɚɧɨ-
ɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ, ɣɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɡɭɩɢɧɹɽɬɶɫɹ.
ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɭɝɨɞɢ, «ɩɪɹɦɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹ-
ɡɚɧɶ» (ɜɟɤɫɟɥɿɜ). əɤɳɨ ɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚ-
ɞɚɧɢɣ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ
ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɫɭɦɨɸ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɣɨɝɨ
ɫɯɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɿ ɡɚɹɜɭ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɟ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɜɿ.
ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɱɟɤɿɜ. ȱɧɲɨɸ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨɸ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɨɸ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɚɫɨɜɿ ɱɟɤɢ, ɳɨ ɨɰɿ-
ɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɢ ɹɤ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ,
ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ
ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɱɟɤɿɜ. Ʉɚɫɢɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ
ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɿɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ
ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɿɸ ɿ ɩɿɞɩɢɫ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɤɚɯ ɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɩɿɞ-
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ɩɢɫɨɦ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɫɭɦɧɿɜ ɭ ɩɪɢɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɚɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɟɤɚ,
ɱɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɸ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɤɚ, ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɸɬɶ
ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɛɚɧɤɿɜ. ɇɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɨɩɥɚ-
ɬɚ ɱɟɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚɦɢ.
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɭɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɜɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɱɟ-
ɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɬɪɢ-
ɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿɣ:
— ɩɿɞɩɢɫ ɱɟɤɿɜ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɹɤ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɨ-
ɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɛɚɧ-
ɤɿɜɫɶɤɨɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɸ;
— ɧɚ ɱɟɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢɫɶ ɞɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ;
— ɱɟɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟ-
ɞ’ɹɜɧɢɤɚ.
Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɿ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɿ. Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɭ-
ɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ — ɹɜɢɳɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɰɿɽʀ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɝɚɥɭɡɹɯ ɫɭɫɩɿɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ
ɠɢɬɬɹ.
Ɉɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɯ,
ɞɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ. Ʉɪɟɞɢɬɧɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ
ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɸ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ-
ɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɰɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɢɥɚɽ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɡ ɹɤɨʀ ɡɧɿɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɭ-
ɦɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ.
Ⱦɟɛɟɬɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɟɛɟɬɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɤ.
Ɋɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɨɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ
ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɿ PIN-ɤɨɞɚ ɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɨɛɿɝɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɢɯ
ɝɪɨɲɟɣ. ȼɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨʀ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɢ — ɝɨɬɿɜɤɚ, ɳɨ
ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɚɯ ɿ ɧɚ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨɦɭ ɞɢɫɤɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸ-
ɬɟɪɚ. ȼɫɿ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɧɤɿɜɫɶɤɿ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ.
ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɲɟɣ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɨɦɭ
ɞɢɫɤɭ ɩɪɢɪɿɜɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɩɟɜɧɨʀ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɭɦɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɿɣ ɡ ɜɚ-
ɥɸɬ. ɐɹ ɫɭɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɚɛɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟ-
ɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɟɦ ɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɱɟɦ.
ȼɢɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ. ȼɢɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ ɜɿɞ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɽ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ
ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. Ɂɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ.
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ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ. Ⱦɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɭɯɭ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ
ɩɭɧɤɬ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ
ɦɚɣɧɚ, ɿɦɿɞɠɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ɍ ɞɟɹɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɡɚ
ɣɨɝɨ ɡɝɨɞɨɸ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɞɨɩɨ-
ɦɨɝɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɿ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ, ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɜɚɬɢ
ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨ-
ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ,
ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɣ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ
ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ, ɧɨɪɦɢ
ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ
ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɽ ɩɨɜɟɞɿ-
ɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨ, ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɡ ɭɫɦɿɲɤɨɸ
ɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɭ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤ-
ɬɭ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɢɦ, ɱɿɬɤɢɦ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɬɚ ɫɬɚɧ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɜɡɭɬɬɹ,
ɛɭɬɢ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɧɢɦ, ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɭ ɫɥɭɠ-
ɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ — ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ
ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɭɫɩɿɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ
ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɚɮɟɤɬ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɰɶɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɿ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɿ ɜɦɿɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ. Ⱦɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɩɪɨ-
ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɬɢ ɜɢɛɪɚɬɢ
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟ-
ɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɫɯɜɚɥɢɬɢ ɜɢɛɿɪ, ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɢɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɧɚɞ ɚɥɶɬɟɪ-
ɧɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚɦɢ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨ-
ɦɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɱɢ ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɡɜɨɧɢɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɭ ɿ
ɩɨɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɿɧ ɜɿɞ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ
ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ȼɿɞɦɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ
ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ:
— ɡ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɚɛɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɛɨɪɭ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ;
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— ɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɚɦɢ (ɩɨɠɟɠɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɿ
ɫɬɢɯɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧ.);
— ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɨɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ;
— ɧɟɩɥɚɬɨɫɩɪɨɦɨɠɧɿɫɬɸ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ.
əɤɳɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡ ɩɪɢ-
ɱɢɧɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɮɨɪɫ-ɦɨɠɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ, ɱɟɪ-
ɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ, ɜɢ-
ɛɚɱɢɬɢɫɶ ɬɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɲɢɣ ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɢɣ ɡ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦɢ
ɭɦɨɜɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. əɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ, ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɚɞɦɿɧɿ-
ɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɜ’ɹɡɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɿ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ
ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ.
ɍ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɹ ɦɿɠ
ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɿɡ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɪɨɡ-
ɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɩɨɞɿɛɧɨɸ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɧɚ ɪɢɧɤɭ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ
ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɹɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɹɤ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɭ-
ɸɬɶ ɫɩɿɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ. Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɬɿɫɧɭ
ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɸ ɳɨɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɟ ɡ 2–3 ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ.
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
Ɂɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ
ɛɿɥɢɡɧɹɧɨɸ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ
Ʉɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɲɚ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ
ɋɬɚɪɲɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ
ɋɬɸɚɪɞ
ɒɜɚɱɤɚ
ɉɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶɧɢɰɿ ɋɭɩɟɪɜɚɣɡɟɪ
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ɪɚɡɨɦ ɿɡ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɨɸ ɮɨɪɦɨɸ ɛɥɚɧɤɚ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɨɦ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ,
ɳɨ ɜɿɞɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɭ.
Ȼɥɚɧɤ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɭ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ ɚɛɨ ɯɿɦ-
ɱɢɫɬɤɭ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɨɞɹɝɭ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɱɢ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɜɿɪɹɽ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɿɡ ɜɦɿɫɬɨɦ ɩɚ-
ɤɟɬɚ. Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɭ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɨ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɤɪɿɩɥɹɸɬɶ
ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɡ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɭɸɬɶ
ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ
ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ʉɟɪɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɿɧɿɰɿɸ-
ɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɰɢɯ
ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɨɤɪɟ-
ɦɚ, ɧɨɜɚɰɿʀ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ —
ɟɤɫɩɪɟɫ-ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ, ɩɿɞɤɪɨɯɦɚɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɞɹɝɭ
ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɹ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɚ
ɡɚɣɦɚɸɬɶ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ, ɬɿɫɧɨ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ
ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɚɦɢ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɯɧɨ-
ɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɰɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ
ɫɥɭɠɛɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɹɯ —
ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɚ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɹ ɡɞɿɣ-
ɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɹɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ɍ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ
ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɟ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɟ. Ʉɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɟ ɿ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ.
ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɬɚɤɿɣ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ:
ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɡɚɛɪɨɧɶɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɨɦɟ-
ɪɚɯ, ɩɨɬɿɦ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ, ɳɨ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɥɢɫɶ, ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɸ
ɱɟɪɝɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ. ɉɪɢɛɢ-
ɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɱɚɫ, ɤɨɥɢ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ ɭ ɧɨɦɟ-
ɪɿ, ɞɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɭɡɝɨɞɢɬɢ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɱɚɫ
ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. əɤɳɨ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ
ɨɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ.
ɉɨɬɨɱɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ,
ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɢɬɬɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɡɚɫɬɟɥɹɧɧɹ ɥɿɠɨɤ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ
ɫɬɨɥɚ, ɬɭɦɛɨɱɨɤ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɨɯɭ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚ,
ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɜɚɡɨɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɟ-
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ɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. əɤɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪ
ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟ-
ɪɟɞ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿ, ɞɚɥɿ ɭ ɜɿɬɚɥɶɧɿ, ɿɧɲɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ, ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɨɦ.
ɓɨɞɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɿɠɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɿɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɿ ɞɧɹ ɧɚ ɜɢɦɨɝɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚ
ɨɤɪɟɦɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɹɤɳɨ ɰɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞ-
ɤɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ
ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɦɢɬɬɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɿɞ-
ɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɢɥɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶ-
ɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿ, ɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ, ɡɚɦɿɧɚ
ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɦɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ.
ɍɫɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ,
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɡ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨ ɞɨ-
ɰɿɥɶɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɡ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɡɛɟɪɟ-
ɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɯ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ — ɜɚɠɥɢɜɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ
ɭ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɟɩɿɞɟɦɿɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ.
əɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɥɢɲɢɜ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɞɚɽ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɤɟɬɿ ɫɬɚɪɲɿɣ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɰɿ, ɹɤɚ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ʀʀ ɜ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ. ɋɬɚɪɲɚ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɹɽ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ
ɡ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤɨɦ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɿ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɿɥ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɛɥɚɧɤ-ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ, ɜɿɲɚɽ
ɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿ. əɤɳɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɜɢɹɜɥɟ-
ɧɿ ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞ-
ɧɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɞɚɬɢ
ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɭ ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨ-
ɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɹɜɤɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɱɢ ɧɟ ɡɚ-
ɛɭɥɢ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɪɟɱɿ, ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɡɚɦɿɧɢ-
ɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ, ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɿɚɥ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ.
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɨʀ ɩɥɨɳɿ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ ɭ 10 ɞɧɿɜ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣ-
ɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɡ ɜɨɥɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ, ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹɦ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹɦ
ɩɥɹɦ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɥɨɡɿ, ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɿ, ɦ’ɹɤɢɯ ɦɟɛɥɹɯ, ɦɢɬ-
ɬɹɦ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɿɜ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɪɨɡɱɢɧɨɦ.
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Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɿ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɟɬɚɩɢ:
— ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ. ɉɪɨɜɿɬ-
ɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɬɹ
ɜɿɤɨɧ ɧɚ 20–30 ɯɜ. ɚɛɨ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ. Ʉɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɿ ɚɟɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɿɱɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ
ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɡɚ ɩɿɜɞɨɛɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ;
— ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ;
— ɡɧɿɦɚɧɧɹ ɛɪɭɞɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɢɯ ɚɤɫɟɫɭɚɪɿɜ;
— ɱɢɫɬɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɥɿɠɤɨɦ, ɥɿɠ-
ɤɨ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɚɤɫɟɫɭɚɪɚɦɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ;
— ɡ ɜɚɧɧɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ,
ɯɚɥɚɬ ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
— ɦɢɸɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɢ ɿ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ;
— ɦɢɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɚɧɧɚ ɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɡ;
— ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɜɢɫɢɯɚɧɧɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ ɿ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɿɥɶ;
— ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɥɤɨɧɚ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ;
— ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɜɢɬɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɯ ɡɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ;
— ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɬɹɝɨɦ;
— ɦɢɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ;
— ɩɨɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɣ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ
(ɦɢɥɨ, ɫɿɪɧɢɤɢ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ ɬɚ ɿɧ);
— ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɿɧɚ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɯɚɥɚɬɿɜ
ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɡɜɨ-
ɥɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɂɚɡɜɢɱɚɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪ-
ɧɿɣ ɪɭɱɰɿ «ɉɪɨɫɶɛɚ ɧɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɜɚɬɢ», ɳɨ ɽ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɨɪɨɝɨɸ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ. əɤɳɨ ɜɢɜɿɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɧɿɣ ɪɭɱɰɿ
ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. Ɉɬɪɢɦɚɜɲɢ ɞɨɡɜɿɥ, ɜɨɧɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɬɢ
ɡ ɜɚɧɧɨʀ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɩɨɬɿɦ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɽ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɢɬ-
ɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɟɪɟɱɭɽ) ɚɛɨ
ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɜɢɣɬɢ.
ɉɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ʀɯɧɸ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɟ-
ɜɿɪɹɽ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ. ȼɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɛɨɱɨʀ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ
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ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɩɪɢ ɲɜɢɞɤɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɰɿ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɢ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
ɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢ 100 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɢ ɛɿɥɶɲ ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɰɿ ɧɨɪɦɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 35 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ, ɳɨ ɬɪɢ-
ɜɚɽ 3–5 ɯɜ. ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɱɢ ɩɪɨɜɨ-
ɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɨɜɿɬɪɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ (ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɭ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ
ɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɿɜ ɭ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɿɝɿɽɧɿɱ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ), ɹɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɧɿ ɿ ɫɚɧɜɭɡɥɚɯ — ɱɢ ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɿ ɧɚɥɿɬ, ɩɥɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɿ, ɭɧɿ-
ɬɚɡɿ, ɞɭɲɨɜɿɣ, ɜɚɧɧɿ, ɨɛɥɢɰɸɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɩɥɢɬɰɿ, ɹɤ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɟ ɥɿɠ-
ɤɨ, ɜɢɬɟɪɬɢɣ ɩɨɪɨɯ. Ȼɿɥɶɲ ʉɪɭɧɬɨɜɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɚ, ɳɨ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ 7–
10 ɯɜ. ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ
ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ, ɡɚɦɿɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɜɚɧ-
ɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ, ɩɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɯ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ,
ɜɢɞɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɹɦ ɧɚ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɿ, ɦ’ɹɤɢɯ ɦɟɛɥɹɯ, ɡɚ-
ɦɿɧɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɭ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ
ɩɪɢɥɚɞɿɜ. Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɿ.
ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɨɛɫɥɭ-
ɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɜɢɪɨɛ-
ɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦɢ ɪɨɡ-
ɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɤɨ-
ɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ, ɬɪɟɧɿɧɝɿɜ, ɜɿɞɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɦɭ
ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɬɶ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɜɿɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨ
ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ, ɨɛɝɨɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ
ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɨɜ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɨ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɰɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɫɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɡɛɟ-
ɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ.
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. ɐɿ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɨ-
ɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɩɟɪɟɜɞɹɝɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ
ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ.
ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɿ
ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɸɬɶ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ, ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ ɫɩɿɜɪɨ-
ɛɿɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ȼ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚ ɥɚɧɤɚ ɧɹɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɞɿɬɶɦɢ, ɹɤɚ
287
ɩɪɚɰɸɽ ɟɩɿɡɨɞɢɱɧɨ, ɭ ʀʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɡɚɞɿɹɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɿɧɲɢɯ
ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭ ɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɨ-
ɛɿɬɤɭ. Ƚɨɫɬɿ ɭ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ ɨɩɥɚɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟ-
ɞɧɶɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ.
Ɉɛɫɹɝ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɿ ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɚɪɫɶɤɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɦɿɫɰɹ
ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɨʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ, ɳɨ ɡɧɚɯɨ-
ɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɹɤɳɨ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɥɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ, ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɦɨɠɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɤɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ʀʀ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɨɩɢɫ ɭ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɿ ɨɤɪɟɦɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ
ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɚɧ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɧɟɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ,
ɡɧɢɤɥɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɜɿɞ
ɞɜɿɱɿ ɧɚ ɪɿɤ — ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞ ɿ ɜ ɤɿɧɰɿ ɪɨɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚ-
ɰɿɸ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɶɧɨʀ
ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɨɞɿɹɥ, ɪɭɲɧɢɤɿɜ, ɯɚɥɚɬɿɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢɧ, ɛɿ-
ɥɢɡɧɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɿ ɤɚɫ-
ɬɟɥɹɧɲɿ, ɭ ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɣ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ,
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɿɜ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɇɟɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɣɨɝɨ
ɡɚɦɿɧɢ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɭ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɿ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨ-
ɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨɪɿɱɧɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɞɨ 10 % ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɚ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦ ɤɥɿ-
ɽɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɹɤɿɣ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɡɢɰɿɨɧɭɽ.
ɍ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɭ ɠɢɬ-
ɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ: ɥɿɠɤɨ, ɫɬɿɥ, 2 ɤɪɿɫɥɚ, ɞɢɜɚɧ,
ɫɬɿɥ ɩɿɞ ɤɚɜɭ, ɬɨɪɲɟɪ, 2 ɬɭɦɛɨɱɤɢ, 2 ɥɚɦɩɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɥɿɠɤɚ (ɧɚ-
ɫɬɿɥɶɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɫɬɿɧɧɿ), ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ (ɮɚɤɫ), ɲɚɮɭ ɞɥɹ
ɨɞɹɝɭ (ɤɨɦɨɞ ɡ ɜɢɫɭɜɧɢɦɢ ɲɭɯɥɹɞɚɦɢ), ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪ ɡ ɜɢɩɢɜɤɨɸ
ɿ ɥɟɝɤɨɸ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɨɸ. ɍ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ: ɜɚɧɧɚ
(ɜɚɧɧɚ-ɞɠɚɤɭɡɿ — ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ «ɥɸɤɫ» ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ)
ɿ/ɚɛɨ ɞɭɲɨɜɚ ɤɚɛɿɧɚ, ɛɿɞɟ ɿ ɭɧɿɬɚɡ, ɫɜɿɬɢɥɶɧɢɤ, ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ. Ⱦɨɞɚ-
ɬɤɨɜɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ: ɫɿɪ-
ɧɢɤɢ (ɨɞɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɛɤɚ ɭ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɿ ɨɞɧɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ, 15 ɜɿ-
ɲɚɥɨɤ (6 ɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ, 6 ɞɥɹ ɫɩɿɞɧɢɰɶ, 3 ɿɡ ɡɚɬɢɫɤɚɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɲɬɚɧɿɜ), ɩɨɥɿɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɢɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɛɪɭɞɧɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɚɛɨ ɨɞɹɝɭ
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ɡ ɜɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɦ ɿ ɪɨɡɰɿɧɤɚɦɢ
ɩɪɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɚ ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɢ, ɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ
ɥɨɝɨɬɢɩɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɦɿɲɟɱɤɢ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɢ ɡ ɥɚɜɚɧɞɨɸ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɦɨɥɿ
ɿ ɞɥɹ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɨɞɹɝɭ ɭ ɲɚɮɿ, ɫɟɣɮ, ɹɤɳɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ,
ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɢɣ ɧɚɛɿɪ, ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢ, ɩɚɩɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɮɚɤɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɶ,
ɪɭɱɤɚ, ɨɥɿɜɟɰɶ, ɲɜɢɞɤɨɡɲɢɜɚɱ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɞ-
ɞɹ, ɜɿɞɤɪɢɬɤɢ ɿɡ ɫɜɿɬɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɦɿɫɬɚ ɱɢ ɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ
ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɿɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɿɜ ɞɨɞɚ-
ɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɛɿɥɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɚ ɤɧɢɠɤɚ ɡ ɪɭɱ-
ɤɨɸ. ɍ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ: 2 ɛɚɧɧɢɯ
ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ, 2 ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɢɱɱɹ, 2 ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ
ɬɿɥɚ, ɤɢɥɢɦɨɤ, ɯɚɥɚɬ, ɬɚɩɨɱɤɢ, ɲɚɦɩɭɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɜɨɥɨɫɫɹ,
ɦɢɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɤ, ɥɨɫɶɣɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɬɿɥɚ ɩɿɫɥɹ
ɩɪɢɣɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɚɧɧɢ, ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɫɹ, ɛɚɧɧɚ ɲɚɩɨɱɤɚ,
ɩɚɥɢɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɭɯ, ɬɚɦɩɨɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɧɿɦɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɤɿɹɠɭ,
ɧɚɛɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɬɬɹ, ɤɪɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɡɭɛɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɚ, ɡɭɛɧɚ ɳɿɬɤɚ,
ɤɪɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɿɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɧɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɿɧɧɹ, ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɝɨ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ.
ɉɟɪɟɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚ-
ɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɰɟ ɞɨɜɿɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦ, ɳɨ ɤɨ-
ɪɢɝɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɦ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɚɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɛɿɥɶ-
ɲɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɸɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɜɢ-
ɬɪɚɬɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɸɸɬɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɫɩɨɧɭɤɚ-
ɸɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɦ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɜ
ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɤɚɜɨɜɚɪɤɭ, ɛɟɡɩɥɚɬɧɭ
ɤɚɜɭ ɿ ɱɚɣ, ɜ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɞɨɲɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɉɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɭ ȯɜɪɨɩɿ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɡ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɝɨɸ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɠɟɠɧɭ ɧɟɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ.
Ɉɤɪɟɦɨʀ ɭɜɚɝɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ VIP-
ɩɟɪɫɨɧ. Ƚɨɫɬɿ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɤɨɦ-
ɮɨɪɬɧɢɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ «ɥɸɤɫ» («ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɥɸɤɫ»).
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɫɟɣɮɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɡ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɜɢɛɨɪɨɦ ɫɩɢɪɬɧɢɯ
ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡ-
ɩɟɱɭɽ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɨɫɿɛ, ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɩɿɞ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɨɦ ɱɟɪɝɨ-
ɜɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ.
ȼ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɨɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɱɚɫɧɨ ɩɨ-
ɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ (ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɞ-
ɞɹ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ, ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɡɚ ɜɡɭɬɬɹɦ,
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ɨɞɹɝɨɦ ɬɚ ɿɧ.). ɍ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɫɭɩɭɬɧɿɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɚ-
ɝɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɬɬɹ
ɬɿɥɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɟ ɦɢɥɨ ɦɚɫɨɸ 80 ɝɪ., ɞɥɹ ɪɭɤ — 20 ɝɪ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹɦ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɦɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɩɨɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɱɚɫɧɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɭ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ, ɹɤɳɨ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ʀɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨ-
ɜɭɽ.
ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɚɜɚɪɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɪɭɦɭ, ɭ ɜɚɧ-
ɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɱɤɚ ɡ ɩɿɞɫɜɿɱɧɢɤɨɦ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ
ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɟɜɚɤɭɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɢ ɩɨ-
ɠɟɠɿ, ɜɚɠɥɢɜɨ, ɳɨɛ ɜɿɧ ɛɭɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɜɚɜ-
ɫɹ ɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ. ɍ ɞɨɪɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɜɢɳɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɭɞɿɨɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ȳʀ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɪɨɡɤɿɲɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɨɞ-
ɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɭɦɨɜ ɤɨɦɮɨɪ-
ɬɭ. ȱɧɨɞɿ ɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɿ
ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ ɿ ɨɞɧɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɟ ɨɞɿɹɥɨ. ɉɨɞɭɲɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɩɿɪ’ɹ, ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɚɥɟɪɝɿʀ ɭ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
ɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɿ ɩɨɪɨɥɨɧɨɜɿ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɢ.
Ɇɿɧɿɛɚɪ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɱɢɧɟɧɢɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ
ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ ɤɥɸɱɚɦɢ ɜɿɞ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ, ɤɥɸɱ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ.
ɍ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɚɣɫ-ɥɢɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ
ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɪɚ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡɚ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ.
ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɭ ɛɚɪɿ
ɭ ɜɫɿɯ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɰɿɜ-
ɧɢɤɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ.
ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɦɢɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢ-
ɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɣ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɦɢɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɞɥɹ
ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɿɡ-
ɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɿɜ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɡ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ. Ɋɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɦɢɸɱɢɯ
ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ:
— ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɿ;
— ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ (ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɦɭɪɭ, ɛɟ-
ɬɨɧɭ, ɤɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ);
— ɨɫɜɿɠɭɜɚɱɿ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ;
— ɞɟɡɢɧɮɿɤɭɸɱɿ;
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— ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ;
— ɫɩɢɪɬ (ɛɿɥɢɣ (ɦɟɞɢɱɧɢɣ) ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɢɫɤɭ; ɫɢɧɿɣ (ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɣ) ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɟ-
ɡɢɧɮɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ);
— ɩɨɥɿɪɨɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ, ɞɥɹ ɧɚɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɞɧɢɯ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɯɨɧɶ;
— ɲɚɦɩɭɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɢɥɢɦɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɿɜ;
— ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɿɜ;
— ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ;
— ɞɥɹ ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɿɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ.
ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɛɿ-
ɥɢɡɧɹɧɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɭ ɹɤɢɯ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ,
ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ, ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
ȼɿɡɨɤ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ ɜɚɠɥɢɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ,
ɦɚɽ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɸ ɩɪɢɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɯɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ
ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɢ. ȼɿɡɨɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɹɪɭɫɿɜ — ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯ-
ɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɚ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪ, ɹɤɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ
ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɱɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɿɣ — ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ-
ɜɟɧɬɚɪ, ɳɨ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ.
ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.
ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɰɿɽʀ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɧɚ-
ɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟ-
ɫɭ (ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ), ɡɪɭɱɧɿɫɬɸ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨ-
ɧɚɥɨɦ.
ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɦɨɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɧ — ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱ-
ɧɨʀ ɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ. Ɇɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɢɦ
ɞɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɤɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɡ ɞɜɨɦɚ — ɡɨɜɧɿɲ-
ɧɶɨɸ ɿ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɸ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɨɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚ-
ɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹ-
ɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɦɨɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɦɿɤɪɨɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɨɦ ɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɧɢɤɨɜɢɦ
ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɟɤɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɿ ɡ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬ-
ɤɨɸ. ȱɧɲɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɚ — ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɚ
ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɸ
ɤɥɸɱɚ. ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɥɸɱ-ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɿɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ, ɳɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭɽ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭ ɬɨɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɿ ɫɭɦɿɫ-
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ɧɿɫɬɶ ɡ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɽɦ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɤɚ.
Ɋɟɱɨɜɢɧɚ, ɡ ɹɤɨʀ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɧɟ ɧɚɝɪɨ-
ɦɚɞɠɭɽ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɦ, ɧɟ ɩɿɞɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɜɨɥɨɝɢ, ɩɢɥɭ,
ɫɬɿɣɤɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬ-
ɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɥɶɬɚ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨ-
ɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ.
ɇɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿɣ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɟ «ɱɚ-
ɫɨɜɟ ɜɿɤɧɨ» — ɱɚɫ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚ-
ɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɟ-
ɫɩɥɚɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɢ ɛɟɡ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɬɪɚɩɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ. ɋɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɡ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ
ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɢ ɡ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɢɦ
ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɦ.
Ʉɨɠɟɧ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɦɨɤ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɫɿ
ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɜɟɪɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɦ, ɛɿɥɶ-
ɲɿɫɬɶ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚɩɚɦ’ɹɬɨɜɭɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚ-
ɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɫɿ ɧɟɜɞɚɥɿ ɫɩɪɨɛɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɤɨɦ. Ɂɚɦɤɢ ɫɭ-
ɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɿɜ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɸɬɶ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨ
250–5900 ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɶ ɡɚɦɤɚ (5900 — ɨɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɟɪɫɿɹ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ Saflok).
Ɂɚɦɤɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ (off-line),
ɚɛɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɚɧɢɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɭ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ (on-
line). ɍ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɜɨɧɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ, ɨɬɪɢɦɭɸɱɢ ɡɚɪɹɞ
ɜɿɞ ɩɚɥɶɱɢɤɨɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɠɢɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɦɤɚ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɟɡɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɜɫɿɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ (POS — Point of Sale) ɜɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ ɞɥɹ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɿɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɰɿ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤɿ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ
ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɥɚɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ, ɛɚɪɭ, ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȱɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɿɹ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ ɡɚɯɢɳɟɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ-
ɦɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ, ɹɤɿ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɫɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɿ POS-ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɥɿɜ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫ-
ɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɇɚ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɚɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɭɜɚɬɢ
ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɛɿɥɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɜɨɧɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ
ɜɢɳɭ ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɨɤ —
ɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɜɢɳɚ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɡɦɟɧɲɭɽ ʀɯɧɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟ-
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ɥɹɯ. ɇɨɜɿ ɦɨɞɟɥɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɩɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɤɿɜ
ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɿ ɬɚ ɫɦɚɪɬ-
ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɿ ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɜɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɫɦɚɪɬ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ — ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ
VIP-ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɿ, ɫɦɚɪɬ-
ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɥɚɞ — ɟɧɤɨɞɟɪ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ
ɡ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ. Ⱦɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚɤɟ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞ-
ɧɚɧɧɹ:
— ɦɿɧɿ-ɬɟɪɦɿɧɚɥ — ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ-ɤɚɪɬɨɤ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɨɫɨɛɢɫ-
ɬɢɦ ɤɨɞɨɦ;
— ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ ɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ — ɡɚɩɢɫɭɽ ɡɚ-
ɧɨɜɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɞ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ;
— ɩɪɢɫɬɪɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ
ɿɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɦɿɠ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨɽɦ ɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɜɟɪɧɢɦ ɡɚɦɤɨɦ ɭ ɜɢ-
ɩɚɞɤɭ ɹɤɳɨ ɤɨɞɢ ɫɩɿɜɩɚɞɚɸɬɶ;
— ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɸɱɚ — ɜɢɤɨɪɢ-
ɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɞɿɣɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ.
ɇɨɜɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ, ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ, ɡ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɤɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɡɦɿɧɸɽ ɤɨɞ ɩɨ-
ɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɜɤɪɚɞɟɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɝɭɛɥɟɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɹɤɳɨ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨ ɡɪɨɛɢɜ
ɡɚɹɜɤɭ ɩɪɨ ɰɟɣ ɜɢɩɚɞɨɤ.
ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɪɟ-
ɠɢɦɚɯ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ: ɤɥɿɽɧɬ, ɩɨɤɨʀɜɤɚ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ,
ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪ, ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ, ɚɜɚɪɿɹ, ɡɚɩɚɫɧɢɣ
ɤɥɸɱ, ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɢɣ ɤɥɸɱ.
Ʉɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɤɥɸɱ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ «ɤɥɿɽɧɬ», ɤɨɞ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɭɦɿɫ-
ɧɢɣ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɿɡ ɡɚɦɤɨɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ. ɍ ɩɨɤɨʀɜɨɤ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ
ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡ ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɨɦ, ɤɥɸɱɿ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɞɨ-
ɜɚɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɭ ɰɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɿ ɡɚ
ɰɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠ-
ɛɢ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɞɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ, ɧɚ ɹɤɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭ-
ɩɢɥɚ ɡɚɹɜɤɚ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɜɢ-
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ ɤɥɸɱ ɡ ɤɨɞɨɦ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ
ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. ɍ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ «ɚɜɚɪɿɹ», ɩɪɢ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɛɥɨɤɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɦɤɢ
ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ, ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɚɛɨ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
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ȼ ɚɜɚɪɿɣɧɿɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɨʀ ɡ ɩɟɪɟɛɨɹɦɢ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɨɫɬɚ-
ɱɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɤɨɸ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɨʀ
ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɬɨɳɨ, ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɥɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɡɞɚɥɟɝɿɞɶ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ. ɐɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɫɟɣɮɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɭ
ɧɨɦɟɪ ɜɢɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɿ-ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɡɞɿɣ-
ɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡ-
ɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ, ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɣ ɩɚɪɨɥɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ. ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ
ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɢɞɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɶɨɜɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ,
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ ɜɫɿ ɞɿʀ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɶ-
ɹɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɡɚɦɨɤ-ɤɚɪɬɤɭ, ɧɨ-
ɦɟɪ, ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ.
Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰ-ɡɚɥɿ, ɛɚɫɟɣɧɿ,
ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɿ, ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɡɚɞɚ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹɦ, ɹɤɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɜɚ-
ɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɱɚ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɩɭɧɤɬɿɜ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ
ɮɿɤɫɭɽ ɱɚɫ, ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ.
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ Ʌɿɮɬɟɪ
ɉɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ
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Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɭ ɞɢɪɟɤ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ȼɿɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ
ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɨɤ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ:
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɫɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ;
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɚɠɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɩɨ-
ɪɹɞɤɭ, ɞɿɸɱɢɯ ɪɨɡɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɶ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɣ;
— ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɿɜ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ;
— ɪɨɡɪɨɛɤɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɭ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ ɤɚɞɪɿɜ ɩɪɨɩɨɡɢɰɿɣ ɳɨɞɨ
ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ, ɡɜɿɥɶɧɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ, ɧɚɝɨɪɨɞɢ ɿ ɩɪɟɦɿɸɜɚɧɧɹ
ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ.
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ — ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɧɚ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ
ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɰɹ
ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ.
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɩɟɪɲɢɦ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ,
ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɞɜɟɪɿ. ȼɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝ-
ɬɢ ɜɢɣɬɢ ɡ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ, ɜɢɤɥɢɤɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɫɿ, ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ
ɩɪɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ. ɍ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨ-
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɛ-
ɫɹɝɨɦ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ
ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟ-
ɧɭ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɭ, ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɡɨ-
ɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɦɚɬɢ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɢɣ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ — ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɨɸ. ȼ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɚ
ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ:
— ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɯɨɥɿ,
ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɛɿɧɤɚɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɛɿɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɭ;
— ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɬɟɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ,
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿ, ɳɨ ɩɿɞ’ʀɠɞɠɚɸɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ-
ɜɚɥɢɣ ɱɚɫ, ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɠɚɬɢ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɿɧ-
ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɤɢ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɿ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɟɦ;
— ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɿɛ,
ɹɤɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɪɭɲɢɬɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ, ɫɩɨɤɿɣ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ;
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— ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɩɿɞɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɿɞ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɜ ɯɨɥ,
ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɜɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ, ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽ-
ɧɬɚ, ɫɬɟɪɟɝɬɢ ɪɟɱɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ʉɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɪɲɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɦɭ,
ɛɟɡ ɣɨɝɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɽ ɪɨɛɨɱɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ. Ʉɨ-
ɪɢɞɨɪɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɽ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɝɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨɝɨ ɦɟ-
ɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɦɿɫɹɱɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ
ɿ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ;
— ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ;
— ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɪɨɡɦɿɫɬɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ, ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪ-
ɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ — ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ, ɤɨɧɞɢ-
ɰɿɨɧɟɪ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ, ɩɪɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ — ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɩɥɚɜɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɛɚɫɟɣɧ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɸ, ɯɿɦɱɢɫɬɤɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ;
— ɪɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ;
— ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɚɩɬɟɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɢ, ɩɨɧɨɜɥɸɜɚɬɢ
ɚɩɬɟɱɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ ɬɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ.
ɉɨɫɢɥɶɧɢɣ (ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɭɪ’ɽɪ) — ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɞɪɿɛɧɿ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɿ ɡɝɨɞɢ ɫɬɚɪɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ
ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ, ɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱ-
ɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɡ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɱɟɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬ-
ɪɚɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɿ ɝɪɭɩ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɡɿ
ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɛɥɚɧɤɿɜ ɡɜɿɬɧɨʀ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɞ-
ɞɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ,
ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɛɚ-
ɝɚɠ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɚ ɜɿɞ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɫɢɪɭ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ ɩɪɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ, ɜɢɤɥɢɤ
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ
ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɭ ɝɨɬɟ-
ɥɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ.
Ʌɿɮɬɟɪ. ɍ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɥɿɮɬɟɪɚ ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɧɟɬɢɩɨɜɚ
ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ. ɐɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ
ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɟ ɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɣɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚ-
ɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɨɦɭ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɭ.
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Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɥɿɮɬɟɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɮɬɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɽɸ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ. Ʌɿɮɬɟɪ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ
ɡɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɩɚɫɚɠɢɪɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɥɿɮɬɨɦ;
— ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɭ ɤɚɛɿɧɿ ɥɿɮɬɚ;
— ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɨ
ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɿ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɥɿɮɬɚ, ɡɭɩɢɧɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀ ɥɿɮɬɚ;
— ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ ɝɨɫ-
ɬɟɣ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɥɿɮɬɚ;
— ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɟɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɧɨɫɿɹ
ɛɚɝɚɠɭ.
ɇɨɫɿɣ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɧɨɫɿɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɿ ɞɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ
ɩɨɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɬɟ ɦɟɧɲɿ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɹɝɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɫɬɨ-
ɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ;
— ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ (ɩɨɫɢɥɤɢ) ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ;
— ɨɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɞɯɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ
ɩɨɲɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ;
— ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɟɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɬɚ ɜɢ-
ɞɚɱɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɿɸɱɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɩɪɨ ɡɛɟɪɿ-
ɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ;
— ɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɟ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɜɟɱɟɪɿ ɞɥɹ ɱɢ-
ɳɟɧɧɹ;
— ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɢɞɚɱɿ ɪɟɱɟɣ, ɡɚɝɭɛɥɟɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɽɸ.
ȼɨɞɿɣ-ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɹɤɿ ɩɪɢɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɿ.
ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɜɨɞɿɹ-ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɭɫɬ-
ɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɢ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶ-
ɧɢɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-
ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ.
Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɜɨɞɿɹ-ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɫɬɨɹɧɰɿ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɠɿ ɩɿɫ-
ɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɿ ɩɿɞɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ;
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɭ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɿɣ
ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɿɣ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ, ɦɢɣɤɭ, ɱɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.;
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— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ: ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿ,
ɳɨ ɡɭɩɢɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ
ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɲɤɨɞɠɚɥɢ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɿɞ’ʀɡɞɭ ɞɨ ɜɯɨɞɭ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ;
— ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɪɨ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɩɚɪɤɭɜɚɧ-
ɧɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɹɧɰɿ , ɝɚɪɚɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɧɚɣɛɥɢɠɱɭ ɫɬɨɹɧɤɭ;
— ɩɟɪɟɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɚɟɪɨɩɨɪ-
ɬɚ, ɡɚɥɿɡɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ, ɚɜɬɨɜɨɤɡɚɥɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɿ ɜɿɞɜɟɡɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɜɨɪɨɬ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞ’ʀɡɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ;
— ɡɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɢɩɿɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɿɜ.
Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ — ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɚ-
ɰɸɽ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɡɚ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɥɹ ɮɟɲɟɧɟɛɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɧɢɡɶɤɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɰɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ
ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɪɿɞɲɟ. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɞɟ-
ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɨɫɿɛ ɰɿɽʀ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Plaza Hotel»
(ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ), ɭ ɹɤɨɦɭ 800 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ
10 ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿɜ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ
ɡ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɚɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɨ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦ ɿ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɬɢɩ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɧɟ ɨɛɦɟɠɭɽɬɶ-
ɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɜɢɦɢ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿɹɦɢ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɤɜɢɬɤɚ ɭ ɬɟɚɬɪ;
— ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɚɤ, ɩɨʀɡɞ, ɿɧɲɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɿ ɡɚ-
ɫɨɛɢ, ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɤɜɢɬɤɚ, ɞɨɜɿɞɤɚ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ,
ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɿɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɤɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɿ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɢ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ, ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɨɡɜɚɝ
ɬɚ ɿɧ., ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɿɫɰɶ;
— ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɚ ɭ ɧɚɞɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɹɯ (ɜɢɤɥɢɤ ɥɿɤɚɪɹ,
ɸɪɢɫɬɚ, ɧɨɬɚɪɿɭɫɚ);
— ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɡ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɫɬɜɿ, ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɿ;
— ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɤɭɪ’ɽɪɚ;
— ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɢɯ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ (ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ, ɨɩɥɚɬɚ
ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ, ɜɢɝɭɥɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɜɚɪɢɧ, ɞɨɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɞɢɬɢɧɨɸ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
ɉɟɪɟɥɿɱɟɧɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɣɦɨɜɿɪ-
ɧɢɯ. ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɢɜɭɜɚɬɢ
299
ɧɟɡɜɢɱɚɣɧɿɫɬɸ ɣɨɝɨ ɮɚɧɬɚɡɿʀ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɪɭɩɚ ɹɩɨɧɫɶɤɢɯ
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɡɭɩɢɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Place Hotel» (Ɇɚɞɪɢɞ), ɩɿɫ-
ɥɹ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɪɢɞɢ ɜɢɪɿɲɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɿɛɧɟ ɜɢɞɨ-
ɜɢɳɟ ɭ əɩɨɧɿʀ. Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ ɤɭɩɢɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɛɢɤɿɜ, ɧɚɣ-
ɧɹɜ ɬɨɪɟɚɞɨɪɚ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɜ ʀɯɧɸ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɭ Ɍɨɤɿɨ.
ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɜɨɥɿ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɜɢɫɨɤɨɨɩɥɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɪɨɡɦɨɜ-
ɥɹɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɦɨɜɚɯ, ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɢɦ,
ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɭ
ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ʉɨɧɫɶɽɪɠ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɦɿɬɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɿ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɭ ɬɚɤɬɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ, ɬɟɪɩɟɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ,
ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɯɨɪɨɲɨɦɭ ɟɦɨɰɿɣɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɧɚ
ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɥɚɧɰɸɝɚ «Ritz-
Carlton», ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ, ɜɫɿ ɤɨɧɫɶɽ-
ɪɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɬɪɶɨɯɦɿɫɹɱɧɿ ɤɭɪɫɢ, ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɹɤɢɯ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɿ ɥɟɤɰɿʀ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ, ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɚɧɿʀ «Ritz-Carlton», ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɣɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɨɛɦɿɧɭ ɞɨɫɜɿɞɨɦ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɨɥɿɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɜɨ-
ɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɿɜ — UPPGH
(Union Professionalle des Portiers des Grand Hotels), ɹɤɭ ɜɨɞɧɨ-
ɱɚɫ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ Clefs d’Or (Ɂɨɥɨɬɿ ɤɥɸɱɿ), ɨɫɤɿɥɶɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨ-
ɜɭɽ ɟɦɛɥɟɦɭ ɞɜɨɯ ɫɯɪɟɳɟɧɢɯ ɡɨɥɨɬɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɿɜ. ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɰɹ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɨ 4000 ɱɥɟɧɿɜ ɭ 24 ɤɪɚʀɧɚɯ.
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ
Ƚɨɥɨɜɧɢɣ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɞɿɥɭ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɚ Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ
Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬ ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɫɬ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ȱɧɠɟɧɟɪ
ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɿɫɬ Ɇɚɣɫɬɟɪ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ
ɋɬɨɥɹɪ Ɇɚɣɫɬɟɪ ɡ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ
ɬɟɥɟɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɢ
ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɧɬɟɪ
ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ Ɇɚɥɹɪ ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ
ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤ
ɉɥɢɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤ
Ⱦɜɿɪɧɢɤ
ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɤ
Ʉɨɦɿɪɧɢɤ-
ɚɜɬɨɫɤɥɚɞɭ Ƚɚɡɨɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɡɜɚɪɧɢɤ
306
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɭ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-
ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ;
— ɜɢɪɿɲɭɽ ɫɭɦɿɫɧɨ ɡ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟ-
ɪɨɦ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ;
— ɪɨɡɪɨɛɥɹɽ ɩɥɚɧɢ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ;
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ
ɟɧɟɪɝɨɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ, ʀɯɧɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɸ.
Ʉɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹ-
ɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ:
— ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ;
— ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɡ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢ-
ɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ;
— ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ;
— ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ;
— ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ;
— ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ.
ȼɢɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɚ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ ɦɚɬɢ ɜɢɳɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɭ ɨɫɜɿɬɭ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɿ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɫɜɿɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɜɢɫɨɤɿ ɜɨɥɶɨɜɿ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿ-
ɡɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɿɸ,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɞɨɩɨɦɚɝɚɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɦɭ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɭ ɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜɿɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ:
— ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɤɥɚɞɭ ɱɟɪɝɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɩɨɡɦɿɧɧɭ
ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ;
— ɬɪɭɞɨɜɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ;
— ɨɛɥɿɤ ɜɢɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɩɥɚɬɿɠɧɭ
ɜɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ;
— ɧɚɜɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ;
— ɪɨɡɩɨɞɿɥ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɶ ɿ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ʀɯ-
ɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɬɚ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɡ ɦɟɬɨɸ
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿʀ ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ.
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ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɤ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ:
— ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɛɿɣɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɿʀ ɟɧɟɪɝɟ-
ɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɢɯ
ɦɟɪɟɠ, ɩɨɜɿɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɿɜ, ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ ɿ ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ;
— ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɭɫɬɚɬɤɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɟɠ;
— ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ
ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ.
ȿɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɧɬɟɪ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ:
— ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɛɿɣɧɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ;
— ɭɫɭɜɚɽ ɚɜɚɪɿʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ
ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɢɥɨɜɢɯ ɬɨɱɨɤ;
— ɜɿɞɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɶɨʀ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɤɢ, ɜɢ-
ɦɢɤɚɱɿɜ, ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɿɣɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɢ,
ɥɸɫɬɪ, ɟɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɧɢɯ ɥɚɦɩ;
— ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɝɪɿɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɚɛɨ ɡɦɿɧ ɜ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɿ;
— ɜɢɜɱɚɽ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɨʀ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɟɥɟ-
ɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
ɋɥɸɫɚɪ-ɫɚɧɬɟɯɧɿɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸɽ ɫɩɪɚɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɝɚɪɹɱɨʀ
ɜɨɞɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɩɨɛɭɬɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɿɜ,
ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞ-
ɧɚɧɧɹ.
ɋɬɨɥɹɪ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɫɩɪɚɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ —
ɞɜɟɪɟɣ, ɜɿɤɨɧ, ɞɟɪɟɜ’ɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɥɨɝɢ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭɽ ɿ ɡɚɦɿ-
ɧɸɽ ɞɜɟɪɧɿ ɡɚɦɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
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4. əɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ?
5. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ
ɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɩɟɪ-
ɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ.
6. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ.
7. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ-
ɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.
8. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɸ ɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɭ.
9. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶɧɨʀ
ɝɪɭɩɢ.
10. Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɤɨ-
ɦɟɪɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.
11. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɣɧɭ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.
12. əɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ?
13. Ɉɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬ-
ɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ.
14. əɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɬɚ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɿɜɧɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɦɤɚ-
ɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ
ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ?
15. əɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɟɥɟɤɬ-
ɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɡɚɦɤɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ?
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 7
ɈɋɈȻɅɂȼɈɋɌȱ ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱȲ,
ɍɉɊȺȼɅȱɇɇə ɌȺ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽȱȲ
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ɍ ɉȱȾɉɊɂȯɆɋɌȼȺɏ
ȽɊɈɆȺȾɋɖɄɈȽɈ ɏȺɊɑɍȼȺɇɇə ɉɊɂ ȽɈɌȿɅəɏ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ɂɚɜɿɞɭɜɚɱ ɋɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɥɿɤɚɪ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨ-
ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ
321
ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ɨɞɧɭ ɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɭ ɩɪɟ-
ɡɟɧɬɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ. ɍ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɿɣ ɥɚɧɰɿ
ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɿɧ ɧɚɞɿɥɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɿɽɸ ɩɨɜɧɨɬɨɸ
ɜɥɚɞɢ. ɍ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɿ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɳɨ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧ-
ɰɿɹɦɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɬɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɝɚɫɬɪɨ-
ɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɡ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɸ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ.
ɋɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɨɦɢɯ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɿɹɯ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɲɟɮ- ɤɭɯɚɪ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ. Ɂ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɤɨɦɩ’ɸ-
ɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɿ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɢ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɿɜ, ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸ-
ɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɭ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ
ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ, ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɨɤ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɨɞɚ-
ɠɭ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɦɟɧɸ.
ɉɨɫɚɞɨɜɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɲɟɮ-ɤɭɯɚɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɤɭɯɧɿ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ ɤɭɯɧɿ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ;
— ɩɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟ-
ɫɭ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ, ɞɟɝɭɫɬɚɰɿɹ ɹɤɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ
ɧɚ ɫɦɚɤ, ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɿɸ, ɡɚɩɚɯ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ;
— ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɫɟɤɰɿɣ ɤɭɯɧɿ;
— ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɤɭɯɧɿ;
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɬɢɠ-
ɞɟɧɶ, ɦɿɫɹɰɶ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɥɚɧɤɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ.
ɋɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɜɢ-
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ: ɦɚɪɠɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ, ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɰɿ, ɤɨɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ
ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. Ɇɚɪɠɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ — ɰɟ ɪɿɡɧɢɰɹ ɦɿɠ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪ-
ɬɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɧɨɸ ɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ
ɡɚɩɟɱɟɧɨʀ ɤɭɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 14,45 ɝɪɧ., ɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ 32,70 ɝɪɧ.,
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɦɚɪɠɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ 18,25 ɝɪɧ. ȼɚɪɬɿɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɛɭɬɤɭ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɥɸɞɢɧɨ-ɝɨɞɢɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɭɜɟɪɬ
(ɫɬɨɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ). ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚ,
ɹɤɢɣ ɦɢɽ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɧɚ 37,1 ɤɭɜɟɪɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɥɸɞɢ-
ɧɨ-ɝɨɞɢɧɭ [86, ɫ. 167]. Ʉɨɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɪɚɠɚɽ
322
ɞɨɯɿɞ ɤɭɯɧɿ, ɿ ɨɛɪɚɯɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɿɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɩɨɪɰɿɹ ɫɭ-
ɩɭ ɫɨɛɿɜɚɪɬɿɫɬɸ 5 ɝɪɧ. ɛɭɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɧɚ ɡɚ 15 ɝɪɧ., ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɤɨ-
ɟɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ — 33%. ɍ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
ɿɡ ɡɧɚɱɧɨɸ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɳɨ ɜɨɞɧɨ-
ɱɚɫ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ, ɤɨɟ-
ɮɿɰɿɽɧɬ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɞɟɳɨ ɡɧɢɠɭɜɚɬɢ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ (ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ) ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬ-
ɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚ-
ɱɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿ-
ɡɚɰɿʀ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɿ. ɐɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ
ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɿɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɦ ɦɿɫɬɤɿɫɬɸ ɩɨɧɚɞ 100 ɨɫɿɛ.
ɍ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɬɚ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɲɟɮ-ɩɨɜɚɪ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɭ
ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ
ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɰɟɯɿɜ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ (ɪɢɫ. 7.1).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ
ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ;
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ, ɛɟɡɩɟɪɟɛɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ
ɯɚɪɱɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɿɜɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɿɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ;
— ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɚɦɢ
ɯɚɪɱɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɿɜɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɬɿɜ, ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ
ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ
ɰɟɯɚɯ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɿɡ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɢ;
— ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ ɰɟɯɿɜ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ
ɧɨɪɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ;
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɿɫɧɨʀ ɫɩɿɜɩɪɚɰɿ ɡ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɦ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨ-
ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ;
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɿɬɨɪɢɧɝɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɸɜɚɬɢ ɫɦɚɤɨɜɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɿɸ ɿ ɡɚ-
ɝɚɥɶɧɭ ɹɤɿɫɬɶ, ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɿʀ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɯ
ɜɢɳɨʀ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɪɨɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀ;
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɨɬ-
ɤɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ (ɞɨɛɭ, ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ) ɿ ɞɨɜɝɨɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ (ɦɿɫɹɰɶ, ɪɿɤ)
ɩɟɪɿɨɞ;
323
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧ-
ɧɹɦ ɧɨɪɦ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɢ;
— ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɝɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɸ ɡ ɭɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɚɹɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦɭ;
— ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟ-
ɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ.
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɸɽ
ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 6 ɞɧɿɜ, ɪɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɪɢɜɚɽ ɡ 7.00 ɞɨ 18.00. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬ-
ɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɫɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩ-
ɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɿ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɿɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɹ
ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɣɨɦɭ, ɧɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ ɡ ɪɨɡɜɚɝɚɦɢ, ɡɚɬɢɲɤɭ ɿ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ, ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɯ ɿ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɡ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ
ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɫɭ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨ-ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɯ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɿɳɟɧɶ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɫɬɨɥɿɜ;
— ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ, ɛɚɪɦɟɧɿɜ, ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɰɶ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɦɢɣɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ, ɲɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɜ, ɦɭ-
ɡɢɤɚɧɬɿɜ ɿ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɿɜ;
— ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɟɸ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ
ɨɯɚɣɧɨɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɨɜɟɞɿɧɤɢ ɬɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɿɜ
ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɢɯ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ;
— ɨɛɥɿɤ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɬɤɭ-
ɜɚɧɶ, ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɜɟɱɨɪɿɜ, ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɞɨ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɧɹɦ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɿ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ;
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— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɤɚɫɭ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɚɜɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɫɭɦ
ɿ ɜɢɪɭɱɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ;
— ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɿɤɬɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɣ ɦɿɠ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ ɿ ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɢɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ;
— ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɚɯ, ɦɿɧɿ-ɛɚɪɚɯ, ɤɨɤ-
ɬɟɣɥɶ-ɛɚɪɚɯ.
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɭ
ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ, ɜɿɧ ɡɭɫɬɪɿɱɚɽ ɿ ɫɩɿɥ-
ɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɤɨɧɬ-
ɪɨɥɸɽ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɧɚɜɱɚɽ ɬɚ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɽ
ɣɨɝɨ.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɥɿɜ ɪɟɫ-
ɬɨɪɚɧɭ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɜɚɬɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɠɿ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ
ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ. ɋɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɤɿ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɪɿɜɧɟɦ ɨɯɨɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢ-
ɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
Ɂ ɦɟɬɨɸ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɟɧɧɹ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ,
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɦɟɬɨ-
ɞɢ — ɰɿɧɨɜɿ ɡɧɢɠɤɢ, ɪɨɡɿɝɪɚɲ ɩɪɢɡɿɜ, ɧɚɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦ ɪɟɫ-
ɬɨɪɚɧɧɿ ɤɭɩɨɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɜɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
«Royal Sonesta» ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦɭ Ɉɪɥɟɚɧɿ, ɤɨɠɟɧ ɤɥɿɽɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɤɭ-
ɩɨɧ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɭ 5 ɞɨɥɚɪɿɜ. ȱɧɲɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɿɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ «Plaza Athenec» (ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ) — ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɶ ɟɤɫɤɭɪɫɿʀ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɞɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭ-
ɸɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɭɯɧɿ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Sheraton Hotel and
Towers» (Ȼɨɫɬɨɧ) ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɭ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ
ɞɟɝɭɫɬɚɰɿɸ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ. Ɂɚɜɞɹɤɢ ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿɜ
ɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɶ ɫɚɦɟ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɜɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ.
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɞɢɪɟɤ-
ɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɸ
ɡɧɚɬɢ:
— ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜ, ɜɢɦɨɝɢ ɳɨɞɨ ʀɯ-
ɧɶɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ;
— ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɸ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɯ
ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ;
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— ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ;
— ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɦɨɜɢ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɿɥɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨ-
ɪɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ;
— ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɤɢ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ
ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.
Ɇɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɪɟɫɬɨ-
ɪɚɧɭ. ȼɿɧ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞ-
ɤɭ ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɧɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɬɚ
ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɽ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ
ɣɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ. ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ
ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ 2 — 3 ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɿ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɡɨɧɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ;
— ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɭ, ɬɢɠɞɟɧɶ ɨɛɫɹɝ ɤɭɯɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɨ-
ɛɧɢɰɬɜɚ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ
ɦɿɫɰɿ;
— ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɚɠɟɪɿɜ;
— ɬɟɪɦɿɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɬɪɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ
ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɧɢɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɿ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨʀ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɨɪɤɟɫɬɪɨɦ ɬɚ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɢ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɭ;
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɡ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟ-
ɫɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɩɿɞɥɟɝɥɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɦɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ;
— ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ, ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ
ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɿɜ ɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɿ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ;
— ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɧɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɸ;
— ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɟɪɜɿɡɿɜ ɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɿɜ, ɧɟ-
ɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɿɜ ɿ ɛɚɧɤɟɬɿɜ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ.
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ
ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɦɿɫɰɿ, ɣɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ (ɨɤɪɿɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɡ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ) ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. ɋɬɚɪ-
ɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɭɽ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɨɯ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ, ɤɨɧɬ-
ɪɨɥɸɽ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɢɦɚ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨʀ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
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Ɉɤɪɿɦ ɰɶɨɝɨ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɽ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɱɧɿ
ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ. ɋɟɪɟɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɡɨɧɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɿɸɱɢɦɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ ɿ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɜɤɚɡɿɜɤɚɦɢ
ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ;
— ɪɟɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɣɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɡ ɦɟɧɸ
ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ;
— ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ, ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɣɨɦɭ ɦɟɧɸ
ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɭ ɜɢɛɨɪɿ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ;
— ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɤɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɭ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɣ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ
ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿʀ;
— ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɦɨ-
ɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ;
— ɲɜɢɞɤɟ ɿ ɱɿɬɤɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ;
— ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɚ ɬɭɪɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɣɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɪ-
ɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜ ɿ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɶ;
— ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɸ ɚɛɨ ɧɿɱɧɨɦɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɭ ɜɫɿɽʀ ɜɢɪɭ-
ɱɤɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɫɭɦɨɸ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ;
— ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɬɪɞɨɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɨ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ;
— ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɿ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨʀ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ.
ɋɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ (ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ) ɧɟɫɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿ-
ɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɱɟɤɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɡɚ ɧɚ-
ɞɚɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ ɬɚ ɡɚ ɞɨɪɭɱɟɧɟ ɣɨɦɭ ɦɚɣɧɨ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɞɹɡɿ ɿ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ
ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ ɿɡ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɥɨɝɨɬɢɩɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɬɚ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɨɮɿ-
ɰɿɚɧɬɚ. Ɉɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ — ɱɢɫɬɢɦ,
ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɦ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
ɍ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɥɚɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢ ɹɤɨɦɭ ɜɫɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ
ɜɿɞ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɚɦɢ ɜɢɤɨ-
ɧɭɽ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ
3–4 ɫɬɨɥɢ. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɢ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɜɢɦ ɞɜɨɡɦɿɧ-
ɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɮɿɤɨɦ, ɹɤɢɣ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɭ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɥɢɜɭ
ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɸ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɸ
ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɿɜ.
Ɋɨɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ
ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɿ. ɉɿɫɥɹ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɹɧɧɹ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ ɭ ɩɟɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɨ-
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ɪɹɞɤɭ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɨɦɭ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ, ɚɛɨ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɭ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɭ, ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ
ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ
ɫɟɪɜɿɪɨɜɤɢ. ɍ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɜɿɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɽ
ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ, ɫɤɥɨ, ɩɿɫɥɹ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢ-
ɧɨɸ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ
ɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɸ ɫɟɪɜɿɪɨɜɤɨɸ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ.
ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɚ ɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɚɥɿ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɸ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭ-
ɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼɿɞ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɿɬɤɨɫ-
ɬɿ ɿ ɲɜɢɞɤɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ, ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɨ
ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɧɿɣ ɦɿɪɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɝɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ.
Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɬɚ ɧɟɫɟ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɚɪɭ. ȼɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɱɚɧɧɹ ɜ ɛɚɪ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɣ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ
ɿ ɚɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬɿ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɢɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɟ ʀɯɧɽ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ. Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ
ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɛɚɪɿ ɿ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿ-
ɳɟɧɧɹɯ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɢ, ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ, ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɜɿɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɬɚ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨ
ɞɨɰɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɰɿɧ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ ɛɚɪɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ:
— ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɭɫɨɤ, ɧɚɩɨʀɜ
ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ;
— ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɬɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɿɜ ɿ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ;
— ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɡɦɿɲɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ,
ɫɚɥɚɬɿɜ, ɞɟɫɟɪɬɭ;
— ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɡ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬɨɦ, ɤɭɯɧɟɸ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ-
ɦɢ;
— ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɪɚɩɨɪɬɿɜ, ɡɜɿɬɿɜ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɞɿɸɱɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɿɞɩɪɢ-
ɽɦɫɬɜɿ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ.
Ɋɨɛɨɱɟ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɛɚɪɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɨɸ
ɛɿɥɢɡɧɨɸ, ɩɨɫɭɞɨɦ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ. Ʌɿɜɨɪɭɱ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ ɛɚɪ-
ɦɟɧɚ, ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɜɢɱɧɨʀ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɪɨɡ-
ɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɿɞɧɨɫ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɥɥɹɧɢɦɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɪɭɲ-
ɧɢɤɨɦ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɭɞɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɿ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ, ɦɿɪɧɢɣ
ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɳɢɩɰɿ, ɲɬɨɩɨɪ, ɫɟɣɧɟɪ, ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɿɣ-
ɤɢ. Ɂ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɩɨʀ, ɫɢɪɨɩɢ, ɫɨɤɢ, ɝɚɪ-
ɧɿɪɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ.
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ɉɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɿɜ, ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɣɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɿɜ, ɝɚɪ-
ɧɿɪɭ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɨ ɛɚɪɦɟɧ. Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ ɝɨɬɭɽ ɤɚɜɨɜɿ, ɱɚɣɨɜɿ,
ɰɢɬɪɭɫɨɜɿ ɫɢɪɨɩɢ, ɨɤɪɟɦɿ ɜɢɞɢ ɫɨɤɿɜ (ɚɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɨɜɢɣ, ɥɢɦɨɧ-
ɧɢɣ), ɡ ɝɚɪɧɿɪɿɜ — ɜɢɲɧɹ ɜ ɫɢɪɨɩɿ, ɥɢɦɨɧɧɿ ɚɛɨ ɚɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɨɜɿ
ɩɿɞɜɿɫɤɢ, ɮɪɭɤɬɢ ɧɚ ɲɩɚɠɤɚɯ, ɳɨ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛ-
ɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚɩɨɹɦ, ɹɤ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ
ɣɨɝɨ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ —
ɛɭɬɟɪɛɪɨɞɢ, ɤɨɧɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɿ ɜɢɪɨɛɢ, ɫɚɥɚɬɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ, ɛɚɪɦɟɧ
ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ ɚɛɨ ɤɚɮɟ.
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Ɋɨɡɞɿɥ 8
ȺɊɏȱɌȿɄɌɍɊɇɈ-ɉɅȺɇɍȼȺɅɖɇȺ
ɈɊȽȺɇȱɁȺɐȱə ɋɉɈɊɍȾ ȽɈɌȿɅȱȼ
334
ɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɛɟɡɩɟɤɢ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɥɸɞɫɶɤɢɦ,
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ, ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ
ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɡɧɚɽ ɜɩɥɢɜɭ ɪɹɞɭ ɱɢɧɧɢɤɿɜ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ: ɿɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɦɿɫɰɟ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ, ɟɬɧɿɱɧɿ
ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɟʉɿɨɧɭ.
Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɏȱɏ–ɏɏ ɫɬ.,
ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨ ɿɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ʀɯɧɽ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɿɫɥɹ
Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ. Ɋɨɡɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞ-
ɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ, ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɪɨ-
ɫɬɚɸɱɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, ɞɿɥɨɜɨʀ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ, ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ ɿ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɿɜ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚ-
ɥɿɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɭ, ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ.
ȼ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɢɥɿ ɽɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɶɤɢɯ ɬɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɶɤɢɯ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɤɿɧɰɹ ɏȱɏ ɩɨɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɸ ɪɢɫɨɸ ɽ ɧɚɦɚ-
ɝɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɶɤɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ, ɳɨ
ɽ ɫɜɿɞɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ ɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʀ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɪɟɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫ-
ɬɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. ȼ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɟɤɫɬɟɪ’ɽɪɭ
ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɢ ɜɢɦɨɝɚɦ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɨʀ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧ-
ɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ. Ɇɨɡɚʀɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɜɚ-
ɥɚɫɶ ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɿɜ — ɤɨɥɨɧ, ɚɪɨɱɧɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɿɜ, ɪɨɡɿɪɜɚɧɢɯ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɧɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɜɚɥɢ ɦɨɧɭɦɟ-
ɧɬɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɚɥɚɰɚɦ ɞɪɭɝɨʀ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɰɟɣ ɩɟɪɿɨɞ (ɝɨɬɟɥɶ
«Piccadilly» (Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ), «Victoria» (Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦ), «ɉɪɟɦ’ɽɪ-
ɉɚɥɚɫ» (Ʉɢʀɜ), «Ƚɪɚɧɞ-Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ» (Ʌɶɜɿɜ)) ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɚ ɬɨɞɿɲɧɿɦ
ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɜɩɨɞɨɛɚɧɧɹɦ ȯɜɪɨɩɢ. ȼ ɿɧɬɟɪ’ɽɪɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚ-
ɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɨɡɞɨɛɥɸɜɚɧɿ ɦɚ-
ɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ. Ɍɨɞɿ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɫɯɟ-
ɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ: ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ
ɜɟɫɬɢɛɸɥɶ ɡ ɩɚɪɚɞɧɢɦ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɦ ɯɨɥɨɦ, ɬɭɬ ɠɟ, ɚɛɨ ɭ ɧɚɩɿɜ-
ɩɿɞɜɚɥɿ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɜɫɹ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ, ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ, ɧɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ — ɠɢɬɥɨɜɿ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɿɨɞɭ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ
ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɭ, ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɿ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɧɟɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɯ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɭɬɬɽɜɨ ɜɿɞɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ
ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɿɫɥɹ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʀ ɫɜɿɬɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɣɧɢ.
335
Ⱥɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɩɨɛɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɜɿɞ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɢ
60-ɯ ɪɨɤɿɜ ɏɏ ɫɬ. ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɡ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ɭɪɛɚɧɿ-
ɡɚɰɿʀ. ȼ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɿ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚ-
ɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ,
ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɨʀ ɤɿɥɶɤɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «MGM Grand» ɭ Ʌɚɫ-ȼɟɝɚɫɿ (ɋɒȺ) ɪɨɡ-
ɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ 5505 ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɫɶɨɝɨɞɧɿ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɣɛɿɥɶɲɢɦ
ɝɨɬɟɥɟɦ ɭ ɫɜɿɬɿ. ɍ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɨ ɡɚ-
ɥɿɡɨɛɟɬɨɧ, ɭ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɢɰɸɜɚɧɧɿ — ɫɤɥɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ
ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɥɚɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɢɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɨɸ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɨɸ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ, ɪɿɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɯɚɪ-
ɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ.
Ɂɧɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ — ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿ, ɳɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɞɜɨɯ ɿ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɨɤɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɯ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɿɜ ɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ ɪɿɡɧɨɩɪɨɮɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ — ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɿɝɪɨɜɢɦɢ, ɪɨɡɜɚɠɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɦɢ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɸ ɝɪɚɧ-
ɞɿɨɡɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ, ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ
ɿ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɿɝɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. Ⱥɬɪɿɭɦɧɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚ-
ɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɭɜ ɡɚɩɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «Hyatt Regency» ɭ 1967 ɪ. ɜ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɿ (ɋɒȺ). ɐɟɣ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɽ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɚ ɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɦ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɨɦ (ɩɨɞɜɿɪ’ɹɦ),
ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɿɜɧɿ 22 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ ɫɤɥɹɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɢɬɬɹɦ. ɍ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɿ ɨɡɟɥɟɧɟɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɚ ɜɢɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿ ɝɚɥɟɪɟʀ,
ɥɿɮɬɨɜɢɣ ɯɨɥɥ ɿɡ ɫɤɥɹɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɛɿɧɚɦɢ ɥɿɮɬɿɜ. ȼɧɭɬɪɿɲɧɿɣ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɿɪ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɤ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪɧɟ ɦɿɫɬɟɱɤɨ ɡ ɡɨɧɚɦɢ
ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ, ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ
ɦɚɣɞɚɧɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. [50, ɫ. 130].
Ɂɧɚɱɧɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɿɜ ɜɿɞɿɝɪɚɽ ʀɯɧɽ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ: ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ
ɦɿɫɬɚ, ɧɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɚʀɧɿ, ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɦɿɫɶɤɨʀ
ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ (ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɢ ɿɫɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɚ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɜɿɞɨɦɱɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜ, ɡɚɤɥɚɞɿɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.), ɭ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɱɢ ɩɚɪɤɨɜɿɣ
ɡɨɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ.
Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞ-
ɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɚɧɫɚɦɛɥɸ ɜɭ-
ɥɢɰɿ, ɩɥɨɳɿ, ɫɭɫɿɞɧɿɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ. ȼɨɞɧɨɱɚɫ, ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɱɚɫɬɨ
ɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɦ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɭ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɦɿɤɪɨɪɚɣɨɧɭ,
336
ɜɢɞɿɥɹɽɬɶɫɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿɫɬɸ, ɨɪɢɝɿɧɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ, ɳɨ
ɩɿɞɤɪɟɫɥɸɽ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ.
ɋɩɨɪɭɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɡɿɦɤɧɭɬɿɣ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɡɚ-
ɛɭɞɨɜɿ ɨɛɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ. Ʉɨɧɮɿɝɭɪɚɰɿɹ
ɞɿɥɹɧɤɢ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ȼɿɥɶɲɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɿɫɬɸ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɚɽ
ɩɪɹɦɨɤɭɬɧɭ, ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɩɨɞɿɛɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɪɢɥɢɫɧɢɤɚ.
ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɱɧɿ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨ-
ɟɤɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ
ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ, ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɸɱɨɝɨ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ, ɥɿɮɬɨɜɢɯ ɿ ɫɯɨɞɨɜɢɯ ɯɨɥɚɯ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɜɟɪɬɢ-
ɤɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɹɯ, ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɚɯ ɦɿɠ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧ-
ɧɹɦɢ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚ, ɡɪɟɲɬɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ ɱɚɫɭ, ɡɪɭɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩ.
Ȼɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɧɿ ɦɿɫɬɚ ɩɨ-
ɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ʀʀ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɛɭɞɿɜɥɹ
ɝɨɬɟɥɸ «K+K Hotel Central», ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɿɫɬɨɪɢɱɧɿɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ-
ɧɿ ɋɬɚɪɨʀ ɉɪɚɝɢ, ɩɨɪɹɞ ɡ ɉɨɪɨɯɨɜɨɸ ɜɟɠɟɸ, ɿɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɜ ɚɪɯɿ-
ɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ ɡ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɦ ɛɭɞɢɧɤɨɦ ɏVȱȱ–ɏȱɏ ɫɬ.
Ɉɤɪɟɦɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɤɚɯ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤ-
ɬɭɪɢ, ɚɛɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬɶ ɜ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɿɫ-
ɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ȿisenhut» ɜ ɦɿɫɬɿ Ɍɚɭɛɟɪ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ)
ɟɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɩɚɦ’ɹɬɰɿ ɩɿɡɧɶɨɫɟɪɟɞ-
ɧɶɨɜɿɱɧɨʀ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɏV–ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬ.
Ɋɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ ɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɢɦɿɫɶɤɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɨ-
ɜɿɣ ɡɨɧɿ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɛɭɞɿɜɥɿ ɡ ɨɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫ-
ɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ, ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧ-
ɧɸ ɞɿɥɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɨɫɭɧɤɿɜ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Duin
Kruidberq Country Estate», ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɪ-
ɤɭ ɛɿɥɹ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦɚ (ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ), ɫɟɪɟɞ ɦɚɥɶɨɜɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɥɿɫɭ ɧɚ
ɭɡɛɟɪɟɠɠɿ ɨɡɟɪɚ, ɩɨɽɞɧɭɽ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɿ ɪɢɫɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɝɨɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɢɥɸ.
ɍ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ ɡ ɨɛɦɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭ-
ɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɛɭɞɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɟɪɲɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ
ɡɦɟɧɲɟɧɿ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɢ, ɚ ɡ ɜɢɫɨɬɨɸ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɧɿɫɬɶ ɬɚ ɩɥɨɳɚ ɠɢɬɥɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɿɜ ɡɛɿɥɶɲɭɽɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɭ 11-ɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ
ɝɨɬɟɥɿ «Du Lac» ɭ Ɍɭɧɿɫɿ (Ɍɭɧɿɫ) ɤɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ
ɡ ɜɢɫɨɬɨɸ ɧɚɜɢɫɚɽ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ.
337
Ɂɿɦɤɧɭɬɚ ɦɿɫɶɤɚ ɡɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɚ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɨɤ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɢɯ
ɛɚɝɚɬɨɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɢɯ (ɰɢɥɿɧɞɪɢɱɧɢɯ, ɤɨɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ) ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ
ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɭ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ, ɧɚ-
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɦɚɽ 36-ɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɨɜɚ ɛɚɲɬɚ-ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Holiday Inn»
ɜ Ⱥɭɫɛɭɪɡɿ (ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ). ɇɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɡ 1-ɝɨ
ɩɨ 11-ɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ — ɧɚ
ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿɯ ɚɛɨ ɭ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɿ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɛɿɥɶɲɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɛɚɲɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ
[50, ɫ. 228].
Ɋɿɡɧɿ ɰɿɥɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɟɣ ɡɭɦɨɜɢɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ-
ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ, ɳɨ ɩɨɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɢ ɿɧɲɨ-
ɝɨ ɰɿɥɶɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ: ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɢɦɢ
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ, ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɿ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɪɬɧɢɦɢ
ɿ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦɢ ɡɚɥɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ. Ɂɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɬɚɤɟ ɩɨɽɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤ-
ɬɟɪɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɐɟɧɬɪɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʀ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɿ, ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ
ɹɤɨɝɨ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ (ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɣ ɚɬɪɿɭɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ), ɞɿɥɨɜɢɣ
ɰɟɧɬɪ ɡ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦ ɿ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ-ɡɚɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɿɫɿɜ
ɿ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ «Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɚ Ɋɭɫɶ» ɭ Ʉɢɽɜɿ
ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɿ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ-ɯɨɥ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɟ-
ɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɿɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ
ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɡ ɨɬɨɱɭɸɱɢɦ ɪɟ-
ɥɶɽɮɨɦ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɡɭɦɨɜɥɸɽ ɜɢɛɿɪ
ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ, ɫɟɪɟɞ ɹɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ [50, ɫ. 230]:
— ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ, ɳɨ ɜɩɢɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ, ɧɚ-
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ ɿ ɫɩɨɪɬɫɦɟɧɿɜ «Borqafjol»
ɭ ɒɜɟɰɿʀ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɱɨɬɢɪɶɨɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɿ ɩɚɝɨɪɛɿɜ,
ɹɤɿ ɡɚ ɡɨɜɧɿɲɧɿɦ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɨɦ ɧɚɝɚɞɭɸɬɶ ɫɧɿɝɨɜɿ ɩɚɝɨɪɛɢ;
— ɩɪɨɬɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɥɚɧɞ-
ɲɚɮɬɭ ɚɛɨ ɪɟɥɶɽɮɭ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɭ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ
ɞɜɚ ɜɚɪɿɚɧɬɢ ɞɨɦɿɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ: ɜ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɽ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬ — ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «Ƚɨɥɭɛɚ ɡɚɬɨɤɚ» ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ, ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ
ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɦ ɽ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶ «ɋɤɟɥɶɧɢɣ» ɜ Ʉɪɢɦɭ,
ɳɨ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɜɢɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɜɨʀɦɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɚɦɢ ɭ ɪɟɥɶɽɮɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ;
— ɩɿɞɩɨɪɹɞɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ — ɜ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ
ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɥɚɧɞɲɚɮɬɭ ɣ ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɝɚɪ-
ɦɨɧɿɣɧɨ ɡɥɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɤɥɚɞ, ɚɪɯɿɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
«Steigenberger Hotel Gstaad-Seanen» (ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ) ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶ-
338
ɧɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɽ ɪɟɥɶɽɮ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɡɿɦɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɛɭɞɿɜɟɥɶ ɪɿɡɧɨʀ ɜɢ-
ɫɨɬɢ, ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɿɹ ɞɚɯɿɜ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɿɞɬɜɨɪɸɽ ɫɢɥɭɟɬ ɧɚɜɤɨɥɢɲɧɿɯ ɝɿɪ-
ɫɶɤɢɯ ɯɪɟɛɬɿɜ.
Ƚɨɬɟɥɿ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɿɜ ɪɚɡɨɦ ɡ
ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɨɛ’ɽɞɧɭɸɬɶɫɹ
ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɢ. Ɂɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɪɨɡɪɿɡɧɹɸɬɶ
ɬɚɤɿ ɬɢɩɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ: ɦɨɥɨɞɿɠɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ — ɜɤɥɸɱɚɽ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ,
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɸ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɬɚɛɿɪ; ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɫɩɨɪ-
ɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ,
ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɨ-ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɢɣ ɬɚɛɿɪ; ɝɿɪɫɶɤɨ-ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱ-
ɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ — ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ, ɝɿɪɫɶ-
ɤɨɥɢɠɧɭ ɫɬɚɧɰɿɸ; ɜɨɞɧɨɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ —
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ, ɜɨɞɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ (ɚɤɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɮɥɨɬɟɥɶ), ɜɨɞɧɭ
ɫɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɛɨɬɟɥɶ).
Ɏɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ
ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ
Ⱦɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ:
Ɂɨɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɱɢɧɤɭ Ɂɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɚɞ
Ɂɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ
Ⱦɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɡɚɥɚ
ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɥɚ
Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɚ ɡɨɧɚ ȼɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɥɚ
Ɂɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ
Ɂɨɧɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ
ɨɞɹɝɭ ɬɚ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ
(ɝɚɪɞɟɪɨɛ),
ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ
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Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɭ ɡɚɛɟɡ-
ɩɟɱɟɧɧɿ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɨɦ, ɡɚɛɟɡ-
ɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɿɪ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɿ ɞɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɭ.
ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɦɿ-
ɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɳɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɲɜɢɞɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ
ɿ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿɸ
ɡ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ
ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ, ɩɪɨɮɿɥɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɭ.
ȼɫɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɣ
ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɭɦɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɞɨɩɨ-
ɦɿɠɧɿ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɚɛɿɧɟɬɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɩɪɢɣɦɚɥɶɧɿ, ɪɨ-
ɛɨɱɢɯ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ. Ⱦɨɩɨɦɿɠɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɿʀ ɜɚ-
ɠɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɫɶɤɿɣ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫ-
ɬɿ. ȼɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ, ɝɨɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ, ɡɚɥɚɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ
ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɪɚɞ, ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɿɜ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɿɣ-
ɧɢɦɢ, ɜɢɫɬɚɜɤɨɜɢɦɢ, ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɥɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɨɧ-
ɬɨɪɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɪɿɡɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɚɛɨ ɜ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ (ɬɭɪɢ-
ɫɬɫɶɤɿ ɛɚɡɢ, ɫɚɧɚɬɨɪɿʀ, ɩɚɧɫɿɨɧɚɬɢ).
ɍ ɝɪɭɩɿ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɡɚ-
ɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨ-
ɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ, ɡɨɫɟɪɟɞɠɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ
ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɡɚɤ-
ɥɚɞɿɜ ɜɨɧɢ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɿɞɜɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɯ, ɨɤɪɟ-
ɦɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ, ɚɛɨ ɨɤɪɟɦɿɣ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɿ ɛɿɥɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ
ɡɚɥɟɠɢɬɶ ɜɿɞ ɦɿɫɬɤɨɫɬɿ, ɪɨɡɬɚɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤ-
ɥɚɞɭ. ɍ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ, ɳɨ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɚɧɿ ɿɡɨɥɶɨɜɚɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɢɯ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɿɣ (ɜɨɞɨ-, ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɿɞ, ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɫɬɚɱɚɧ-
ɧɹ), ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɿɜ ɜɢɧɢɤɚɽ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɨɞɨɸ, ɤɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɿ-
ɽɸ, ɟɧɟɪɝɨ-, ɬɟɩɥɨɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ, ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɧ-
ɰɿɣ, ɩɪɨɬɢɩɨɠɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɯɢɫɬɭ ɬɚ ɿɧ. ɍ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɦɨ-
ɠɭɬɶ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɚɪɬɟɡɿɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɫɜɟɪɞɥɨɜɢɧɢ, ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɿɪɧɿ
ɛɚɲɬɢ, ɨɱɢɫɧɿ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ
ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɨɪɿɽɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɿɜ, ɹɤɿ
347
ɪɭɯɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ ɬɚ
ɿɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ (ɛɟɧɡɨɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɿ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɿ
ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ, ɫɬɚɧɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ).
Ɍɢɩɨɜɢɦɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɿ ɦɚɣɠɟ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ
ɽ ɦɚɣɫɬɟɪɧɿ ɡ ɩɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ — ɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɿ, ɫɥɸɫɚɪɧɿ, ɪɟ-
ɦɨɧɬɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɪɭɦɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɫɬɪɨʀɜ, ɦɚɥɹɪ-
ɧɿ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɥɿɮɬɿɜ ɿ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ.
Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟ-
ɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɨɛɿɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ. Ⱦɨ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ ɰɿɽʀ ɤɚ-
ɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɿɡ ɡɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɧɹ
ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ, ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ, ɦɟɛɥɿɜ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɱɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɿɱ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɜɨɥɨɝɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ, ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɜɿɞɭɸɱɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶ-
ɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹɦɢ, ɩɪɚɥɶɧɹ. ɍ ɩɥɚɧɭɜɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ
ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɫɨɛɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɫɨɛɧɿ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɬɚ-
ɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɰɨɤɨɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ, ɧɚ
ɠɢɬɥɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɚɯ ɧɚɣɱɚɫɬɿɲɟ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
ɞɥɹ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɹ.
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ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ȼɂɄɈɊɂɋɌȺɇɂɏ ȾɀȿɊȿɅ
375
12. ȽɈɋɌ 28681.2 — 95 «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɤɨ-ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɟ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ».
13. ȽɈɋɌ 28681.4 — 95 «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɤɨ-ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚ-
ɧɢɟ. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ».
14. Ⱥɝɟɟɜɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɵ, ɛɭɯɭɱɟɬ
ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɨɛɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. — Ɇ.: ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ, 2000.
15. Ⱥɝɟɟɜɚ Ɉ.Ⱥ., Ⱥɤɭɥɟɧɨɤ Ⱦ.ɇ., ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɇ.Ɇ., ȼɚɫɹɧɢɧ ɘ.Ʌ. ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. — Ɇ.: Ɍɚɧ-
ɞɟɦ-ɗɤɦɨɫ, 1999. — 346 ɫ.
16. Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ƚ., Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɋ. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ, ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɚ ɪɟɫ-
ɬɨɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ: ɰɿɧɨɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɿɹ, ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɸ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ: ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ. ɜɢɳ. ɧɚɜɱ. ɡɚɤɥ. / Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɭɧ-ɬ ɬɭɪɢ-
ɡɦɭ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ. — Ʉ.: Ɂɧɚɧɧɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, 2002. — 352 ɫ.
17. Ⱥɡɚɪ ȼ., Ɍɭɦɚɧɨɜ ɋ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. — Ɇ.,
1998.
18. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɘ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨ-
ɛɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɭɡɨɜ. — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɉɪɟɫɫ, 2001.
19. Ȼɚɣɥɢɤ ɋ.ɂ. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɯɚɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢ-
ɜɵ, ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ: 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟ ɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. —
Ʉ.: Ⱦɚɤɨɪ, 2006. — 288 ɫ.
20. Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ ɂ.Ɍ., Ȼɚɥɚɛɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ / ɍɱɟɛ-
ɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1999.
21. Ȼɚɧɶɤɨ ȼ.Ƚ. Ȼɭɞɿɜɥɿ, ɫɩɨɪɭɞɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɫɶɤɢɯ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɥɟɤɫɿɜ ɬɚ ʀɯ ɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿɹ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɿɧ-
ɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿɣ. — 2006 — 292 ɫ.
22. Ȼɢɪɠɚɤɨɜ Ɇ.Ȼ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ. — ɋɉɛ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɵɣ Ⱦɨɦ «Ƚɟɪɞɚ», 2000.
23. Ȼɢɱɤɿɜɫɶɤɢɣ Ɋ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. —
Ʌɶɜɿɜ: «Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ», 2000.
24. Ȼɨɝɚɥɞɢɧ-Ɇɚɥɵɯ ȼ.ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɭɪɢ-
ɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ: ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨ-
ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇ.:
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨ-ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ; ȼɨ-
ɪɨɧɟɠ: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɇɉɈ «ɆɈȾɗɄ», 2004. — 560 ɫ.
25. Ȼɨɣɰɨɜɚ Ɇ., ɉɿɪɨɠɟɧɤɨ Ɉ. ɍɫɟ ɩɪɨ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ. — ɏɚɪɤɿɜ: Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ, 2005. — 232 ɫ.
26. Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜɚ ɘ.ɇ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. — Ɇ.: ɊɂȻ «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬ», 1997.
27. Ȼɨɪɨɞɢɧɚ ȼ.ȼ. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɨ-ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ: ɭɱɟɬ, ɧɚɥɨ-
ɝɢ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ, ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ. — Ɇ.: Ʉɧɢɠɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, 2001. — 165 ɫ.
28. Ȼɪɚɣɦɟɪ Ɋ.Ⱥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫ-
ɬɜɚ / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɉɪɟɫɫ, 1995. — 382 ɫ.
376
29. ȼɚɫɢɥɢɧɚ ɋ.ɂ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɨɦ:
Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. — ɋɢɦɮɟɪɨɩɨɥɶ: Ɍɚɜɪɢɹ, 2004. — 158 ɫ.
30. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɏ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɢɡ-
ɧɟɫ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ, 2003. — 348 ɫ.
31. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ ɘ. Ɏ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɟ-
ɧɢɤɫ, 2003. –384 ɫ.
32. ȼɨɥɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɏ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɇ.:
Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ, 2003. — 384 ɫ.
33. ȼɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɚ Ʌ.ɉ. ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. Ɇ. —
ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠ, 2001.
34. Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɩɪɨɮ.
Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɑɭɞɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ «ɌȺɇ-
ȾȿɆ», ɢɡɞ. ɗɄɆɈɋ, 1998. — 352 ɫ.
35. Ƚɭɥɹɟɜ ȼ.Ƚ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɟ /
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇ.: ɉɊɂɈɊ, 1998. — 144 ɫ.
36. Ⱦɭɪɨɜɢɱ Ⱥ.ɉ., Ʉɨɩɚɧɟɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɜ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɟ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ: ɗɤɨɧɨɩɪɟɫɫ, 1998. — 400 ɫ.
37. ȿɮɢɦɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɉ., ȿɮɢɦɨɜɚ ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɉɥɟɮɢɪɟɧɤɨ Ɍ.Ⱥ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ
ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɨɜ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ: ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.ɂ. Ʉɚɛɭɲɤɢ-
ɧɚ. — 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɫɬɟɪ. — Ɇ.: ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, 2006. — 392 ɫ.
38. Ɂɨɪɢɧ ɂ.ȼ., Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫ-
ɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ. — Ɇ.: ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɨɪɬ, 1999.
39. ȱɜɚɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ɉ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ. — Ʌɶɜɿɜ: Ⱦɟɪɠɚɜɧɢɣ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ «Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɚ
ɩɨɥɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ», 1997. — 286 ɫ.
40. Ʉɚɛɭɲɤɢɧ ɇ.ɂ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ.
ɜɭɡɨɜ ɫɩɟɰ. «ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɨɣ». — 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɢɫɩɪ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ: ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, 2002. —
409 ɫ.
41. Ʉɚɛɭɲɤɢɧ ɇ.ɂ., Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɧɤɨ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰ ɢ ɪɟɫ-
ɬɨɪɚɧɨɜ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ. ɫɩɟɰ. «ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨ-
ɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ» ɜɭɡɨɜ. — 4 ɢɡɞ., ɫɬɟɪ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ:
ɈɈɈ «ɇɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ», 2003.
42. Ʉɚɪɫɟɤɿɧ ȼ., Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ Ɍ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. — 1997. — ʋ 9.
43. Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɭɪɢɡɦ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ
ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1999.
44. Ʉɜɚɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚ-
ɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2000.
45. Ʉɨɝɚɧ Ɍ.Ʌ., Ȼɚɛɭɰɤɢɣ Ʌ.ə. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. — Ʉ.: ȼɢɳɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 1980. —
70 ɫ.
377
46. Ʉɨɬɥɟɪ Ɏ., Ȼɨɭɷɧ Ⱦ., Ɇɚɣɤɟɧɡ Ⱦ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ. Ƚɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬ-
ɜɨ. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ / ɉɟɪ. ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɩɪɨɮ. Ɋ.Ȼ. ɇɨɡɞɪɟɜɨɣ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ
ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. — Ɇ.: ɘɇɂɌɂ, 1998. — 1063 ɫ.
47. Ʉɭɡɧɽɰɨɜɚ ɇ.Ɇ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨɮ-
ɫɩɿɥɨɤ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ȱɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ, 1997. — 173 ɫ.
48. Ʌɟɫɧɢɤ Ⱥ.Ʌ., ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɚ Ɇ.ɇ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɨɫ-
ɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ. — Ɇ.: Ɍɚɥɟɪ, 2001. — 544 ɫ.
49. Ʌɭɤ’ɹɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ƚ., Ⱦɨɪɨɲɟɧɤɨ Ɍ.Ɍ., Ɇɭɧɿɱ ȱ.Ɇ. ɍɧɿɮɿɤɨɜɚɧɿ ɬɟɯ-
ɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ / Ɂɚ ɪɟɞ. ɩɪɨɮ. ȼ.Ʉ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɱɟɧɤɚ. — Ʉ.:
ȼɢɳɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 2001. — 237 ɫ.
50. Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ƚ., ɐɵɛɭɯ ȼ.ɂ. Ɋɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ:
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ.Ʉ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɱɟɧɤɨ. — Ʉ.: ȼɢɳɚ
ɲɤɨɥɚ., 2004. — 346 ɫ.
51. Ʌɸɛɿɰɟɜɚ Ɉ.Ɉ. Ɋɢɧɨɤ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ (ɝɟɨɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɜɿ ɚɫɩɟɤ-
ɬɢ) — 2-ɟ ɜɢɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɨɛ. ɬɚ ɞɨɩ. — Ʉ.: Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɩɪɟɫ, 2003. — 436 ɫ.
52. Ʌɹɩɢɧɚ ɂ.ɘ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛ-
ɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ / ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ. — Ɇ.: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ, 2002. — 208 ɫ.
53. Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ.ɉ., ɏɭɞɨ ȼ.ȼ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ. ȼɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ
ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʌɶɜɿɜ: ȼɢɞɚɜɧɢɱɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ
Ʌɇɍ ɿɦ. ȱɜɚɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɤɚ, 2002. — 314 ɫ.
54. Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ.ɉ., ɏɭɞɨ ȼ.ȼ., ɐɢɛɭɯ ȼ.ȱ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ: ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉɢʀɜ: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭ-
ɪɢ, 2004. — 272 ɫ.
55. Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ.ɉ., ɏɭɞɨ ȼ.ȼ. Ɍɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ: ɬɟɨɪɿɹ ɬɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɭɱɛɨɜɨʀ ɥɿɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ,
2007. — 424 ɫ.
56. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ: Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɶɟɤɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ /
ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2002. — 302 ɫ.
57. Ɇɭɧɿɧ Ƚ.Ȼ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɢ ɜɞɨɫɤɨɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨ-
ɜɨ-ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɭ // Ɏɨɪɦɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ: Ɂɛɿɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɶ. —
2003. — ʋ10. — ɋ. 108–114.
58. Ɇɭɫɚɤɢɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɥɵɣ ɨɬɟɥɶ: ɫ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɬɶ. ɋɨ-
ɜɟɬɵ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ. — ɋɉɛ.: ɉɢɬɟɪ, 2007. — 320 ɫ.
59. ɇɟɱɚɸɤ Ʌ.ȱ., Ɍɟɥɟɲ ɇ.Ɉ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɨ–ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ: ɦɟ-
ɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ: ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞ. ɜɢɳɢɯ ɧɚɜɱ. ɡɚɤɥ. / Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚ-
ɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɭɧ-ɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɦɢɫɬɟɰɬɜ. — Ʉ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ Ʌɿ-
ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, 2003. — 346 ɫ.
60. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɚ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ
ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ / Ⱦɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ. — Ʉ., 1997.
378
61. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ /
ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ʌ.Ʌɟɫɧɢɤɚ, Ⱥ.ȼ.ɑɟɪɧɵɲɟɜɚ. — Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɦ
«Ⱥɥɶɩɢɧɚ», 2001. — 3 ɬɬ.
62. ɉɚɩɢɪɹɧ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɚ
(ɨɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɵ). — Ɇ.: ɈȺɈ ɇɉɈ: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ, 2000. — 207 ɫ.
63. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ., Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ. Ɉɫɨɛɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚ-
ɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ // Ɇɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ Ɇɿɠɧɚɪ.
ɧɚɭɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɧɮ. «ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɣɧɿ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ
ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɸ ɿ ɤɭɪɨɪɬɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɿɣɧɨɸ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɨɸ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ
ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ» — Ȼɟɪɞɹɧɫɶɤ. –2005. — ɋ. 5–6.
64. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ., Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ.ɉ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɿʀ ɪɨɡ-
ɜɢɬɤɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨʀ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿʀ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ɇɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ɍɟɪɧɨɩ. ɧɚɰ.
ɩɟɞ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ. — Ɍɟɪɧɨɩɿɥɶ. — 2006. — ȼɢɩ. 1. — ɋ. 82–87.
65. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ., Ɇɚɥɶɫɶɤɚ Ɇ.ɉ., Ƚɚɬɚɥɹɤ Ɉ.Ɇ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ-
ɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɿ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ ɧɚɰ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ "Ʌɶɜɿɜɫɶɤɚ ɩɨɥɿɬɟɯɧɿɤɚ». — Ʌɶɜɿɜ. —
2007. — ȼɢɩ. 579. — ɋ. 516–519.
66. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɿɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭ-
ɤɬɭɪɢ ɞɿɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɮ. –Ʌɶɜɿɜ. –2007. — ȼɢɩ. 34. — ɋ. 183–189.
67. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ. Ɋɢɧɨɤ ɦɚɥɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫɿ: ɩɪɨɛ-
ɥɟɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ. —
Ʌɶɜɿɜ. –2008. — ȼɢɩ. 35. — ɋ. 275–279.
68. ɉɚɧɞɹɤ ȱ.Ƚ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɬɤɭ ɛɿɡɧɟɫ-
ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ // ȼɿɫɧɢɤ Ʌɶɜɿɜ. ɭɧ-ɬɭ. ɋɟɪ. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢ-
ɧɢ. — Ʌɶɜɿɜ. –2008. — ȼɢɩ. 24. — ɋ. 224–230.
69. ɉɭɰɟɧɬɟɣɥɨ ɉ.Ɋ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ-ɝɨɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. Ʉ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɥɿ-
ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, 2007. — 344 ɫ.
70. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɜ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ
ɭɦɨɜɚɯ: Ɂɛ. ɧɚɭɤ. ɩɪɚɰɶ / Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨ-
ɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɭɧ-ɬ. / ȼɿɞɩ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȱ. ɉɟɪɟɫɿɱɧɢɣ. — Ʉ.: ɄɇɌȿɍ, 2003. — 304 ɫ.
71. Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɿɹ ɜ ɪɢɧɤɨɜɢɯ
ɭɦɨɜɚɯ: Ɂɛ. ɧɚɭɤ. ɩɪɚɰɶ / Ʉɢʀɜɫɶɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨ-
ɦɿɱɧɢɣ ɭɧ-ɬ. / ȼɿɞɩ. ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȱ. ɉɟɪɟɫɿɱɧɢɣ. — Ʉ.: ɄɇɌȿɍ, 2004. — 208 ɫ.
72. Ɋɨɝɥɟɜ ɏ.Ƀ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ // Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. — 2004. — ʋ 1.
73. Ɋɨɝɥɽɜ ɏ.Ƀ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ
ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: Ʉɨɧɞɨɪ, 2005. — 408 ɫ.
74. ɋɚɦɚɪɰɟɜ ȿ.ȼ. Ɍɢɩɵ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɚɯ
ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ // Ƚɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. — 2000. —
ʋ 2. — ɋ. 22–27.
379
75. ɋɚɪɚɧɱɚ Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɿɹ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿɹ ɬɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫ-
ɬɸ / ɉɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: Ʌɢɛɿɞɶ, 1993.
76. ɋɟɧɢɧ ȼ.ɋ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ. — Ɇ.:
Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 2003. — 400 ɫ.
77. ɋɤɨɛɤɢɧ ɋ.ɋ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɛɢɡɧɟ-
ɫɟ. — Ɇ.: ɘɪɢɫɬɔ, 2003. — 224.
78. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜ Ȼ.Ʌ., Ɍɨɥɫɬɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬ-
ɜɚ. — Ɇ.: ɊɂȻ «Ɍɭɪɢɫɬ», 1997.
79. ɋɬɚɞɧɢɤ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɨɜ
ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɟ: Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. — Ɇ.: ȼɒɌȽ, 1995.
80. Ɍɢɦɨɯɢɧɚ Ɍ.Ʌ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɫ-
ɬɨɜ / ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — 3-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ ɢ ɞɨɩ. — Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɞɨɦ «ɎɈɊɍɆ»: ɂɇɎɊȺ-Ɇ, 2008. — 352 ɫ.
81. Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ Ɍ.ȱ., Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɸɤ ɋ.ɉ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ / ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. — Ʉ.: ɄɇɌȿɍ, 2005. — 179 ɫ.
82. Ɍɪɚɜɢɧ ȼ.ȼ., Ⱦɹɬɥɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ. 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɩɪɟɫɫ, 2000. — 203 ɫ.
83. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɑɭɞɧɨɜɫɤɨ-
ɝɨ. — Ɇ. Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ «ɌȺɇȾȿɆ», ɗɄɆɈɋ,
2003. — 447 ɫ.
84. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ / ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɶ. — Ʉ.: Ⱦɟɪɠɿɧ-
ɮɨɬɭɪ, 2005.
85. Ɍɭɪɢɡɦ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ / ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɣ ɛɸɥɟɬɟɧɶ. — Ʉ.: Ⱦɟɪɠɿɧ-
ɮɨɬɭɪ, 2006.
86. ɍɨɤɟɪ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ɋ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɫɬɜɨ: ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɉɟɪ.
ɫ ɚɧɝɥ. — Ɇ.: ɘɇɂɌɂ, 1999. — 463 ɫ.
87. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɢɦ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ: ɇɚɜɱ. ɩɨɫɿɛ. /
Ɂɚ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɿɽɸ ɱɥɟɧɚ-ɤɨɪ. ɇȺɇ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɞ.ɟ.ɧ. ɩɪɨɮ. Ⱦɨɪɭɝɭɧɰɨ-
ɜɚ ɋ.ȱ. — Ʉ.: Ʌɿɪɚ-Ʉ, 2005. — 520 ɫ.
88. ɍɫɬɢɦɟɧɤɨ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɶɽɜ ȱ.ɘ. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ / ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶ-
ɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪ-ɩɪɟɫ, 2005.
89. ɏɭɞɨɥɿɣ Ʌ.Ɇ., Ɇɭɧɿɧ Ƚ.Ȼ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɹɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɿɡ ɝɨɥɨ-
ɜɧɢɯ ɜɚɠɟɥɿɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɡɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ // Ɏɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɢɧɤɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ: Ɂɛɿɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɰɶ. — 2002. — ʋ 17.
90. Ɏɟɞɨɪɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.Ʉ., Ɇɿɧɿɱ ȱ.Ɇ. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ
ɩɨɤɚɡɧɢɤɢ, ɨɰɿɧɤɚ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ. — Ʉ.: ɄȱɌȿɉ, 1999.
91. Ɏɟɞɨɪɱɟɧɤɨ ȼ.Ʉ., Ⱦɶɨɪɨɜɚ Ɍ.Ⱥ. ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ /
ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ. — Ʉ.: ȼɢɳɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ, 2002. — 195 ɫ.
92. ɒɚɩɨɜɚɥ Ƚ.Ɏ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ. — Ɇɢɧɫɤ.: ɈɈɈ «ɇɨɜɨɟ
ɡɧɚɧɢɟ», 1999.
93. ɒɚɩɨɜɚɥ Ɇ.ȱ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɿʀ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ ɹɤɿɫɬɸ ɿ ɫɟɪ-
ɬɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ. — Ʉ.: ɍɎȱɆȻ, 2000.
380
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ⱥ
ɄɅȺɋɂɎȱɄȺɐȱə ȽɈɌȿɅɖɇɂɏ ɉȱȾɉɊɂȯɆɋɌȼ
ɍ ɊȱɁɇɂɏ ɄɊȺȲɇȺɏ ɋȼȱɌɍ
Ʉɪɚʀɧɚ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɹ ż – ż ż – 1 1 Ⱥɜɫɬɪɿɣɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
Ⱥɥɠɢɪ ż ż ż – – 1 1 ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
Ⱥɧɞɨɪɪɚ ż ż ż – 1 – 2 1 Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ ż ż ż – 1 ż * 1 Ɉɪɝɚɧɢ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɜɪɹɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ȼɟɥɶɝɿɹ ż ż ż – 3 – 1,2 1 ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
381
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɿɹ ż – ż ż 1 – 1 2 ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɚɥɬɢɧɝɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿɹ
ȼ’ɽɬɧɚɦ ż ż ż – 2 – 1 1,2 ȼ’ɽɬɧɚɦɫɶɤɚ ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɿɹ ż –* – ż 1 – 2 2 Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ, ɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɿ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ
Ƚɪɟɰɿɹ ż ż ż – 1 ż 1,2 1 ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
382
Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ ż ż ż – 1 – 2 1 ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɇɿɦɟɱɱɢɧɚ ż – – ż 3 – 1 2 ɇɿɦɟɰɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɇɿɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɢ ż ż – ż 2 – 1,2 1 ɉɪɨɮɟɫɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɈȺȿ ż ż ż – 1 1,2 1,2 Ⱦɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɿ ɬɨɪɝɿɜɥɿ
ɉɨɥɶɳɚ ż – – ż 2 – 1 2 ȼɨɽɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɿɹ ż ż ż – 1 – 1,2 1,2 Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ɋɭɦɭɧɿɹ ż ż – – 3 1,2 1,2 Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɋɥɨɜɚɱɱɢɧɚ ż ż ż – 1 ż 2 1 Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɿɤɢ, ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɋɥɨɜɟɧɿɹ ż ż ż – 3 – 2 2 Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɣɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɿɬɟɬ
382
Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. Ⱥ
Ʉɪɚʀɧɚ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ɍɭɪɟɱɱɢɧɚ ż ż ż – * – 1,2 1 Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ
ɍɝɨɪɳɢɧɚ ż ż ż – – 1 1 Ɇɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ
ɍɤɪɚʀɧɚ ż – – ż 1 – 1 2 Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ ɿ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɿɹ ż – ż ż * – 1,2 Ɇɿɫɰɟɜɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ
Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɿɹ – – – ż – – – –
ɏɨɪɜɚɬɿɹ ż ż ż – 2 – 1 2 Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
ɑɟɯɿɹ ż ż – – 2 – 2 2 ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɑɢɥɿ ż – – ż * – 1 1 ɇɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɡ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɭ
383
ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɿɹ ż ż* ż ż* 5 – 1 1 ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɒɜɟɰɿɹ ż – – ż 1 – 1 2 ɒɜɟɞɫɶɤɚ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɚɫɨɰɿɚɰɿɹ
ɉɪɢɦɿɬɤɚ:
1. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨʀ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
2. Ɉɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɨɜɿɫɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɿɯ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
3. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɥɿɰɟɧɡɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
4. Ɇɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜ ɩɪɚɰɸɜɚɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
5. ɉɟɪɿɨɞɢɱɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ, ɪɨɤɢ.
6. ȼɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ ɰɿɧɚɦɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɭ.
7. Ʉɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ: ɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ (1), ɛɟɡ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹ (2).
8. Ɂɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ ɧɟɫɟ: ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɸɱɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (1), ɝɨɬɟɥɶ (2).
9. ɉɪɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɳɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɿɜ.
*– ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ.
ȼ Ʉɚɧɚɞɿ ɤɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɿɧɰɿɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɤɥɚɫɢɮɿɤɚɰɿʀ.
383
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ. 1
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 1-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ
Ʉɿɦɧɚɬɚ ʋ 1
ɉɪɢɛɭɜ ȼɢɛɭɜ
Ⱥɧɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɱɨɝɨ
ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ ɉɪɢɛɭɜ
ȱɦ’ɹ ȼɢɛɭɜ _______________________
ɉɨ ɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨɝɨ
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ
ɉɚɫɩɨɪɬ
ɉɿɞɩɢɫ ______________________
384
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 2-Ƚ
Hotel
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ
Room ʋ
Ʉɿɦɧɚɬɚ ʋ
Date of arrival Date of departure
ɉɪɢɛɭɜ ȼɢɛɭɜ
Registration form
Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɣɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ
Surname ʋ of registration
ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ Ɋɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɹ
Name Citizenship
ȱɦ’ɹ Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɨ
Date of birth ʋ of passport
Ⱦɚɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɉɚɫɩɨɪɬ
ʋ of vise
ʋ ɜɿɡɢ, ɬɢɩ ɬɚ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ʀʀ ɞɿʀ
Residence address
Ɇɿɫɰɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ
Duration and purpose of stay
Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ ɿ ɦɟɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ
Signature _____________________
ɉɿɞɩɢɫ
385
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 3-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ȼȱɁɂɌɇȺ ɄȺɊɌɄȺ
HOTEL CARD
ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ
Surname
ʋ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ
Room
Ɍɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ
Duration of stay
386
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4-Ƚ
Hotel
Ƚɨɬɟɥɶ
Address
Ⱥɞɪɟɫɚ
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ / Invoice ʋ
«___» __________ 20 __ɪ.
1. Ȼɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ / Reservation
2. ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ / Accomodation
3. Ƚɨɬɟɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɛɿɪ / Hotel tax
4. ɋɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ / Breakfast
5. ɆɌɉ / Long-distance telephony
6. Ⱦɟɪɠɦɢɬɨ ɡɚ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿɸ ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬɭ /
Registration fee
7. ɉɨɫɥɭɝɢ / Services
ɋɭɦɚ / Totally
ɉȾȼ / VAT
ȼɫɶɨɝɨ ɡ ɉȾȼ/ amount for payment incl. VAT
Ɉɞɟɪɠɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ ɜ ɝɪɧ./ Total in GRN
Ʉɚɫɢɪ / Cashier
387
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 5-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ
ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
ɋɩɥɚɱɟɧɨ
ɉɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, Ⱦɚɬɚ Ⱦɚɬɚ
(ɡ ɹɤɨɝɨ Ʉɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ
ʋ ɿɦ’ɹ, ɿ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢ- ʋ ɤɿɦ- ȼɢɞ ɿ ɱɚɫ ɜɢ-
ɩɨ ɹɤɟ ɱɢ- ɞɧɿɜ ɩɟɪɟɛɭ-
ɩ/ɩ ɩɨ ɛɚɬɶɤɨ- ɛɭɬɬɹ ɧɚɬɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɢ ɛɭɬɬɹ
ɫɥɨ ɜɤɥɸ- ɜɚɧɧɹ
ɜɿ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɶ ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
ɱɧɨ)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
388
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 6-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ
ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ,
ɡɚ _________ ɪɿɤ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɿ
ɇɚɡɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿ- ɇɨɦɟɪ, ɬɟɪɦɿɧ
Ⱦɚɬɚ
ɡɚɰɿʀ, ɹɤɚ ɡɞɿɣ- Ɇɟɬɚ ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɽ ɞɿʀ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ, ɉɿɞɩɢɫ ɚɞɦɿɧɿ-
ɜɢɛɭɬɬɹ
ɫɧɸɽ ɩɪɢɣɨɦ ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɤɨɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɡ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ
ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɿɜ ɿ ɤɢɦ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɚ
8 9 10 11 12 13
389
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 7-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ
ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɹɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɦɿɫɰɶ)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
390
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 8-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɄȺɋɈȼɂɃ ɁȼȱɌ
ɡɚ «_____» _____________________ 20 __ ɪ.
1 2 3 4
Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡ ʋ ɩɨ ʋ
ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɢ
391
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 9-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ȼȱȾɈɆɈɋɌȱ
ɪɭɯɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 10-Ƚ
Ʉɨɞ ɡɚ ȾɄɍȾ
ɀɍɊɇȺɅ
ɨɫɿɛ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɫɿ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
392
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ȼ. 2
ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ ɮɨɪɦ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɫɭɜɨɪɨʀ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ
ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɹɯ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ
ɉȿɊȿɅȱɄ
ɮɨɪɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ ɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɿɱɧɿ ɭɦɨɜɢ ʀɯ ɜɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
393
Ɂɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. Ȼ. 2
ʋ ɇɚɣɦɟɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɥɚɧɤɿɜ Ɏɨɪ- ʈɚɬɭɧɨɤ ɉɪɢ-
ȼɢɞ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ
ɮɨɪɦɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɿɜ ɦɚɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɭ ɦɿɬɤɚ
1 2 3 4 5 6
394
Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ ȼ
RESERVATIONS ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɌȿɅȿɎɈɇɇɈȽɈ
SWITCHBOARD: ȾɁȼȱɇɄȺ:
395
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS-TAKING ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə
A RESERVATION: ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə:
2 The employee answers the phone ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ-
with the appropriate greeting (good ɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧ-
morning/afternoon) and identifies ɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ)
the department. ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 If caller is put on hold it should Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭɽ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
not exceed 30 seconds. ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30 ɫɟɤ.
4 The background is free of any ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ «ɛɟɤɨɮɿɫɭ» ɧɟɦɚɽ
noise or disturbances. ɡɚɣɜɨɝɨ ɲɭɦɭ.
5 Employee confirms date in and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɞɚɬɭ ɩɨɫɟ-
date out. ɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɞɚɬɭ ɜɢɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ.
6 Employee offesr information on ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɩɨɜɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚ-
full range of room types within the ɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɤɚɬɟ-
category requested. ɝɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ.
7 Employee describes the difference ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɿɫɬɶ
between room types (i.e. location, ɦɿɠ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɿɜ (ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ,
size, in room facilities). ɩɥɨɳɚ, ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ).
8 Employee offers information on ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɜɢɱɟɪɩɧɭ ɿɧɮɨɪ-
full range of applicable rates. ɦɚɰɿɸ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɿɜ-
ɧɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɭ.
9 Employee immediately checks avail- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ ɧɚɹɜ-
ability. ɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɿɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
10 If dates unavailable,employee əɤɳɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
offers alternative dates. ɡɚɣɧɹɬɿ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɚɪɿ-
ɚɧɬɢ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɞɚɬ.
11 Employee obtains guest’s name. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
12 Employee confirms the spelling of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɢɫ, ɩɪɢ
guest’s name (if necessary). ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ.
13 Employee obtains guest’s address. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
14 Employee obtains guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɢɬɭɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ.
telephone number.
15 Employee obtains guest’s fax ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɮɚɤɫɭ
number or e-mail address. ɚɛɨ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨʀ ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
396
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS-TAKING ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə
A RESERVATION: ȻɊɈɇɘȼȺɇɇə:
397
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
398
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
CHECK IN STANDARDS: ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə:
399
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
CHECK IN STANDARDS: ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə:
14 Employee arranges for the guest to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɭɽ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɿɞ
be escorted to the room (see room- ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɞɢɜɢɫɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧ-
ing). ɧɹ ɜ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ).
15 Employee wish guest a pleasant ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɨ-
stay. ɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
16 If room is not ready on arrival, əɤɳɨ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɧɟ ɽ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɸ ɞɨ ɩɪɢ-
guest is shown to lounge area and ɛɭɬɬɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ, ɣɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɶ ɞɨ
offered a complimentary beverage. ɮɨɣɽ ɿ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ.
17 While waiting for the room, the guest Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɹɸɬɶ ɩɪɨ
is regularly updated on the situation. ɫɢɬɭɚɰɿɸ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɨɱɿɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ.
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
18 The employee is dressed in a clean, ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ,
pressed and complete uniform. ɜɢɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ
ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
19 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ
(i.e. if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
20 The employee must be well ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭ-
groomed. ɬɢɣ.
21 The employee maintains eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨ-
contact with the guest. ɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
22 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜ-
a friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ.
23 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟ-
working knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ.
language.
24 Employee must respect guest’s ɋɬɨɫɭɧɤɚɯ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɭ
presence when interacting with ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
other colleagues. ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɢɦɢ.
PRODUCT- RECEPTION DESK: Ɋȿɐȿɉɐȱə:
25 The reception desk must be clean, Ɋɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ,
tidy and well maintained. ɨɯɚɣɧɨɸ ɿ ɟɫɬɟɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɨɸ.
26 Area behind the reception desk ɉɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ
must be free of clutter. ɡɚɣɜɢɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ.
400
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
RECEPTION Ɋȿɐȿɉɐȱə
STANDARDS — CHECK OUT: ȼɂɋȿɅȿɇɇə:
1 Guest must be acknowledged within Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 30 ɫɟɤ.
30 seconds of approaching desk. ɧɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɞɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ.
2 Complete check out takes no Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɟ ɜɢɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɣɦɚɽ ɧɟ
longer than 5 minutes. ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 5 ɯɜ.
3 Guest is greeted in a warm and Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɿɬɚɸɬɶ ɭ ɬɟɩɥɿɣ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱ-
friendly manner. ɥɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ.
4 Employee ascertains guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ
and use it at least once during the ɿ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ
conversation. ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
5 Employee verifies guest’s room ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɤɿɦɧɚ-
number/name. ɬɢ/ɧɚɡɜɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ.
6 Employee verifies any last minute ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɨɱɧɸɽ ɜ ɨɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɯɜɢ-
charges and post accordingly ɥɢɧɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɿɞ-
(i.e. mini bar, breakfast). ɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɪɚɯɨɜɭɽ ʀɯ ɝɨɫɬɸ (ɩɨ-
ɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɿɧɿ ɛɚɪɚ, ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ).
7 Employee prints folio and presents ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɪɭɤɭɽ ɮɨɥɿɨ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɽ
to guest for verification. ɣɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ.
8 Employee must complete transaction ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɢɧɟɧ ɲɜɢɞɤɨ ɿ ɟɮɟɤ-
in a quick and efficient manner. ɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɜɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɶ.
9 The employee offesrs to staple the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɫɤɪɿɩɢɬɢ ɱɟɤ
credit card slip to the bill. ɡ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɦ.
10 Folio presents to guest neatly in a Ɏɨɥɿɨ ɧɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɨɯɚɣɧɨ
bill fold/envelope. ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ / ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɿ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ.
11 Employee offers assistance with ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɿɡ
luggage. ɛɚɝɚɠɟɦ.
12 Employee asks at any point if ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɢɬɭɽ ɱɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟ-
guest have enjoyed their stay. ɧɢɣ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ.
13 The employee offers an invitation ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɭɽ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɝɨ-
to return. ɬɟɥɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ.
14 Employee thanks the guest. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
401
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ACCOUNTING: ɈȻɅȱɄ:
15 Bill is clearly itemized. Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ — ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
16 Folio is accurate and complete. Ɏɨɥɿɨ — ɬɨɱɧɟ ɿ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɟ.
17 Employee clarifies the method of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɢɹɫɧɹɽ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ.
payment.
18 If guest is settling by credit card əɤɳɨ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ
employee offere standard hotel ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʀ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ, ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨ-
pen. ɩɨɧɭɽ ɣɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɭ ɪɭɱɤɭ ɝɨ-
ɬɟɥɸ.
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
19 The employee is dressed in a clean, ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ,
pressed and complete uniform. ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ
ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
20 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ
(if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
21 The employee must be well groo- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭ-
med. ɬɢɣ.
22 The employee maintains eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨ-
contact with the guest. ɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
23 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜ-
a friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ.
24 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟ-
working knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ.
language.
25 Employee respects guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɚ-
presence when interacting with ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨ-
other colleagues. ɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
PRODUCT- RECEPTION DESK: Ɋȿɐȿɉɐȱə:
26 The reception desk is clean, tidy Ɋɟɰɟɩɰɿɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ,
and well maintained. ɨɯɚɣɧɨɸ ɿ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɫɹɡɿ
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ.
27 Area behind the reception desk ɉɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ
must be free of clutter. ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ROOMING THE GUEST ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə ȽɈɋɌə
STANDARDS — ROOMING ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə ȽɈɋɌə
THE GUEST: ȼ ɇɈɆȿɊ:
1 Employee escorts the guest to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɠɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ
his/her room. ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ.
2 The employee engages in polite ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ, ɧɟɧɚɜ’ɹɡɥɢɜɨ
unobtrusive conversation on the ɫɩɿɥɤɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɞɨɪɨɡɿ
way to the room. ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ.
3 The employee points out food and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɚɞɚɽ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɸ ɩɪɨ
beverage facilities explaining ɯɚɪɱɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɿ, ɡɚ-
operational hours. ɡɧɚɱɚɽ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ.
4 Once at the room the employee ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɽ ɩɪɢɦɿ-
offers the option of a room ɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
orientation.
5 The employee points out ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɭɽ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
heating/air-conditioning controls. ɤɨɧɞɢɰɿɨɧɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ.
6 Employee points out how to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɹɤ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨ-
operate the telephone. ɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ.
7 Employee points out modem/ISDN ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɹɫɧɸɽ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ
lines (if applicable) or explains ɞɨɫɬɭɩɭ ɞɨ ɦɟɪɟɠɟɜɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɮɨɪ-
broadband/wireless facilities that ɦɚɰɿɣɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ.
are available.
8 Employee points out location of in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɧɹ
room bar (if not in a prominent ɛɚɪɚ ɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ (ɹɤɳɨ ɣɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
position). ɳɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɟ).
9 Employee poinst out valet/laundry ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ
services. ɤɚɦɟɪɞɢɧɟɪɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ.
10 Employee points out any master ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɜɢɦɢ-
switches for lighting (if applicable). ɤɚɱɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɟɧɧɹ.
11 Did employee point out location of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ
hair dryer (if necessary)? ɮɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɫɫɹ (ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ-
ɫɬɿ).
12 Employee poinst out ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɩɪɹɦɟ/ɤɿɦɧɚɬ-
directory/room service menu. ɧɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ROOMING ɉɈɋȿɅȿɇɇə ȽɈɋɌə
THE GUEST: ȼ ɇɈɆȿɊ:
13 Employee points out health spa/fit- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɨɡɞɨɪɨɜɱɟ
ness facilities (if applicable). ɋɉȺ / ɮɿɬɧɟɫ-ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ.
14 Employee points out in room safe. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɽ ɫɟɣɮ ɭ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ.
15 Employee offer ice service (ice ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚ-
bucket must present in the room). ɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɥɶɨɞɭ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ (ɜ ɧɨ-
ɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞɟɪɤɨ
ɞɥɹ ɥɶɨɞɭ).
16 Employee offers any additional ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɿɧɲɭ ɞɨɞɚɬ-
assistance. ɤɨɜɭ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ.
DOORMAN/PORTER ɒȼȿɃɐȺɊ/ɉɈɊɌɖȯ
STANDARDS — ON ARRIVAL: ɉȱȾ ɑȺɋ ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə:
1 Doorman/porter must be present ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪ/ɩɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
on arrival. ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɦ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ.
2 Employee offers assistance ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ,
opening car doors on arrival. ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɿɥɹ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ
ɩɪɢʀɡɞɭ.
3 Employee greets the guest in a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɣ
polite and friendly manner. ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ.
4 Employee offers assistance with ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ
luggage. ɡ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ.
5 Employee opens hotel entrance ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɜɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɜɟɪɿ
door for guest (unless revolving or ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɹɤɳɨ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɧɟ ɨɛɟɪɬɚɸɬɶ-
automatic door). ɫɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɿ).
6 The employee ascertains the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɿɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ
name and introduce them to ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɽ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚɦ
reception. ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ.
7 The entrance to the hotel must be ȼɯɿɞ ɞɨ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫ-
clean and free of any debris. ɬɢɦ, ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɦ.
STANDARDS — PORTERAGE: ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ:
8 The porter arrives at the guest’s ɉɨɪɬɶɽ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɫ-
room within 10 minutes of check in. ɬɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɩɨ-
ɫɟɥɟɧɧɹ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — PORTERAGE: ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ:
9 The employee must lightly knock ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭ-
on the door. ɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ.
10 The employee greets the guest in a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢ-
polite and friendly manner. ɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ.
11 The employee use the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɞɨ
name at least once during the ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ
interaction. ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
12 The employee places the luggage ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɤɥɚɞɟ ɛɚɝɚɠ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢ-
on the luggage rack/bench. ɰɸ/ɥɚɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ.
13 Employee offers to hang the suit ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɨɜɿɫɢɬɢ ɤɨ-
carrier/coat. ɫɬɸɦ, ɩɚɥɶɬɨ.
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
14 Employees appears organized and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢ-
work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ.
15 The employee is dressed in a clean, ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ,
pressed and complete uniform. ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ
ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
16 Employee’s shoes are of a ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-
corporate standard. ɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
17 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ
(if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
18 The employee must be well groomed. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɣ.
19 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ
contact with the guest. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɿɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
20 The employee smiles and exhibis ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜ-
a friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ.
21 The employee has a good working ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟ-
knowledge of the English language. ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ.
22 Employee must respect guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɡ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɚ-
presence when interacting with ɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡ ɩɨɜɚɝɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨ-
other colleagues. ɫɢɬɢɫɶ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
23 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɣ
guest’s needs at all times. ɳɨɪɚɡɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ.
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STANDARDS — DEPARTURE : ȼȱȾɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɇə:
1 Answer the telephone within 3 ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ
rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ
ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
2 The employee answer the phone ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ-
with the appropriate greeting (good ɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧ-
morning/afternoon) and identify ɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ)
the department. ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 Employee confirms number of ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ
luggage pieces. ɫɤɥɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ.
4 Did employee ascertain guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɡɜɟɪ-
name and use it at least once ɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ
during the conversation? ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
5 Employee thanks the guest. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
6 If there is a delay in luggage əɤɳɨ, ɡɛɿɪ ɛɚɝɚɠɭ ɡɚɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ,
collection guest sould be informed ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɭɸɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɩɨɜɿɞ-
of the delay and new collection time. ɨɦɥɹɸɬɶ ɣɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɢɣ ɱɚɫ ɡɛɨɪɭ.
STANDARDS — COLLECTION : ɁȻȱɊ ȻȺȽȺɀɍ:
7 Luggage collects from room within Ȼɚɝɚɠ ɡɛɢɪɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ ɭɩɪɨ-
10 minutes of telephone request. ɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɡ-
ɩɨɪɹɞɠɟɧɧɹ.
8 The employee must knock lightly ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭ-
on the door. ɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ.
9 The employee greets the guest in a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢ-
polite and friendly manner. ɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
10 The employee use the guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ
at least once during the interaction. ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
11 The employee enquires if the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɚɩɢɬɭɽ, ɱɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ
requires any transport. ɝɨɫɬɸ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ.
12 Employee thanks the guest. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɞɹɤɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ.
TRANSPORT: ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌ:
13 Employee automatically offers ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ
assistance in obtaining transport at ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɭ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɞɨ
the point of departure. ɦɿɫɰɹ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
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TRANSPORT: ɌɊȺɇɋɉɈɊɌ:
14 The employee packs the guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽ ɛɚɝɚɠ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɫ-
luggage into the transport and ɩɨɪɬ ɿ ɩɿɞɬɜɟɪɞɠɭɽ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɫɤɥɚ-
confirms the number of luggage ɞɨɜɢɯ ɛɚɝɚɠɚ ɧɚ ɦɿɫɰɿ ɜɿɞɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
pieces at the point of departure.
15 The employee offers car door ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɤɪɢɜɚɽ ɞɜɟɪɿ ɦɚɲɢɧɢ.
assistance.
16 Employee must thank the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ
and wish them a pleasant journey. ɝɨɫɬɸ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɬɢ ɝɚɪɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ.
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
17 Employees appear organized and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢ-
work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ.
18 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟ-
a clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨ-
uniform. ɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
19 Employee’s shoes are of a ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ — ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢ-
corporate standard. ɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
20 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ
(if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
21 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜ-
a friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɭ.
22 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ
working knowledge of the English ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨ-
language. ɜɨɸ.
23 Employee respects guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɡ ɣɨ-
presence when interacting with ɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɚɠɚɽ
other colleagues. ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
24 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ
guest’s needs at all times. ɪɚɡɭ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
GUEST SERVICES ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
STANDARDS — GUEST SERVICES ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
1 Answer the telephone must be ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ
within 3 rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ
ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
407
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — GUEST SERVICES ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
2 The employee answer the phone ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ-
with the appropriate greeting (good ɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧ-
morning/afternoon) and identify ɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ)
the department. ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 Employee ascertains guest’s name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡ’ɹɫɨɜɭɽ ɿɦ’ɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɿ ɡɜɟɪ-
and use throughout conversations ɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ
(if known). (ɹɤɳɨ ɿɦ’ɹ ɜɿɞɨɦɟ).
4 Guest does not left holding for more ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɧɚ
than 30 seconds on the telephone. ɡɜ’ɹɡɤɭ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ 30 ɫɟɤ.
5 Before guest approached desk ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ
employee should acknowledge ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 30 ɫɟɤ. ɇɚ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ
guest within 30 seconds. ɞɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɰɿʀ.
6 Employee greets guest in a warm ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢ-
and friendly manner. ɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
7 Employee must have immediate ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɚɬɢ ɧɟɝɚɣɧɢɣ
access to taxi service/car hire. ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɝ ɬɚɤɫɿ/ɧɚɣɦɭ ɦɚ-
ɲɢɧɢ.
8 Employee must be able to offer a ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚ-
restaurant recommendation. ɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ.
9 Employee actively promotes hotel ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɩɨ-
restaurant facilities. ɫɥɭɝɢ ɝɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ.
10 The employee automatically offers ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɿɞ
to make any restaurant ɿɦɟɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɡɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɟ ɡɚ-
reservations on the guest’s behalf. ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ.
11 The employee must be ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɛɿɡɧɚɧɢɦ
knowledgeable regarding nearby ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɦɿɫɰɶ ɪɨɡɬɚɲɨ-
places of interest (i.e. theatre, ɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ (ɬɚɤɿ ɹɤ ɬɟɚɬɪɢ,
tourist sights, sporting activities). ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɿ ɦɿɫɰɹ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɬɭ).
12 Employee has to be able to assist ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɩɨ-
with onward travel arrangements ɦɨɝɭ ɡ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɥɶɲɨʀ ɬɭ-
(i.e. flights, taxi, boat). ɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɨɪɨɠɿ (ɩɟɪɟɥɶɨɬɢ,
ɬɚɤɫɿ, ɩɨʀɡɞɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɿ).
13 Concierge desk has an up to date ɇɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɤɨɧɫɶɽɪɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
supply of brochures. ɛɪɨɲɭɪɢ.
408
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — GUEST SERVICES ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə ȽɈɋɌȿɃ
14 The employee offers accurate ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɢ ɬɨɱ-
directions with a complimentary ɧɢɣ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɭ
map of surrounding area. ɝɨɬɟɥɸ ɡ ɩɨɜɧɨɸ ɫɯɟɦɨɸ.
15 All messages/faxes/requested items ɍɫɿ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ, ɮɚɤɫɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ
delivers within 15 minutes. ɪɟɱɿ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 15 ɯɜ.
16 All written information is clear, ɍɫɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɩɨɞɚɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ
legible and presented on hotel ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɨɸ, ɱɿɬɤɨɸ
paper. ɿ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɿɪɦɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɚ-
ɩɟɪɿ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
17 Employee makes every effort to ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɿɯ
assist the guest’s requirements. ɡɭɫɢɥɶ, ɳɨɛ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɭ ɡɝɿ-
ɞɧɨ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɶ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ.
18 All requests have to be met. ɍɫɿ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɞɨ-
ɜɨɥɟɧɿ.
19 The employee refrains from ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɭɬɪɢɦɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞ ɫɤɟɪɭ-
referring the guest to any other ɜɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɞɨ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɿɧɲɢɯ
department. ɜɿɞɞɿɥɿɜ.
20 Employee maintains a neat and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ
organized working area at all times. ɨɯɚɣɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɪɢɜɚɛɥɢɜɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ ɪɨ-
ɛɨɱɨɝɨ ɦɿɫɰɹ.
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
21 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟ-
a clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɜɢɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨ-
uniform. ɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
22 Employee’s shoes are of a ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ — ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢ-
corporate standard. ɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
23 All employees wear name badges ɍɫɿ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶ
(if applicable). ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
24 The employee must be well groomed. ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɭɬɢɣ.
25 The employee maintains eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧ-
contact with the guest. ɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
26 The employee smiles and exhibits ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜ-
a friendly manner. ɥɹɽ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ.
409
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
27 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟ-
working knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ.
language.
28 Employee must respect guest’s ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɜɡɚɽɦɨɞɿʀ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɡ ɫɩɿɜ-
presence when interacting with ɪɨɛɿɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɨ-
other colleagues. ɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ
ɝɨɫɬɹ.
SWITCHBOARD ɌȿɅȿɎɈɇȱɋɌ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS -WAKE UP CALLS:
ɊȺɇɄɈȼȱ ȾɁȼȱɇɄɂ:
1 The telephone must be answered ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ
within 3 rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧɤɿɜ
ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
2 The employee answers the phone ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ-
with the appropriate greeting ɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧ-
(good evening) and identify the ɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/ɞɨɛɪɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ)
department. ɿ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɽ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ.
3 Employee use the guest’s name at ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨ
least once during the conversation. ɿɦɟɧɿ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ
ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
4 Employee repeats back details ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɸɽ ɞɟɬɚɥɿ (ɧɨ-
(room/time) to ensure correct ɦɟɪ/ɦɿɫɰɟ), ɳɨɛ ɜɩɟɜɧɢɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɞɨ-
understanding. ɫɬɨɜɿɪɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɿ.
5 The caller wish the guest a good Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɿɫɬ ɛɚɠɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɫɩɨɤɿɣɧɨʀ
night. ɧɨɱɿ.
6 The employee’s speech must be Ɇɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ
clear and audible. ɡɪɨɡɭɦɿɥɚ.
7 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟ-
working knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ.
language.
8 The employee is polite, cordial ɉɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ ɫɬɨ-
and helpful whilst ascertaining ɫɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɡɜɿɧɤɚ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ
information with regards to the ɽ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɢɦ, ɳɢɪɢɦ, ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɢɦ.
wake up call.
410
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — RECEIVING ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ
THE WAKE UP CALL: ɊȺɇɄɈȼɈȽɈ ȾɁȼȱɇɄȺ:
411
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS —
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə:
ARRIVAL/SEATING:
412
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
20 The waiter would ascertain guest’s Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɛɚɠɚɧɧɹɦɢ
toast preference, if toast requested. ɝɨɫɬɹ ɫɬɨɫɨɜɧɨ ɬɨɫɬɚ, ɹɤɳɨ ɬɨɫɬ
ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
21 The waiter servs the breakfast Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨ-
order within 10 minutes of order. ɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
22 The waiter should advise guest if əɤɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɚ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɨɸ, ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ
the plate is hot. ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
23 The plate crest must be positioned Ɇɚɥɸɧɨɤ (ɥɨɝɨ) ɧɚ ɬɚɪɿɥɰɿ ɩɨ-
in either the six o’clock or twelve ɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɿʀ
position accordingly. ɚɛɨ 6 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɚɛɨ 12 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
ɜɿɞɧɨ.
24 The order must be correct and Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ
complete. ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɦ.
25 The waiter ascertains if the guest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɱɢ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ
requires any condiments (i.e. ɝɨɫɬɸ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ (ɫɨɭɫ, ɤɟɬɱɭɩ, ɦɨ-
brown sauce, ketchup, ground ɥɨɬɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɰɶ).
pepper etc.).
26 Condiments are served in ɉɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞ-
appropriate containers (i.e. ɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɿ (ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɡ ɩɥɹɲɤɢ
decanted from the bottle or ɱɢ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɭ ɩɥɹɲɰɿ).
miniatures, but not bottled).
27 Employee replaces cutlery as ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɽ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢ-
required. ɛɨɪɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ.
28 Dishes must be cleared within 3 mi- ɉɿɫɥɹ ɨɛɿɞɭ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ
nutes of all guests finishing their ɩɪɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ.
meals.
29 Coffee/tea must be replenished as Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɞɨɥɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟ-
required. ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ.
30 Employee offers a clean cup with ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɞɪɭɝɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɫɜɿɠɭ
second coffee refill. ɤɚɜɭ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɿɣ ɩɨɫɭɞɢɧɿ.
31 An employee must visits the table ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɜɿɞɭɜɚɬɢ
to ascertain at any point if service ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɳɨɛ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ
is satisfactory. ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ.
413
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
32 Waiter must clear ashtrays every Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɹɬɢ ɩɨ-
time a guest extinguishe a ɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ, ɹɤ ɝɿɫɬɶ
cigarette. ɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɭ.
33 Upon leaving the restaurant waiter Ʉɨɥɢ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɣɞɟ ɡ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɚ, ɨɮɿ-
must thank/acknowledge the ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ.
guest.
ACCOUNTING — ɈȻɅȱɄ —
BILL PRESENTATION: ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
34 Waiter must prowide the bill Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɯɭ-
within three minutes of request. ɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ
ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɜ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ.
35 Employee presents the bill in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜ ɱɢɫ-
a clean bill fold with hotel pen. ɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ ɿɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɹ.
36 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚ-
and correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɪɧɢɣ.
37 The waiter collects payment Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ.
promptly.
38 The waiter returns correct change. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɜɿɞɞɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɪɚ-
ɯɨɜɚɧɭ ɡɞɚɱɭ.
39 If cash payment, waiter offers əɤɳɨ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ
receipt automatically (i.e. bill ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜɢɞɚɽ
displays settlement by cash). ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ
ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ).
40 If credit card payment employee əɤɳɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢ-
verifys signature. ɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ
ɩɿɞɩɢɫ.
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
41 Employees must appear organized ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢ-
and work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ.
42 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟ-
a clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɜɢɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɨɜ-
uniform. ɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
414
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
415
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — BUFFET ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɒȼȿɐɖɄɂɃ ɋɌȱɅ
(IF APPLICABLE): (əɄɓɈ ɇȿɈȻɏȱȾɇɈ):
56 The appropriate crockery must be ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
available. ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɣ.
57 In the case of a hot buffet, warmed əɤɳɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ, ɩɨ-
plates must be available. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɬɟɩɥɿ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ.
58 Serviettes must be provided for the Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
warm plates. ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ.
59 The appropriate service utensils ɍɫɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
must be clean and available. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɿ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɦɢ.
60 Cook should be present behind the ɉɨɪɹɞ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
buffet at all times. ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɿɣ ɩɨɜɚɪ.
61 The cook has to be well informed ɉɨɜɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ
of buffet items. ɧɚɤɪɢɬɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɭ.
62 In the case of hot foods the cook ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɢ-
must present a clean warm plate ɦɢ, ɩɨɜɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɸ
with a serviette to the guest. ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɿɡ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɚɦɢ.
63 Cook must inform guest if plate əɤɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ ɽ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ, ɩɨɜɚɪ ɩɨ-
was hot. ɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ.
64 The cook must be neatly presented Ʉɭɯɚɪ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɝɥɹɞɚɬɢ ɨɯɚɣɧɨ
in a clean and complete uniform. ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɿ
ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
65 The menu must be clean and in Ɇɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɞɨɛ-
good repair. ɪɟ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ.
66 The food must be presented in an Ȳɠɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢ-
appealing manner. ɜɿɣ (ɜɢɲɭɤɚɧɿɣ) ɦɚɧɟɪɿ.
67 There must be a good selection of ɉɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɫɬɪɚɜ
breakfast items available (i.e. fresh ɧɚ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ (ɫɜɿɠɿ ɨɜɨɱɿ, ɡɥɚɤɢ,
fruits, cereals, pastries, cold meats, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɿ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɢ, ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɡ ɹɽɰɶ
egg dishes, etc.). ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
68 The food must directly resemble ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿ-
its description from the restaurant ɞɚɬɢ ʀɯɧɶɨɦɭ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɜ ɦɟɧɸ ɪɟɫɬɨ-
menu. ɪɚɧɭ.
416
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
69 The food must be fresh and of Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɢɽɦ-
good flavour. ɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ (ɫɦɚɤ).
70 Food must be served at the correct Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞ-
temperature. ɧɨʀ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ.
71 The texture and colour of the food Ɍɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ ɤɨɥɿɪ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
must be acceptable. ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɿ.
72 Portions must be of acceptable ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ
size. ɫɟɪɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
73 The food might be cooked as ɋɬɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟ-
requested. ɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɿʀ.
74 Orange/grapefruit juices must be Ⱥɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɨɜɢɣ/ɝɪɟɣɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɢɣ ɫɨ-
freshly squeezed. ɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɜɢɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ-
ɦɢ.
75 Coffee/tea must be hot and freshly Ʉɚɜɚ ɬɚ ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɢ-
brewed. ɦɢ ɿ ɫɜɿɠɨɡɚɜɚɪɟɧɿ.
PRODUCT — ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ —
TABLE LAYOUT: ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
76 All tables in the restaurant must be ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɿ
consistently laid up. (ɪɨɡɫɟɪɜɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ) ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ.
77 The table cloth must be clean, ɋɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ,
pressed and free of any stains/ ɜɢɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ, ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ
tears. ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
78 Correct cutlery must be used for ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞ-
its intended purpose and it must be ɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ
clean and match in pattern. ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ; ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
79 Cutlery silver must be in the case əɤɳɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɣ, ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ
of a formal restaurant and good ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɿ ɫɪɿɛɥɚ,
quality stainless steel must be in ɚɛɨ ɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ
the case of an informal restaurant. ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ.
80 Crockery must be clean, unchip- ɉɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɧɟ-
ped and matching in pattern. ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢ-
ɡɚɣɧɭ.
417
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ —
TABLE LAYOUT: ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
418
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — PHYSICAL ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ
CONDITION OF RESTAURANT: ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇɍ:
93 All walls must be clean and free of ɍɫɿ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɛɟɡ
any chips, scuffs or marks. ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ-
ɛɪɭɞɧɟɧɧɹ.
94 All mirrors must be polished and ɍɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨ-
free of any smudges. ɬɟɪɬɢɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ.
95 All windows must be clean and ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ
free of any streaks or spots. ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɛɪɭɞɧɟɧɧɹ.
96 All plant and floral decorations ɍɫɿ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿʀ
must be fresh. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɿ.
97 Side stations must be clean at all ɋɟɪɜɿɫɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
times. ɱɢɫɬɿ.
98 The table must be steady. ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɦɿɰɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɬɢ.
99 The table/chair legs must be free of ɇɿɠɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ/ɤɪɿɫɟɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
any scuffs/scratches and match in ɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ
colour. ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ.
100 The chair’s upholstery must be Ɇ’ɹɤɟ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɿɫɥɚɯ ɩɨɜɢ-
clean, matching and in good repair. ɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ, ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ
ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
101 The restaurant must be at an Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢ-
ambient/comfortable temperature. ɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɚ/ɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɸ.
102 Restaurant must be free of any ȼ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ
noise/odour from the kitchen. ɲɭɦɭ/ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɿɜ ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ.
RESTAURANT ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
RESERVATIONS: ɊȿɁȿɊȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
1 The telephone must be answered ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ
within 3 rings or 10 seconds. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɞɡɜɿɧ-
ɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ 10 ɫɟɤ.
2 The employee must answer the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɫɬɢ ɧɚ
phone with the appropriate greeting ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɡɜɿɧɨɤ ɡ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞ-
(good morning/afternoon) and iden- ɧɢɦ ɜɿɬɚɧɧɹɦ (ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɤɭ/
tify the department. ɞɨɛɪɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞɞɿɥ).
419
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
RESERVATIONS: ɊȿɁȿɊȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
420
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
ARRIVAL/SEATING: ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə/ɊɈɁɋȺȾɀȿɇɇə:
421
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
26 The waiter must thank the guest. Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ
ɝɨɫɬɸ.
27 Waiter must take the wine/beve- Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜ-
rage order within 2 minutes of the ɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɚ/ɧɚɩɨʀ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 2 ɯɜ.
food order. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɪɚɜ.
28 The employee must have good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ
product knowledge with regard to ɨɛɿɡɧɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ, ɜɢɧɚɯ/ɧɚ-
the wines/beverages. ɩɨɹɯ.
29 Was wine/beverage served within ȼɢɧɨ/ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
5 minutes of ordering? 5 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
30 Bread/rolls and butter must be ɏɥɿɛ/ɜɢɩɿɱɤɚ ɿ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɬɚ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟɧ-
automatically served or equivalent ɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ (ɤɪɟɜɟɬɤɨɜɿ
(i.e. prawn crackers, olive oil etc.). ɩɥɚɫɬɿɜɰɿ, ɨɥɢɜɤɨɜɚ ɨɥɿɹ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
31 The waiter changes cutlery to Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɦɿɧɹɽ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ
accompany order. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
32 The starter must be served within ɉɨɱɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨ-
15 minutes of order/ ɞɨɜɠ 15 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧ-
ɧɹ.
33 The main course must be served Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨ-
within 20 minutes of starter being ɞɨɜɠ 20 ɯɜ., ɹɤɳɨ ɛɭɥɚ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɚ
removed or within 30 minutes if ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 30 ɯɜ., ɹɤɳɨ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɚ
no starter was ordered. ɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ.
34 The correct starter/main course Ɂɚɤɭɫɤɚ/ɨɫɧɨɜɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
must be served to the appropriate ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɦɨɜ-
guest without prompting. ɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɛɟɡ ɡɜɨɥɿɤɚɧɧɹ.
35 In the case of two people dining, əɤɳɨ ɨɛɿɞɚɸɬɶ ɞɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɫɬɪɚɜɢ
dishes must be served to both ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɨɛɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɹɦ
guests at the same time. ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ.
36 The guest should be advised if the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɝɨ-
plate was hot. ɫɬɹ ɹɤɳɨ ɬɚɪɿɥɤɚ ɝɚɪɹɱɚ.
37 All plated items must be served Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɜɭ
with as little disruption to the ɡ ɤɭɯɧɿ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɡ ɧɚɣɦɟɧɲɢɦɢ ɟɫɬɟ-
guest as possible. ɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦɢ.
422
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
423
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
49 Coffee/tea must be served within 5 Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
minutes of order or within 5 minutes 5 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ 5 ɯɜ.
of the dessert being cleared. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɫɟɪɬɚ.
50 The waiter offers to pour the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɤɚ-
coffee/tea. ɜɭ/ɱɚɣ.
51 Waiter must offer milk/cream with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
the coffee/tea. ɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ ɦɨɥɨɤɨ/ ɜɟɪɲɤɢ.
52 A selection of petit fours/mints/ Ⱦɨ ɤɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ
pastries must accompany the ɜɢɛɿɪ ɦɿɧɿ ɜɢɩɿɱɤɢ/ɥɶɨɞɹɧɢɤɿɜ/ɤɨɧ-
coffee/tea (or equivalent). ɞɢɬɟɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ (ɚɛɨ ɟɤɜɿɜɚɥɟ-
ɧɬɢ).
53 Waiter must automatically offer Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɞɨɥɢɬɢ
coffee/tea refills. ɤɚɜɭ/ɱɚɣ.
54 Waiter must cleare ashtrays every Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨ-
time a guest extinguished a ɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨ-
cigarette. ɝɨ, ɤɨɥɢ ɝɿɫɬɶ ɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɭ.
55 An employee must visit the table Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɿɣɬɢ ɞɨ ɫɬɨ-
to ascertain at any point if service ɥɭ, ɳɨɛ ɞɿɡɧɚɬɢɫɶ ɱɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɟɧɿ
is satisfactory. ɝɨɫɬɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɦ.
56 Waiter must thank/aknowledge the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ ɝɨɫ-
gest upon leaving the restaurant. ɬɸ, ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɽ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ.
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍ-
WINE/BEVERAGE SERVICE: ȼȺɇɇə, ȼɂɇɈ/ɇȺɉɈȲ:
57 The waiter must present the wine Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɧɨ
to the guest. ɝɨɫɬɸ.
58 The waiter must open the wine in Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɿɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ
front of the guest. ɜɢɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
59 The waiter must pour a small Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɧɟɜɟɥɢ-
amount of wine for host to sample. ɤɭ ɤɿɥɶɤɿɫɬɶ ɜɢɧɚ ɝɨɫɬɸ, ɞɥɹ ɞɟɝɭ-
ɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ.
60 The waiter must serve the wine — Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɫɩɟɪɲɭ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ
ladies first. ɜɢɧɨ ɠɿɧɰɿ.
424
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍ-
WINE/BEVERAGE SERVICE: ȼȺɇɇə, ȼɂɇɈ/ɇȺɉɈȲ:
61 The waiter must fill the glasses Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɢɬɢ ɤɟ-
appropriately. ɥɢɯ ɜɢɧɨɦ.
62 White wine must be served from Ȼɿɥɟ ɜɢɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ
an ice bucket. ɡ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ.
63 Red wine must be served at room ɑɟɪɜɨɧɟ ɜɢɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ
temperature and white wine must ɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨʀ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ, ɚ ɛɿɥɟ ɜɢ-
be chilled. ɧɨ — ɨɯɨɥɨɞɠɟɧɢɦ.
64 The waiter must top up the glass Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɸɽ ɤɟɥɢɯ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ
as required. ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ.
65 In the case of a beverage, the drink ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ, ɜɢɩɢɜɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧ-
must be correctly garnished. ɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɚ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɧɨɪɦ.
66 The beverage must be poured in ɇɚɩɿɣ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɜɩɪɨɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ
front of the guest in the case of ɹɤɳɨ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɡ ɝɪɚ-
canned, bottled or mixed drinks ɮɿɧɚ, ɩɥɹɲɤɢ ɬɚ ɿɧ.
(i.e. not prepoured).
67 The waiter must handle glassware Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɬɪɢɦɚɬɢ ɛɨɤɚɥ
by the stem and base of glass at all ɡɚ ɧɿɠɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ.
times.
68 Waiter must offer an additional Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
beverage within 2 minutes of drink ɳɟ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ 2 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɫɩɨ-
being empty. ɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨɸ.
SALES: ɉɊɈȾȺɀ:
69 Waiter must automatically suggest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɤɨɠɧɨ-
a starter for each guest. ɦɭ ɝɨɫɬɸ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɭɫɤɭ.
70 Waiter automatically must suggest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨ-
side orders (if applicable). ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
(ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ).
71 Waiter must up sell with wine Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɠɭɜɚɬɢ
order (i.e. recommend a wine to ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɚ
accompany the meal). (ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɜɢɧɨ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ).
72 Waiter automatically offers Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨ-
additional bottle of wine/water ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɥɹɲɤɭ ɜɢ-
upon completion of the first. ɧɚ/ɜɨɞɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ.
425
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
SALES: ɉɊɈȾȺɀ:
73 Waiter automatically must suggest Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɦɿɧɟɪɚ-
mineral water with the meal. ɥɶɧɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ.
74 If no dessert was ordered, waiter əɤɳɨ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɨɜɢɥɢ, ɨɮɿ-
must offer an alternative (i.e. ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɚɥɶ-
sorbet/cheese course). ɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɭ (ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜɟ ɦɨɪɨɡɢɜɨ/
ɫɢɪɧɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ).
75 Waiter must suggest post-meal Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
drinks/cigars. ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɜ/ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɢ.
ACCOUNTING — ɈȻɅȱɄ —
BILL PRESENTATION: ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
76 The bill must be provided within Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɯɭ-
three minutes of request. ɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɩɢɬɭ.
77 The bill must be presented in a Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɱɢ-
clean bill fold/tray with hotel pen. ɫɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ ɿɡ ɪɭɱɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
78 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚ-
and correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
79 Waiter must collect payment Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜɡɹɬɢ
promptly. ɩɥɚɬɿɠ.
80 The waiter must return correct Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɚɬɢ ɜɿɪɧɭ ɡɞɚɱɭ.
change.
81 If cash payment, receipt must be ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿ-
automatically offered (i.e. bill ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭ-
displays settlement by cash). ɜɚɬɢ ɤɜɢɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚ-
ɠɚɽ ɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ).
82 If credit card payment employee əɤɳɨ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɪɟɞɢ-
must verify signature. ɬɧɨɸ ɤɚɪɬɤɨɸ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɽ
ɩɿɞɩɢɫ.
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
83 Employees must appear organized ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɡɤɨɪɢ-
and work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ.
84 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞɹɝɧɟ-
a clean, pressed and complete ɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜ-
uniform. ɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
426
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
427
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
98 The food must be fresh and of Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɸ ɿ ɩɪɢ-
good flavour. ɽɦɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɯ (ɫɦɚɤ).
99 Food must be served at the correct Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɬɟɦ-
temperature. ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ.
100 The texture and colour of the food Ʉɨɥɿɪ ɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
must be acceptable. ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɿ.
101 Portions must be of acceptable ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨ-
size. ɝɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ.
102 The food must be cooked as Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ
requested. ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɦɨɝ.
103 Coffee/tea must be hot, fresh and Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ,
appropriately brewed. ɫɜɿɠɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɿ.
PRODUCT — ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ —
TABLE LAYOUT: ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
104 All tables in the restaurant must be ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
consistently laid up. ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɿ.
105 The table cloth must be clean, ɋɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
pressed and free of any stains/tears. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ, ɛɟɡ
ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
106 Correct cutlery must be used for its ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ-
intended purpose and it must be ɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ
clean and matching in pattern. ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧ-
ɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
107 There must be cutlery silver in the əɤɳɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ ɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɢɣ, ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ
case of a formal restaurant and ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɪɿɛɧɢɦɢ,
good quality stainless steel in the ɚɛɨ ɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɭ ɛɟɡɞɨɝɚɧɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ
case of an informal restaurant. ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɨɮɿɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɭ.
108 Crockery/silverware must be clean, ɉɨɫɭɞ/ɫɬɨɥɨɜɟ ɫɪɿɛɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
unchipped and matching in pattern. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɫɬɪɭɠɟɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨ-
ɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
109 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
unchipped and matching in pattern. ɱɢɫɬɿ ɧɟɨɫɬɪɭɠɟɧɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɞɨ
ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
428
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ —
TABLE LAYOUT: ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
110 Ice bucket must be clean and ȼɿɞɟɪɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɶɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ
polished. ɱɢɫɬɟ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɟ.
111 The butter must be rolled/cut, fresh Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɡɚɧɟ,
and well presented. ɫɜɿɠɟ ɿ ɝɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɟ.
112 Butter dish must be full. ɋɬɪɚɜɢ ɡ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
ɩɨɜɧɿ.
113 The napkin musy be clean, pressed ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ,
and free of any stains/tears (paper ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/
serviettes are not acceptable). ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ
ɧɟ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɿ).
114 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɉɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɿɡ ɫɿɥɥɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ ɩɨ-
available and clean and full. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɿ.
115 Sugar selection must include ȼɢɛɿɪ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ —
sweetener, white and/or brown as ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɤ
required. ɰɭɤɪɭ.
116 In the case of sugar cubes sugar əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ
tongs/spoons must be present. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɟɱɤɚ.
PRODUCT — PHYSICAL ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ
CONDITION OF RESTAURANT: ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇȺ:
117 The carpet/tiles must be free and Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫ-
clean of any stains or debris. ɬɿ, ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɱɢ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ.
118 All light fixtures must be fully ɍɫɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɩɨ-
illuminated. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɫɜɿɱɟɧɿ.
119 All walls must be clean and free of ɍɫɿ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ
any chips, scuffs or marks. ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
120 All mirrors must be polished and ɍɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨ-
free of any smudges. ɬɟɪɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ.
121 All windows must be clean and ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ.
free of any streaks or spots.
122 All plant and floral decorations ɍɫɿ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ ɬɚ ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿʀ
must be fresh. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɿ.
429
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — PHYSICAL ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ
CONDITION OF RESTAURANT: ɊȿɋɌɈɊȺɇȺ:
123 Side stations must be clean at all ɋɟɪɜɿɫɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
times. ɱɢɫɬɿ.
124 The table must be steady. ɋɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦ.
125 The table/chair legs must be free of ɇɿɠɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɿɜ/ɤɪɿɫɟɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
any scuffs/scratches and match in ɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɩɢɧ ɿ ɩɿɞ-
colour. ɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ.
126 The chair’s upholstery must be Ɉɛɛɢɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɿɫɥɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭ-
clean, matching and in good repair. ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
127 The restaurant must be at an ɍ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɤɿɦ-
ambient/comfortable temperature. ɧɚɬɧɚ(ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɚ) ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ.
128 Restaurant must be free of any ȼ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ
noise/odour from the kitchen. ɲɭɦɭ/ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɿɯ ɡɚɩɚɯɿɜ.
LIGHT MEALS ɅȿȽɄȱ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
1 Guest must be acknowledged Ƚɨɫɬɹ ɜɩɿɡɧɚɸɬɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ
within 1 minute of arrival. ɯɜɢɥɢɧɢ ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɭɬɬɹ.
2 Employee must greet the guest in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱ-
a polite and friendly manner. ɥɢɜɨ ɜɿɬɚɽ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
3 Employee must present menus ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɦɟɧɸ ɭɩɪɨ-
within 1 minute of request. ɞɨɜɠ ɨɞɧɿɽʀ ɯɜɢɥɢɧɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɨ-
ɯɚɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
4 Employee explains any daily ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ
specials (i.e. soup of the day). ɞɧɹ (ɫɭɩ ɞɧɹ).
5 Employee must takethe guest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɡɹɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɜ-
drinks order within 3 minutes of ɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɞ
seating. ɱɚɫ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
6 Drinks order must be served within Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨ-
3 minutes of order. ɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
7 Drinks must be served and cleared ɇɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɿ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ
using a tray. ɡ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹɦ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɚ.
430
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
431
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
20 All appropriate condiments must Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨ-
be automatically offered (i.e. ket- ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɭɫɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ
chup, mayonnaise etc.). (ɤɟɬɱɭɩ, ɦɚɣɨɧɟɡ ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
21 Condiments must be served in ɉɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɿɞ-
appropriate containers (i.e. decanted ɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɿ (ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɡ ɩɥɹɲ-
from the bottle or miniature form). ɤɢ ɱɢ ɡ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪɢ).
22 Waiter must offer additional ɉɿɫɥɹ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɩɨɸ, ɨɮɿ-
drinks within 2 minutes of drink ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɣɨɝɨ
being empty. ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ.
23 Dishes must be cleared within 3 mi- ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ ɭɫɿ ɝɨɫɬɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɥɢ
nutes of all guests finishing their ʀɠɭ, ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɬɢ ɡɿ
meals. ɫɬɨɥɭ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ.
24 The waiter must automatically Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨ-
offer desserts. ɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ.
25 Dessert must be served within Ⱦɟɫɟɪɬ ɩɨɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 10 ɯɜ.
10 minutes of order being taken. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
26 Waiter must automatically offer Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɽ ɤɚ-
coffee/tea. ɜɭ/ɱɚɣ.
27 Waiter clarifies the guest’s Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɜɢɹɫɧɹɽ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ
coffee/tea preference (i.e. ɳɨɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ/ɱɚɸ (ɤɚɩɭɱɿɧɨ, ɟɫɩɪɟɫɨ
cappuccino, espresso etc.). ɬɚ ɿɧ.).
28 Coffee/tea must be served within Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 5 ɯɜ.
5 minutes of order or within 5 mi- ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ
nutes of the dessert being cleared. 5 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɥɢ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ.
29 The waiter must offer to pour the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
coffee/tea. ɧɚɥɢɬɢ ɤɚɜɭ/ɱɚɣ.
30 Milk/cream must be offered with Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
the coffee/tea. ɦɨɥɨɤɨ/ɜɟɪɲɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ.
31 Sugar selection must include sweete- ȼɢɛɿɪ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ —
ner, white and/or brown as required. ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧɧɢɤ ɰɭɤɪɭ.
32 In the case of sugar cubes sugar əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ ɞɥɹ ɧɶɨɝɨ
tongs/spoons must be present. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɟɱɤɚ.
432
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
433
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
53 The menu must be clean and in Ɇɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɞɨɛ-
good repair. ɪɟ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɦ.
54 The menu must be varied in Ɂɦɿɫɬ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɿɡɧɨ-
content. ɦɚɧɿɬɧɢɦ.
55 Two vegetarian options must be ȼ ɦɟɧɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɿ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɪɿ-
available. ɚɧɫɶɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ.
56 The food must be presented in an ɋɬɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɨ ɩɨ-
appealing manner. ɞɚɧɚ.
434
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ȲɀȺ:
64 All tables must be consistently laid ɍɫɿ ɫɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɮɨɣɽ ɬɚ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ ɩɨ-
up in the lounge/restaurant. ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɿ.
65 Place mat/table cloth must be ɉɨɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɭ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧɿ/ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɢ
clean and free of debris. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ.
66 Correct cutlery must be used for ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɿɞ-
its intended purpose and it must be ɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɞɥɹ ʀɯ-
clean and matching in pattern. ɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ȼɨɧɢ
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ
ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
67 Crockery must be clean, free of ɉɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɧɟ-
chips and match in pattern. ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢ-
ɡɚɣɧɭ.
68 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫ-
unchipped and matched in pattern. ɬɢɣ, ɧɟɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ
ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
435
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ —
TABLE LAYOUT: ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə ɋɌɈɅȱȼ:
69 The napkin must be clean, pressed ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɩɨ-
and free of any stains/tears (ply ɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲ-
napkins acceptable, paper ɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ
serviettes are not). ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɿ).
70 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɇɚ ɫɬɨɥɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɡɿ
provided. It must be clean and full ɫɿɥɥɸ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ, ɜɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
(if applicable to meal). ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ.
PRODUCT — PHYSICAL ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ
CONDITION OF VENUE: ɉɊɂɆȱɓȿɇɇə:
436
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə
DRINKS SERVICE
ȼɂɉɂȼɄɈɘ:
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
437
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍ-
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ȼȺɇɇə:
438
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍ-
STANDARDS — SERVICE:
ȼȺɇɇə:
26 Vacated tables must be promptly ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɨɞ-
cleared. ɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɿ.
27 All drinks must be cleared using ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɪɢɛɢɪɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɿ ɫɬɨɥɭ
a tray. ɡɚ ɞɨɩɨɦɨɝɨɸ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɭ.
28 Waiter must offer an additional ɉɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɹɤ ɧɚɩɿɣ ɞɨɩɢɥɢ, ɨɮɿ-
drink within 2 minutes of glass ɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨ-
being empty. ɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɜɢɩɢɜɤɭ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 2 ɯɜ.
29 A barman or waiter must be Ȼɚɪɦɟɧ ɱɢ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨ-
visible at all times. ɫɬɿɣɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɭ.
30 Waiter must replace ashtray after Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɩɨ-
each cigarette was extinguished. ɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɭ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɨʀ
ɫɢɝɚɪɟɬɢ.
31 The waiter must thank/acknowled- Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ/ɜɩɿ-
ge the guest upon leaving the bar. ɡɧɚɬɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɤɨɥɢ ɜɿɧ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɽ ɛɚɪ.
ACCOUNTING — ɈȻɅȱɄ —
BILL PRESENTATION: ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə ɊȺɏɍɇɄɍ:
32 Waiter must provide the bill wi- Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɯɭ-
thin three minutes of request. ɧɨɤ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ 3 ɯɜ. ɩɿɫɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹɤ
ɝɿɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɜ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ.
33 Waiter must present the bill in Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɚɬɢ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ
a clean bill fold/tray with hotel ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɮɨɥɞɟɪɿ/ɧɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ ɡ ɪɭɱ-
pen. ɤɨɸ ɝɨɬɟɥɸ.
34 The bill must be clearly itemized Ɋɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɞɟɬɚ-
and correct. ɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɜɿɪɧɢɦ.
35 Waiter must collect payment Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɜɡɹɬɢ
promptly. ɩɥɚɬɿɠ.
36 The waiter must return correct Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɞɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
change. ɪɟɲɬɭ.
37 If cash payment, waiter must ɍ ɪɚɡɿ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ ɨɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ
automatically offer receipt (i.e. bill ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɜɢ-
displays settlement by cash). ɬɚɧɰɿɸ (ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɚɽ ɫɩɥɚ-
ɬɭ ɝɨɬɿɜɤɨɸ).
439
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
38 Employees must appear organized ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɨɜɚɧɿ ɿ ɫɤɨɪɢ-
and work as a team. ɝɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɰɸɸɬɶ.
39 The employee must be dressed in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɨɞɹɝɧɟɧɢɣ ɭ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ,
a clean, pressed and complete ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɿ ɩɨɜɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ
uniform. ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ.
40 Employee’s shoes must be of ȼɡɭɬɬɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
a corporate standard. ɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ.
41 The employee must wear a name ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚ-
badge (if applicable). ɬɢ ɿɞɟɧɬɢɮɿɤɚɬɨɪ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
42 The employee must be well groo- ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɥɹɧɟ-
med. ɧɢɣ.
43 The employee must maintain eye ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɜɚɬɢ
contact with the guest. ɡɨɪɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ.
44 The employee must smile and ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɫɦɿɯɚɬɢɫɶ
exhibit a friendly manner. ɿ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɡɢɱɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ.
45 The employee must have a good ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɨɥɨɞɿɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɟ-
working knowledge of the English ɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɿɜɧɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɨɸ ɦɨɜɨɸ.
language.
46 Employee must be attentive to the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɭɜɚɠɧɢɦ
guest’s needs at all times. ɞɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ ɝɨɫɬɹ.
PRODUCT — PHYSICAL ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ
CONDITION OF BAR/LOUNGE: ȻȺɊɍ/ɎɈɃȯ:
47 Tables in the bar must be ɋɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɚ-
consistently laid. ɜɥɟɧɿ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ.
48 The carpet/tiles free and clean of Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ,
any stains or debris? ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ ɱɢ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ.
49 Were all light fixtures fully ɍɫɿ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɿ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɢ-
illuminated? ɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɿɥɸɦɿɧɨɜɚɧɿ.
50 Were all walls clean and free of ɍɫɿ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɛɟɡ
any chips, scuffs or marks? ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
51 Were all mirrors polished and free ɍɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɿ-
of any smudges? ɪɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ.
440
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — PHYSICAL ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɎȱɁɂɑɇɂɃ ɋɌȺɇ
CONDITION OF BAR/LOUNGE: ȻȺɊɍ/ɎɈɃȯ:
52 Were all windows clean and free ɍɫɿ ɜɿɤɧɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɛɟɡ
of any streaks or spots? ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɩɥɹɦ.
53 Were all plant and floral ɍɫɿ ɜɚɡɨɧɢ ɿ ɤɜɿɬɤɨɜɿ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɨ-
decorations fresh? ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɿ.
54 Were ample ashtrays available? ɉɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɰɶ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɶɨ.
55 If a bar list was provided, was it əɤɳɨ ɽ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɢɩɢɜɤɢ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
clean and in good repair? ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɿ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
56 Was the table steady? ɋɬɿɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦ.
57 Were the table/chair legs free of ɇɿɠɤɢ ɫɬɨɥɚ/ɤɪɿɫɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
any scuffs/scratches and matching ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɹɩɢɧ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ
in colour ɩɨ ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ.
58 Was the chair’s upholstery clean, Ɉɛɛɢɜɤɚ ɤɪɿɫɟɥ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫ-
matching and in good repair? ɬɨɸ, ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛ-
ɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
59 Was the bar counter clean, dry and Ȼɚɪɧɚ ɫɬɿɣɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ
free of any debris? ɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ.
60 Were all brand bottles prominently ɍɫɿ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɩɥɹɲɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
displayed, free of any dust with ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨ ɜɢɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ, ɩɥɹɲɤɢ ɩɨ-
labels facing forward? ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɪɨɯɭ ɿ ɡ ɟɬɢɤɟɬ-
ɤɨɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɸ ɧɚɩɟɪɟɞ.
61 The lounge/bar must be at an ɍ ɮɨɣɽ/ɛɚɪɿ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɜɤɨ-
ambient/comfortable temperature. ɥɢɲɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɿɬɪɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɸ.
62 Appropriate music must play at ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɚ ɦɭɡɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɫɬɜɨ-
a pleasant level. ɪɸɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɽɦɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɦɛɪɿ.
IN ROOM DINING ɈȻȱȾ ɍ ɄȱɆɇȺɌȱ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌ —
ORDER TAKING: ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
441
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌ —
ORDER TAKING: ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
442
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌ —
ORDER TAKING: ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
13 The employee must advise ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ
delivery time. ɱɚɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ.
14 The employee must thank the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ
guest. ɝɨɫɬɸ.
SALES: ɉɊɈȾȺɀ:
15 Order taker must suggest starter. Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭ
ɡɚɤɭɫɤɭ.
16 Order taker must suggest side Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
orders (if applicable). ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ
ɫɬɪɚɜɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɹɬɶ).
17 Order taker must automatically Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
offer drinks with the meal. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɨɞɪɚɡɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
ɧɚɩɨʀ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ.
18 Order taker must have good Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
product knowledge with regards to ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɜɢɧɚ.
wine.
19 Order taker must suggest dessert Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ-
with the meal. ɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɞɟɫɟɪɬ ɞɨ ʀɠɿ.
20 The order taker must suggest Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɨɬɪɢɦɭɽ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
coffee/tea with the meal. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɜɭ/ɱɚɣ
ɞɨ ʀɠɿ.
STANDARDS — THE SERVICE: ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɋȿɊȼȱɋ:
21 Was the order served in the Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
standard times:- ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ:
Breakfast order card — within 5 Ɂɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɤɭ — ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
minutes of requested time 5 ɯɜ. ɡ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ
ɝɨɫɬɹ
Breakfast — 25 minutes ɋɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ — 25 ɯɜ.
Snack — 25 minutes Ɂɚɤɭɫɤɚ — 25 ɯɜ.
Lunch/Dinner — 30 minutes Ɉɛɿɞ — 30 ɯɜ.
443
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — THE SERVICE: ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɋȿɊȼȱɋ:
444
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — THE SERVICE: ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɋȿɊȼȱɋ:
445
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
446
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ:
447
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ȼɂɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə
LAYOUT: Ɂ ɉȱȾɇɈɋȺ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ:
71 A cloche must be used to cover Ƚɚɪɹɱɚ ʀɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɤɪɢɬɚ
hot food. ɤɪɢɲɤɨɸ.
72 The cloche must be clean, polished Ʉɪɢɲɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜ ɧɚ-
and in good repair. ɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
73 A full dish of butter must Ⱦɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ
accompany the food order. ɩɨɜɧɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɢɧɚ ɡ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ.
74 The butter rolled/cut must be fresh Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɡɚɧɟ,
and well presented. ɫɜɿɠɟ ɿ ɝɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɟ.
75 Condiments must be served with Ⱦɨ ɫɬɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɜɢ
the meal and decanted into the ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɚɛɨ
appropriate dishes or in miniature ɜ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ.
form.
76 The napkin must be clean, pressed ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɩɨ-
and free of any stains/tears (paper ɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲ-
serviettes are not acceptable). ɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɢ-
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ).
77 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɩɨɫɭ-
provided and if so were they clean ɞɢɧɢ ɿɡ ɫɿɥɥɸ ɿ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ.
and full.
78 All the drinks must be ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ
appropriately garnished. ɝɚɪɧɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ.
79 All the food must be free of any ɍɫɹ ʀɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɨʀ
plastic/paper/foil wrapping. ɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜɨʀ/ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɨʀ ɨɛɝɨɪɬɤɢ
ɱɢ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ.
80 Sugar selection must include ȼɢɛɿɪ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ
sweetener, white and/or brown as ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɰɭɤɨɪ ɿ ɡɚɦɿɧ-
required. ɧɢɤ ɰɭɤɪɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɭ.
81 In the case of sugar cubes sugar əɤɳɨ ɰɭɤɨɪ-ɪɚɮɿɧɚɞ, ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
tongs/spoons must be present. ɬɢ ɳɢɩɰɿ/ɥɨɠɟɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɭɤɪɭ.
82 In the case of breakfast there must ɇɚ ɫɧɿɞɚɧɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢ-
be a minimum of three different ɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɬɪɢ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢ (ɞɨɩɭɫ-
preserves available (honey is ɤɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɞ).
acceptable).
448
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
ORDER TAKING: ɉɊɂɃɈɆ ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
449
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
ORDER TAKING: ɉɊɂɃɈɆ ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə:
450
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
THE SERVICE: ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
451
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
THE SERVICE: ɈȻɋɅɍȽɈȼɍȼȺɇɇə:
452
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
THE EMPLOYEE: ɉɊȺɐȱȼɇɂɄ:
453
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — MENU AND FOOD: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — Ɇȿɇɘ ɌȺ ɋɌɊȺȼɂ:
57 Were portions of acceptable size? ɉɨɪɰɿʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɧɨɝɨ
ɪɨɡɦɿɪɭ.
58 Was the food cooked as requested? Ȳɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ
ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
59 Was coffee/tea hot and fresh? Ʉɚɜɚ/ɱɚɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɝɚɪɹɱɿ ɿ ɫɜɿɠɿ.
60 Was milk/cream offered with the Ɉɮɿɰɿɚɧɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɭɜɚɬɢ
coffee/tea? ɦɨɥɨɤɨ/ɜɟɪɲɤɢ ɞɨ ɤɚɜɢ.
61 Were juices freshly squeezed? ɋɨɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿɠɨɜɢɬɢɫɧɭɬɿ.
62 Did fresh rolls/bread accompany Ⱦɨ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɫɜɿɠɿ
the meal (if applicable)? ɛɭɥɨɱɤɢ/ɯɥɿɛ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə
LAYOUT: ɉȱȾɇɈɋɍ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ ɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɋȺɏ:
63 The room service tray/trolley must ɉɿɞɧɨɫ/ɫɬɿɥ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
be clean and in good repair. ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɿ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɿɦɧɚɬ.
64 The tray/trolley must cover clean, ɇɚ ɩɿɞɧɨɫɿ/ɫɬɨɥɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ ɩɨ-
pressed and free of any stains/tears. ɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɚ
ɫɤɚɬɟɪɬɢɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲ-
ɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
65 Correct cutlery must be used for ȼɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨ-
its intended purpose and was it ɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ
clean and matching in pattern. ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹɦ.
ɉɪɢɛɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɿ ɜɿɞ-
ɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
66 Silver cutlery must be used. ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɪɿɛɧɿ
ɫɬɨɥɨɜɿ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɢ.
67 Crockery/silverware must be used ɉɨɫɭɞ/ɫɬɨɥɨɜɟ ɫɪɿɛɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɢ-
for its intended purpose and it ɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ʀɯɧɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɹ-
must be clean, free of chips and ɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ. ɉɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
matching in pattern. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ, ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɤɨ-
ɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɩɿɞɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
68 The glassware must be clean, ɋɤɥɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫ-
unchipped and matching in ɬɢɣ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ
pattern. ɩɨ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
454
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə
LAYOUT: ɉȱȾɇɈɋɍ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ ɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɋȺɏ:
69 All the drinks must be covered ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɮɿɪ-
with stancaps. ɦɨɜɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɲɤɚɦɢ.
70 A vase and fresh flower must Ɋɚɡɨɦ ɡ ʀɠɟɸ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɚɡɚ
accompany the meal. ɿ ɫɜɿɠɿ ɤɜɿɬɢ.
71 A cloche must be used to cover Ƚɚɪɹɱɚ ʀɠɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɧɚɤɪɢɜɚɬɢɫɶ
hot food. ɤɪɢɲɤɨɸ.
72 The cloche must be clean, polished Ʉɪɢɲɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɧɚ-
and in good repair. ɬɟɪɬɿ ɿ ɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
73 A full dish of butter must Ⱦɨ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
accompany the food order. ɩɨɜɧɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɢɧɚ ɡ ɦɚɫɥɨɦ.
74 The butter must be rolled/cut, Ɇɚɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɿɡɚɧɟ,
fresh and well presented. ɫɜɿɠɟ ɿ ɝɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɧɟ.
75 Condiments must be served with Ⱦɨ ʀɠɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɢɫɶ ɩɪɢ-
the meal and decanted into the ɩɪɚɜɢ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɬɿ ɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɣ ɩɨ-
appropriate dishes or in miniature ɫɭɞ ɚɛɨ ɜ ɦɿɧɿɚɬɸɪɧɿ ɮɨɪɦɢ.
form.
76 The napkin must be clean, pressed ɋɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɩɨ-
and free of any stains/tears (paper ɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɛɟɡ ɠɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɹɦ/ɩɨɲ-
serviettes are not acceptable). ɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ (ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɢ-
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ).
77 The salt and pepper cruets must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɧɿ ɿ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɝɪɚɮɿ-
provided and they must be clean ɧɢ ɿɡ ɫɿɥɥɸ ɬɚ ɩɟɪɰɟɦ.
and full.
78 All the drinks must be ɍɫɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ
appropriately garnished. ɝɚɪɧɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ.
79 All the food must be free of any ɍɫɹ ʀɠɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɭ ɩɥɚɫ-
plastic/paper/foil wrapping. ɬɢɤɨɜɿɣ/ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿɣ ɨɛɝɨɪɬɰɿ ɚɛɨ
ɭ ɮɨɥɶɡɿ.
80 Sugar selection must include Ⱥɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɰɭɤɪɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɤɥɸ-
sweetener, white and/or brown as ɱɚɬɢ ɛɿɥɢɣ, ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɢɣ ɰɭɤɨɪ ɿ ɡɚ-
required. ɦɿɧɧɢɤ ɰɭɤɪɭ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨ ɞɨ ɡɚ-
ɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
455
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT — TRAY/TROLLEY ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ — ɊɈɁɆȱɓȿɇɇə
LAYOUT: ɉȱȾɇɈɋɍ/ɋɌɈɅɂɄȺ ɇȺ ɄɈɅȿɋȺɏ:
456
ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ
STANDARDS ON ARRIVAL
ɇȺ ɆɈɆȿɇɌ ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə
11 Curtains must be clean and ɍɫɿ ɝɚɪɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢ-
properly fitted ɦɢ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɪɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɿ
12 Ceilings and vents must be clean ɋɬɟɥɿ ɬɚ ɜɫɿ ɨɬɜɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
and free of any dust ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ.
13 All walls must be clean and free of ɋɬɿɧɢ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨ-
scuffs ɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
14 All light fixtures and fittings must ȼɫɹ ɨɫɜɿɬɥɸɜɚɥɶɧɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɬɚ
be clean and dust free ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɛɟɡ
ɩɢɥɭ.
15 Waste paper basket must be clean Ʉɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
and in good condition ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
16 Balcony must be swept and clean Ȼɚɥɤɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɿ ɬɚ
(if there is one) ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
17 Do Not Disturb/Please make up ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ «ɇɟ ɬɭɪɛɭɜɚɬɢ» / «ɩɪɢ-
my rooms sign must be presented ɛɟɪɿɬɶ ɦɨɸ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ» ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭ-
in each room and easily located ɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɬɚ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨ-
ɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ.
18 A clean ashtray and matches must ɑɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɚ ɬɚ ɫɿɪɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ-
be places into a smoking room ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɜ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ
ɞɥɹ ɤɭɪɰɿɜ.
19 A mirror glass must be clean and Ⱦɡɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ
smear free ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ.
20 Wardrobes must be clean and free ɒɚɮɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɛɟɡ
of any scuffs, dust or debris ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ, ɩɢɥɭ.
21 A telephone and note pad/pen Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɢɣ ɞɨɜɿɞɧɢɤ, ɡɚɩɢɫɧɢɤ
must be available next to a ɬɚ ɪɭɱɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ
telephone in a room ɛɿɥɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚ.
22 All drawers must be clean and free ȼɫɿ ɲɭɯɥɹɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ.
of any dust or debris
23 Television must be clean and Ɍɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ ɧɚ-
correctly tuned in ɫɬɪɨɽɧɢɣ.
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ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ
STANDARDS ON ARRIVAL
ɇȺ ɆɈɆȿɇɌ ɉɊɂȻɍɌɌə
24 Correct time must be shown on əɤɳɨ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɽ ɝɨɞɢɧɧɢɤ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨ-
a clock (if there is one) ɜɢɧɟɧ ɱɿɬɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɱɚɫ.
25 All light fixtures in bathroom and ȼɫɹ ɫɜɿɬɥɨɜɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɬɚ
bedroom must work properly ɫɩɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɸ-
ɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ.
BATHROOM ȼȺɇɇȺ ɄȱɆɇȺɌȺ
1 A bathroom must be completely ȼɚɧɧɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨ-
mould free ɜɧɿɫɬɸ ɨɱɢɳɟɧɚ ɜɿɞ ɩɥɿɫɟɧɿ.
2 All ceilings and walls must be ɋɬɟɥɹ ɬɚ ɫɬɿɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫ-
clean ɬɢɦɢ.
3 Shower/bath/sink control must be Ⱦɭɲ/ɜɚɧɧɚ/ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
clean and in good repair ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
4 Shower/bath/sink control must be Ⱦɭɲ/ɜɚɧɧɚ/ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
polished ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ.
5 Shower curtain (door) clean ɒɬɨɪɤɚ / ɞɜɟɪɤɚ ɭ ɞɭɲɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ.
6 All counters, shelves and soap ɋɬɿɣɤɢ, ɩɨɥɢɰɿ ɬɚ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɥɹ
dishes must be clean ɦɢɥɚ (ɿɧɲɟ) ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
7 Bathroom floor must be clean and ɉɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
free of any debris ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ.
8 Toilet must be clean and in good Ɍɭɚɥɟɬ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ
repair ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
9 Waist paper bin must be clean and Ʉɨɲɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
in good condition ɱɢɫɬɢɦ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
10 Spare toilet roll must be always Ⱦɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɪɭɥɨɧ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚ-
available (if applicable) ɩɟɪɭ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɜɚɧ-
ɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ.
11 There always must be a full box of ɉɨɜɧɚ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɚ ɫɚɥɮɟɬɨɤ ɡɚɜɠɞɢ
tissues in clean tissue dispenser ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɚ-
ɥɮɟɬɨɤ.
12 Bathrobes must be clean, ɏɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ, ɛɟɡ
unstained and in good condition ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
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BATHROOM ȼȺɇɇȺ ɄȱɆɇȺɌȺ
13 There must be 2 x clean drinking ɍ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɜɚ
water glasses covered with ɱɢɫɬɢɯ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ ɡ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɢ.
capstans or placed on coasters (not
wrapped in plastic)
14 All towels must be clean and in ȼɫɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ
good repair ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
15 All amenities must be neatly ɍɫɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ (ɩɨɞɚɪɭɧɤɢ)
arranged ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ.
16 All flowers put in the room must Ʉɜɿɬɢ ɜ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɜɿ-
be fresh ɠɢɦɢ.
TURNDOWN ȼȿɑȱɊɇȱɃ ɋȿɊȼȱɋ
1 Turndown service must be provided ȼɟɱɿɪɧɿɣ ɫɟɪɜɿɫ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɛɟɡ-
between 18h00 and 22h00 daily ɩɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ ɡ 18.00 ɞɨ 22.00.
2 In case of do not disturb sign ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ȾɇȾ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦ-
a calling card/door knob card must be ɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞ ɞɜɟɪɢɦɚ.
left under/on the door or a message
must be left on the telephone
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TURNDOWN ȼȿɑȱɊɇȱɃ ɋȿɊȼȱɋ
10 Employee must turn the bedside ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɦɚɽ ɜɜɿɦɤɧɭɬɢ ɥɚɦɩɢ
lamp on ɛɿɥɹ ɥɿɠɤɚ.
11 Room service card must be left in Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ ɩɨɜɢ-
a prominent position ɧɧɚ ɥɟɠɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɿɬɧɨɦɭ (ɜɢɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧɨɦɭ) ɦɿɫɰɿ.
12 Waste bins must be empty Ʉɨɲɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
ɩɭɫɬɢɦɢ.
13 Ashtrays must be empty and clean ɉɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɭɫɬɢ-
ɦɢ ɬɚ ɱɢɫɬɿ.
14 Employee must generally tide the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢ-
room and return all amenities ti ɛɪɚɬɢ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɭ ɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɜɫɿ
their original position ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ (ɩɨɞɚɪɭɧɤɢ) ɧɚ
ɫɜɨʀ ɦɿɫɰɹ.
15 Quest’s clothes must be folded Ɉɞɹɝ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ
and arranged neatly ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ.
16 All shoes must be paired and ȼɫɟ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɚɤɭ-
arranged neatly ɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ.
17 All change and jewelery must be Ƚɪɨɲɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɚ-
left untouched ɥɢɲɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ.
18 Employee must replenish all Ʉɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɞɞɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ
stationery ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɟ.
19 Employee must remove any used ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-
glasses or room service soiled ɹɤɿ ɛɪɭɞɧɿ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ, ɬɚɪɿɥɤɢ, ɧɨɠɿ
plates and cutlery from a room ɱɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɤɢ ɡ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɢ.
20 All magazines and newspapers ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢ ɬɚ ɝɚɡɟɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
must be arranged neatly ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ.
21 TV remote control must be placed Ɍɟɥɟɜɿɡɿɣɧɢɣ ɩɭɥɶɬ ɦɚɽ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨ-
on a bed side table (on the top of ɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɿɠɤɨɜɭ ɬɭɦɛɭ
TV) (ɧɚɜɟɪɯ ɬɟɥɟɜɿɡɨɪɚ).
22 Employee must replace any used ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɛɭɞɶ-
towels with clean ones ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɿ.
23 Employee must clean and replace ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɦɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɤɚ-
bathroom water glasses ɧɢ, ɳɨ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ.
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TURNDOWN ȼȿɑȱɊɇȱɃ ɋȿɊȼȱɋ
24 Employee must replace any ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɡɚ-
bathroom amenities as required ɫɨɛɢ ɝɿɝɿɽɧɢ.
25 Employee must tidy quests ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨ-
personal toiletries ɫɤɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɤɥɿɽɧɬɚ.
26 Employee must rinse out a sink ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɦɢ-
ɬɢ ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ.
27 Employee must ensure a toilet is ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɩɟɜɧɢɬɢɫɶ
clean ɭ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɿ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɭ.
28 Employee must clean a bathroom ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɦɢɬɢ ɩɿɞɥɨ-
floor ɝɭ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ.
29 Employee must clean a bath/shower ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɢɦɢɬɢ ɜɚɧ-
ɧɭ/ɞɭɲ.
STANDARDS SERVICING ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɇȿ ɉɊɂȻɂɊȺɇɇə
QUEST’S ROOM ɇɈɆȿɊȱȼ
1 Servicing must be completed by ɉɪɢɛɢɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɤɿɧ-
14h00 each day ɱɟɧɟ ɞɨ 14.00 ɝɨɞ. ɳɨɞɟɧɧɨ.
2 Employee must wear a full ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɭɧɿɮɨ-
uniform, be pleasant and ɪɦɭ, ɛɭɬɢ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɢɦ ɬɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣ-
professional in manner ɧɢɦ ɭ ɦɚɧɟɪɚɯ.
3 If employee is asked to come back əɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɥɢ ɩɨ-
at a certain time — it has to be ɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ — ɰɟ
done ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɜɚɬɢɫɶ.
4 In case of do not disturb sign put ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ȾɇȾ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ
on the door employee is not ɧɟ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪ.
allowed to enter the room
5 Carpet/tiles must be freshly Ʉɢɥɢɦ/ɩɥɢɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨ-
vacuumed/mopped and free of any ɱɢɳɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɨɯɨɬɹɝɨɦ/ ɜɢɦɢɬɿ, ɛɭɬɢ
debris ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ.
6 Room must be generally tidied Ʉɿɦɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɚ ɬɚ
and all amenities returned to their ɜɫɿ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɟɧɿ
original position ɧɚ ɫɜɨʀɯ ɦɿɫɰɹɯ.
7 Bed must be neatly made with Ʌɿɠɤɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚ-
clean linen which is free of stains ɫɬɟɥɟɧɟ ɡ ɱɢɫɬɨɸ ɩɨɫɬɿɥɥɸ, ɛɟɡ
and tears ɩɥɹɦ ɬɚ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ.
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STANDARDS SERVICING ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɇȿ ɉɊɂȻɂɊȺɇɇə
QUEST’S ROOM ɇɈɆȿɊȱȼ
8 Curtains must be neatly drawn ɒɬɨɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɡɚ-
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɿ.
9 Waste bin must be emptied and ɋɦɿɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɠɧɿɦ
clean ɬɚ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ.
10 The balcony must be clean Ȼɚɥɤɨɧɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɿ.
11 Any used stationery must be Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɿ
replaced ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ.
12 Any used laundry bags/lists must Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɶɤɿ
be replaced (if necessary) ɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ.
13 All ashtrays must be empty ȼɫɿ ɩɨɩɿɥɶɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨ-
ɪɨɠɧɿɦɢ ɬɚ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
14 In case of any blown light bulbs it Ʌɚɦɩɨɱɤɢ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɿɥɢ — ɩɨ-
must be replaced ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɢɦɢ.
15 Quest clothes must be folded and Ɉɞɹɝ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬ-
arranged neatly ɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ.
16 All change and jewelery must be Ƚɪɨɲɿ ɬɚ ɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚɥɢɲɚɸɬɶ-
left untouched ɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɬɨɪɤɚɧɢɦɢ.
17 All newspapers and magazines ȼɫɿ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢ ɬɚ ɝɚɡɟɬɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
must be neatly arranged ɬɢ ɚɤɭɪɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɿ.
18 Any used glasses or room service Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɢ, ɬɚ-
soiled plates and cutlery must be ɪɿɥɤɢ, ɥɨɠɤɢ ɱɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
removed from a room ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɿ ɡ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ.
19 Any door knob signs must be Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɤɚɪɬɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪ. ȾɇȾ) ɩɨ-
placed to original position ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɿ ɧɚ ʀɯɧɽ ɦɿɫɰɟ.
20 Any used towels must be replaced Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ
ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ.
21 All fresh towels must be clean and ȼɫɿ ɫɜɿɠɿ ɪɭɲɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
in good condition ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ ɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
22 Bathrobes must re-hung ɏɚɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɲɚɬɢ.
23 All partially used amenities must ȼɫɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɨ ɜɠɢɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɪɭɧɤɢ ɩɨ-
be replaced (if required) ɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ).
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STANDARDS SERVICING ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɇȿ ɉɊɂȻɂɊȺɇɇə
QUEST’S ROOM ɇɈɆȿɊȱȼ
24 Bathroom water glasses must be ɋɬɚɤɚɧɢ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ
cleaned and replaced ɜɢɦɢɬɢ ɬɚ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ.
25 All toilet/facial tissue must be Ɍɭɚɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɚɩɿɪ ɩɨɬɪɿɛɧɨ ɩɨɧɨ-
replenished (if required) ɜɢɬɢ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
26 Guest’s personal toiletries must be ȱɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɫɨɛɢ ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɨɬɪɿɛ-
tidied ɧɨ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ.
27 Shower curtain/door must be clean ɒɬɨɪɤɚ/ɞɜɟɪɰɹɬɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ
ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
28 Bath/shower/sink must be clean ȼɚɧɧɚ/ɞɭɲ/ɭɦɢɜɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
29 Floor must be clean and free of ɉɿɞɥɨɝɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ
any debris ɫɦɿɬɬɹ.
30 Toilet and toilet seat must be clean ɍɧɿɬɚɡ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɦ.
31 Bathroom counter must be clean, ɋɬɿɣɤɚ ɭ ɜɚɧɧɿɣ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
dry and free of any debris ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɫɦɿɬɬɹ.
32 All bath/shower and sink controls ȼɫɿ ɪɭɱɤɢ ɜɚɧɧɢ/ɞɭɲɭ ɬɚ ɭɦɢɜɚ-
must be polished ɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɿ.
33 All mirrors must be clean and free ȼɫɿ ɞɡɟɪɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢ-
of smears ɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɩɥɹɦ.
HOUSEKEEPING — LAUNDRY ɉɊȺɇɇə
1 Laundry list must include hours of Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛ-
service ɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɫɟɪɜɿɫɭ.
2 Laundry list must include Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛ-
collection/delivery instructions ɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɿ ɩɪɢɣɨɦɭ/ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ.
3 Laundry list must include Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɜɿɞɨɛ-
collection telephone numbers ɪɚɠɚɬɢ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧ-
ɧɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ.
4 Laundry list must clearly state Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɱɿɬɤɨ
applicable prices ɜɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɰɿɧɢ.
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HOUSEKEEPING — LAUNDRY ɉɊȺɇɇə
5 Laundry list must have option for Ʉɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɦɚɬɢ
folded or hung shirts ɨɩɰɿɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɯ ɿ ɩɨɜɿɲɚɧɢɯ
ɫɨɪɨɱɨɤ.
6 Valet amenity tray must include ȼ ɤɿɦɧɚɬɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ
laundry bags ɛɿɥɢɡɧɢ.
STANDARDS — COLLECTION ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ɉɊɂɃɈɆ
1 Laundry/pressing must be ɉɪɚɧɧɹ/ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɡɚɛɢ-
collected within ten minutes of ɪɚɬɢɫɶ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɯɜɢɥɢɧ
request ɩɿɫɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɚɧɧɹ.
2 Employee must knock lightly on ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɭ-
the door ɤɚɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɟɪɿ.
3 Employee must greet the quest in ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɿɬɚɬɢ ɝɨɫ-
a polite and friendly manner ɬɹ ɭ ɜɜɿɱɥɢɜɿɣ ɬɚ ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɿɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɿ.
4 Employee must use the quest’s ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɜɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɿɦ’ɹ
name at least one time during the ɝɨɫɬɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦɧɿ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɭɩɪɨ-
interaction ɞɨɜɠ ɪɨɡɦɨɜɢ.
5 Employee must confirm with the ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɢɬɢ ɪɚ-
quest that the laundry list is in ɡɨɦ ɡ ɝɨɫɬɟɦ ɱɢ ɤɚɪɬɤɚ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ
the bag ɽ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ.
6 Employee must thank the guest ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɞɹɤɭɜɚɬɢ
ɝɨɫɬɸ.
STANDARDS — DELIVERY ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ
AND PRESENTATION ɌȺ ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə
1 All laundry must be delivered ȼɫɟ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜ-
within specified time ɥɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɱɚɫ.
2 In case of any delays the guest ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɯ ɡɦɿɧ ɝɿɫɬɶ
must be informed immediately ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɿɧɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɣ
ɧɟɝɚɣɧɨ.
3 With pressing, all garments must ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨ-
be returned within 1 hour of them ɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɟɧɿ ɭɩɪɨɞɨɜɠ
being collected ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ɩɿɫɥɹ ɡɚɦɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɝɢ.
4 All collected items must be returned ȼɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɩɨɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɶ ɭ ɜɢ-
+ returned in the requested way ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɿɛ (ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ, ɧɚ ɜɿ-
(folded, on a hunger etc.) ɲɚɤɭ ɬɨɳɨ).
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STANDARDS — DELIVERY ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ — ȾɈɋɌȺȼɄȺ
AND PRESENTATION ɌȺ ɉɊȿȾɋɌȺȼɅȿɇɇə
5 In case of a bill accompanied the ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɯɭɧ-
laundry it must be clearly itemized ɤɭ, ɜɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɿɬɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟ-
and totalled ɥɿɤɭ ɬɚ ɤɿɧɰɟɜɿɣ ɫɭɦɿ.
6 All items must be appropriately ȼɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ
cleaned ɱɢɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɬɢɦɢ.
7 All items must be appropriately ȼɫɿ ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɢɦ
pressed ɱɢɧɨɦ ɩɨɩɪɚɫɨɜɚɧɿ.
8 If stain can not be removed from əɤɳɨ ɩɥɹɦɭ ɧɟɦɨɠɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɜɟɫɬɢ
the garment the quest must be ɡ ɪɟɱɟɣ — ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɩɨɜɿɞɨɦɢɬɢ
informed ɝɨɫɬɹ.
9 All hanging garments must be ɍɫɿ «ɩɨɜɿɲɚɧɿ» ɪɟɱɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨ-
returned on a good quality hangers ɜɟɪɧɭɬɿ ɧɚ ɜɿɲɚɤɚɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨʀ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ.
10 Articles on hungers must covered Ɉɞɹɝ ɧɚ ɜɿɲɚɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨ-
in plastic ɤɪɢɬɢɣ ɩɨɥɿɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɢɦ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɦ.
11 All articles must be free of odor ȼɟɫɶ ɨɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɬɨ-
ɪɨɧɧɶɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɭ.
12 All folded garments must be ȼɟɫɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
delivered in a box/basket/tray ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɿ.
13 All buttons must be replaced if ȼɫɿ ʉɭɞɡɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɢɬɿ,
fallen or loose ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɞɿɪɜɚɥɢɫɹ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɪɢɜɚɸɬɶɫɹ.
14 Garments must be free of any ȼɟɫɶ ɨɞɹɝ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɧɨ-
staples or pins ɩɨɤ ɱɢ ɛɭɥɚɜɨɤ.
15 Laundry tags must be removed Ȼɿɪɤɢ ɜɿɞ ɩɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚ-
from all items ɛɪɚɧɿ ɡɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɪɟɱɟɣ.
16 Socks must be in pairs and folded ɒɤɚɪɩɟɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɿ
ɩɚɪɨɸ.
17 In case of Do Not Disturb sign on ɍ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ȾɇȾ ɧɚ ɞɜɟɪɹɯ, ɩɨɜɿɞ-
the door a calling card must be ɨɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɟ
placed under the door ɩɿɞ ɞɜɟɪɢɦɚ.
18 If shoes are left out to be cleaned əɤɳɨ ɜɡɭɬɬɹ ɛɭɥɨ ɡɚɥɢɲɟɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɢ-
it must be returned polished to ɫɬɤɢ, ɜɨɧɨ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɨ
a high standart ɧɚɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɿɜ.
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IN ROOM BAR ȻȺɊ ɍ ɇɈɆȿɊȱ
STANDARDS — ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂ —
ORDER OF SERVICE: ɁȺɆɈȼɅȿɇɇə ɉɈɋɅɍȽɂ:
1 The in room bar must be checked Ȼɚɪ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ
daily. ɞɧɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɹɬɢ.
2 If employee was observed, he/she ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɩɨɜ-
must wear a complete uniform and ɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɭɧɿɮɨɪɦɢ ɿ ɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ-
must be well presented. ɥɟɠɧɢɣ ɜɢɝɥɹɞ.
3 The employee must be pleasant ɉɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ
and professional in manner. ɥɸɛ’ɹɡɧɨ ɿ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨ.
4 All used mini bar items must be ɍɫɿ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɡ ɦɿɧɿ ɛɚɪɭ
replaced. ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ.
5 All dirty glasses must be replaced ɍɫɿ ɛɪɭɞɧɿ ɤɟɥɢɯɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
with clean glasses. ɡɚɦɿɧɟɧɿ.
6 The ice bucket/tray must be filled ɉɨɫɭɞ/ɥɨɬɨɤ ɡ ɥɶɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭ-
daily (if applicable). ɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɜɧɟɧɿ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɧɹ (ɹɤɳɨ
ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
PRODUCT: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ:
7 In room bar cabinet must be clean ɉɨɥɢɱɤɚ ɛɚɪɚ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ
and dust free. ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɿ ɛɟɡ ɩɢɥɭ.
8 Mini bar fridge must be steady. ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
ɛɭɬɢ ɫɬɿɣɤɢɦ.
9 Mini bar fridge must be easily Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ
accessible. ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɣ.
10 The mini bar fridge must be clean ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭ-
and free of any odour. ɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɢɣ ɛɟɡ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɯɭ.
11 The mini bar fridge must be in ɏɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ
good working order. ɛɭɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɦɭ ɪɨɛɨɱɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ.
12 The mini bar fridge must be free ȼ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɭ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ-
of any ice build up. ɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɩɥɢɜɭ ɥɶɨɞɭ.
13 The in room bar must contain Ɇɿɧɿɛɚɪ ɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɦɿɫɬɢɬɢ
a good selection of drinks. ɞɨɫɬɚɬɧɿɣ ɜɢɛɿɪ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ.
14 There must be a minimum of 2 bot- ȼ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɣɦ-
tles of mineral water available. ɧɿ 2 ɩɥɹɲɤɢ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɨɞɢ.
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ɉɪɨɞɨɜɠɟɧɧɹ ɞɨɞ. ȼ
PRODUCT: ɉɊɈȾɍɄɌ:
15 Food items must be available. ȼ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɬɢ ʀɠɚ.
16 An in room bar price list must be ȼ ɧɨɦɟɪɿ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɰɿɧ
available (i.e. either a printed list ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ (ɜɢɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɚɛɨ
or in the directory of services). ɜ ɿɧɮɨɩɚɩɰɿ).
17 The in room bar beverages/food ɇɚɩɨʀ/ʀɠɚ ɦɿɧɿɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨ-
items must correspond to the prin- ɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɜɢɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ.
ted list.
18 Fridge contents must be neatly ȼɦɿɫɬ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
arranged with all labels facing ɨɯɚɣɧɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɭɫɿɦɚ ɟɬɢɤɟɬɤɚɦɢ
outwards. ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɝɥɹɞɭ.
19 All canned drinks must be free of ɍɫɿ ɪɨɡɥɢɬɿ ɧɚɩɨʀ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ
any rust. ɡɿɩɫɭɬɿ.
20 All stock must not exceed expiry ȼɟɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɥɿɤ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɜɢ-
date. ɳɭɜɚɬɢ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɧɨɫɬɿ.
21 Two of each type of glass must Ⱦɜɚ ɤɟɥɢɯɢ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɨɜɢɧ-
correspond to drinks offered. ɧɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɩɨɧɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɧɚ-
ɩɨɹɦ.
22 All glassware must be clean, ɍɫɿ ɤɟɥɢɯɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɱɢɫɬɿ, ɧɚ-
polished, unchipped and matching. ɩɨɥɿɪɨɜɚɧɿ, ɛɟɡ ɩɨɲɤɨɞɠɟɧɶ ɿ ɜɿɞ-
ɩɨɜɿɞɚɬɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ.
23 Glassware must be placed on Ʉɟɥɢɯɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɢɫɶ ɧɚ
coasters/liner. ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɰɿ.
24 There both a corkscrew and bottle ɒɬɨɩɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɩɥɹɲɨɤ ɩɨɜɢɧɟɧ ɛɭɬɢ
opener must be available (if needed). ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɣ (ɹɤɳɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ).
25 There must be stir sticks and ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɚɥɢɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɡɦɿ-
coasters available. ɲɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɲɬɨɩɨɪ.
26 Linen/paper serviettes must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɬɤɢ ɡ ɬɤɚɧɢ-
available. ɧɢ/ɩɚɩɟɪɨɜɿ.
27 An ice bucket and tongs must be ɉɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɨɫɭɞ ɿ ɳɢɩɰɿ ɞɥɹ
available. ɥɶɨɞɭ.
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Ⱦɨɞɚɬɨɤ Ƚ
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Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ɉɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ (ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ) ɧɚɩɿɜɥɸɤɫ (ɫɬɭɞɿɨ)
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Ɋɢɫ. 5. Ɉɞɧɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ (ɞɜɨɦɿɫɧɢɣ) ɞɭɩɥɟɤɫ
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НАВЧАЛЬНЕ ВИДАННЯ
ГОТЕЛЬНИЙ БІЗНЕС:
ТЕОРІЯ ТА ПРАКТИКА
ПІДРУЧНИК
2-ге видання, перероблене та доповнене
Оригінал-макет підготовлено
ТОВ «Центр учбової літератури»
Керівник видавничих проектів – Сладкевич Б. А.
Підписано до друку 04.08.2011. Формат 60х84 1/16
Друк офсетний. Папір офсетний. Гарнітура PetersburgCTT.
Умовн. друк. арк. 26,55.