ns26 - 3 Connection Design Handout - 4per

AISC Night School 26 Developing an Eye for Connection Design
July 27, 2021 Session 3: Load Paths & Force Distribution
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Session 3 – Load Paths & Force Distribution

July 27, 2021 | Larry Muir
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© The American Institute of Steel Construction 2021
This program has been submitted for AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any The information presented herein is based on recognized engineering principles and is for general
material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be applied to any specific
material or product. application without competent professional examination and verification by a licensed professional
engineer. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.
© Copyright 2021
American Institute of Steel Construction 1
AISC Live Webinars AISC Live Webinars

Course Description Learning Objectives
Load Paths & Force Distribution 1. List common assumptions in design of connections.
July 27, 2021 2. List the three key items of the lower bound theorem to ensure a safe, practical
connection.
This session will review Lower and Upper Bound Theorems and look at it from a 3. Define ductility and its role in safe, connection design.
practical approach: satisfying equilibrium, not exceeding any limit states, and taking 4. Explain the role of judgement in connection design.
measures to ensure ductility. The session will discuss strength/stiffness
considerations, present Uniform Force Methods and address shear lag.
Night School 26: Developing an Eye

for Connection Design
Session 3: Load Paths & Force Distribution
July 27, 2021
Larry Muir, PE, Consultant Load Paths & Force Distribution
© Copyright 2021
Lower Bound
Load Paths & Force Distribution Theorem
Things I am going to talk about:

• Why there are decisions to be made and how judgement is We do not know the distribution of
involved in determining force distributions.
forces in the structures we design
• What makes sense and what does not relative to force
distributions.
• Economic impacts of assumptions about force distributions.

9 10
Lower Bound Lower Bound

Theorem Common Assumptions Theorem
• Isotropic • Torsionally Restrained

a redundant structure is so sensitive in the elastic range to
• Homogenous • And Many More
the small imperfections and variations inevitable in practice
• Elastic that it is impossible to make a close estimate of the elastic
• Perfectly Plastic stresses present
• Pinned ~~~ The Steel Skeleton
• Fixed
• Laterally Supported
12
© Copyright 2021
Lower Bound A vertical brace connection Lower Bound

Theorem Theorem The Uniform Force Method
is an indeterminate system CL
• Standardized r    ec 
2
   e b 
2
procedure
 ec
• Consistent Vc  P Hc  P
with the r r
a e 
boundary Vb  b P Hb  P
conditions b e r r
• Satisfies
WP d CL
equilibrium.
c
13 14

Theorem The Uniform Force Method Theorem The Uniform Force Method
CL
It’s Statics r   ec 
2
   e b 
2
Want more on the Uniform Force Method:
Not Magic
Vc 

P Hc 
ec
P • AISC Design Guide 29 (a free download for
r r
a e  members from www.aisc.org/dg). Derivation
Vb  b P Hb  P
b e r r in Appendix A.
CL
• AISC Education Archives: Night School 6,
WP d
Session 2: The Uniform Force Method
c
15 16
© Copyright 2021

Theorem Theorem
How do we know these are the forces that will exist in How do we know these are the forces that will exist in
the connection? the connection?
We don’t. But it doesn’t matter
17 18

Theorem Theorem The Lower Bound Theorem
The applied external forces in equilibrium with the
How do we know these are the forces that will exist in internal force field are less than or, at most, equal
to the applied external force that would cause
the connection? failure, provided that all the limit states are satisfied
and sufficient ductility exists to allow redistribution
of the forces.
We don’t. But it doesn’t matter… too much.
~~~Paraphrased From Baker, Neal, etc.
19 20
© Copyright 2021

Theorem A Practical Approach Theorem A Practical Approach
1. Choose a force distribution that satisfies equilibrium – statically 1. Choose a force distribution that satisfies equilibrium
admissible.
2. Do not exceed any limit states.
3. Take reasonable measures to ensure ductility.
Requires some
21 judgement and faith. 22

Theorem A Practical Approach Theorem The Lower Bound Theorem
1. Choose a force distribution that satisfies equilibrium Why does this work?
Could there be a relationship between these?

23 24
© Copyright 2021

Theorem The Popeye Effect Theorem
Elastic-Plastic
60
At some point every material stands all it can stands and it

50
can’t stands no more.
40
Brittle materials break 30
20
Ductile materials, like steel, yield. 10
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016
25 26

Theorem
Bolted Joint Bearing/Shear Theorem
Fillet Welds
80 3
90o
70
2.5 60o
60
30o
2
50
40 1.5
30 0o
1
20
0.5
10
0 0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
© Copyright 2021
Lower Bound Ductility

Theorem
1
Column Buckling Ductility???
0.9
What is ductility?
0.8
• Duane Miller will say ductility is something like, “the degree to
0.7
which a material can sustain plastic deformation under tensile
0.6
stress before failure.”
0.5
• He will probably stress that it is a material property.
0.4
0.3 AISC Continuing Education Archives: • He is probably right.

“Five Useful Stability Concepts”
0.2
by Joe Yura
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
30
Ductility Ductility
Ductility??? Ductility???
Duane Miller will also tell there are three rules to "All models are wrong, but some are useful“
problem solving: ~~~ George E.P. Box
Rule #1: Get all the facts. Engineers don’t need the right model and should never assume
they have the right answer.
Rule #2: You’ll never get all the facts.
Engineers need useful models in order to produce safe and
Rule #3: Some facts aren’t… facts. useful designs.
31 32
© Copyright 2021
Ductility Ductility
Ductility – Wrong but Useful Wrong but Useful Models
What is ductility? The geocentric model of the solar system was used to:
• Accurately determined the Earth's radius.
Useful definition: The ability of a structural system to lose • Accurately determine the distance between the Earth and the
stiffness and redistribute load without stuff breaking (too much). Moon
• Develop navigation by compass and mariner's astrolabe
“Like a tree / Out in the backyard/ That never has been broken • Embed in our minds the image of the sun setting and rising.
by the wind… strong enough to bend.” Who says, “Oh what a beautiful moving of the Earth relative
~~~ Don Schlitz & Beth Nielson Chapman to the Sun.”
33
Ductility Stiffness
A Nod to Duane Strength and Stiffness
• The solid black line
represents stress versus
strain.
Ductile Design
• The red dashed line
of Steel represents the stiffness
Structures versus strain.
~~~Bruneau,
Uang, • As the material yields, the
Whittaker stiffness decreases and
additional loads go
elsewhere.
35 36
© Copyright 2021
Stiffness Stiffness
Strength and Stiffness Strength and Stiffness
• The solid black line • The solid black line
represents stress versus represents stress versus
strain. strain.
• The red dashed line • The red dashed line
represents the stiffness represents the stiffness
versus strain. versus strain.
• As the material yields, the • As the material yields, the
stiffness decreases and stiffness decreases and
additional loads go additional loads go
elsewhere. elsewhere.
37 38
Stiffness Stiffness
Strength and Stiffness Strength and Stiffness
• The solid black line • The solid black line
represents stress versus represents stress versus
strain. strain.
• The red dashed line • The red dashed line
represents the stiffness represents the stiffness
versus strain. versus strain.
• As the material yields, the • As the material yields, the
stiffness decreases and stiffness decreases and
additional loads go additional loads go
elsewhere. elsewhere.
39 40
© Copyright 2021
Stiffness Lower Bound The Lower Bound Theorem

Strength and Stiffness Theorem
Corollary
• Force is attracted to stiffness.
• When a member yields, it becomes less stiff and sheds loads

The admissible internal force field that
to other elements. maximizes the capacity is closest to the collapse
solution.
• If there is somewhere for the load to go, it will go there.
• Steel is inherently ductile.

41 42
Lower Bound
Lower Bound
Theorem An Example
X
0.00 66.67
P
An Example Theorem
0.10
0.13
As an example 0.25
Load
– Assume a simple system of three identical 0.33
tension members supporting a load. 0.50
– This is an indeterminate structure, though 0.67
intuitively we know each bar supports an 0.75
equal load. 0.88
– However, if we assume the center bar 1.00
supports a percentage of the load, x, and
the results are plotted, we have a very
simple example of the Lower Bound
Theorem. X
33.33 x = the % of total load supported by center member
bar capacity
P = total load supported with assumed load
distribution
43 44
© Copyright 2021

X
0.00 66.67
P
An Example Theorem
X
0.00 66.67
P
An Example Theorem
0.10 74.07 0.10 74.07
0.13 76.19 0.13 76.19
0.25 0.25 88.89
Load
Load
0.33 0.33
0.50 0.50
0.67 0.67
0.75 0.75
0.88 0.88
1.00 1.00
X X
33.33 x = the % of total load supported by center member 33.33 x = the % of total load supported by center member
bar capacity bar capacity
P = total load supported with assumed load P = total load supported with assumed load
distribution distribution
45 46

X
0.00 66.67
P
An Example Theorem
X
0.00 66.67
P
An Example Theorem
0.10 74.07 0.10 74.07
0.13 76.19 0.13 76.19
0.25 88.89 0.25 88.89
Load
Load
0.33 100.00 0.33 100.00
0.50 0.50 66.67
0.67 0.67
0.75 0.75
0.88 0.88
1.00 1.00
X X
47 48
© Copyright 2021

X
0.00 66.67
P
An Example Theorem
X
0.00 66.67
P
An Example Theorem
0.10 74.07 0.10 74.07
0.13 76.19 0.13 76.19
0.25 88.89 0.25 88.89
Load
Load
0.33 100.00 0.33 100.00
0.50 66.67 0.50 66.67
0.67 50.00 0.67 50.00
.075 0.75 44.44
0.88 0.88
1.00 1.00
X X
49 50
Lower Bound
X P
An Example Theorem
Judgement
0.00
0.10
66.67
74.07 Requires some judgement and faith
0.13 76.19
0.25 88.89
Lesson #1 from Duane Miller’s “Important Lessons
Load
0.33 100.00
0.50
0.67
66.67
50.00
I've Learned During The Past 40 Years” (2018
0.75
0.88
44.44
38.10
NASCC):
1.00 33.33
“Provide a Path for the Force to Enter Into a Parallel

X Member or Section”
33.33 x = the % of total load supported by center member
bar capacity
P = total load supported with assumed load
~~~Omer Blodgett
distribution
51 52
© Copyright 2021
Lower Bound Judgement

Theorem A Practical Approach Requires some judgement and faith
1. Choose a force distribution that satisfies equilibrium “Provide a Path for the Force to Enter
Into a Parallel Member or Section”
2. Do not exceed any limit states. • The face of the HSS is in bending
and is flexible.
3. Take reasonable measures to ensure ductility. • The sides of the HSS are in tension
and are stiff.
This stuff must be

Requires some ductile enough to…
judgement and faith. 53 54
Judgement Judgement
Requires some judgement and faith Requires some judgement and faith
This requires less deformation
than the previous alternative.
This is easier to design.
This should be a more efficient

design.
…get the load here.
55 56
© Copyright 2021
Judgement Judgement
Requires some judgement and faith Confused???
This makes more sense than this . This makes more sense than this , but
This can be designed safely, but it takes more this is directly and explicitly addressed in the
judgement than this. Specification while this is not.
57 58
Judgement Judgement
Breadcrumbs Requires some judgement and faith
Specification Section G5 in effect states: A similar situation exists for
The half of
the area that rectangular HSS…
The nominal shear strength, Vn, of round HSS, is effective is
according to the limit states of shear yielding… shown in red.
shall be determined as:
Vn = 0.6FyAg /2
59 60
© Copyright 2021
Judgement Judgement
Requires some judgement and faith Breadcrumbs
A similar situation exists for rectangular Flange Local Bending
HSS… and for wide flange members. Commentary to Section J10.1: “In the
original tests, the strength given by
Equation J10-1 was intended to provide a
lower bound to the force required for weld
fracture, which was aggravated by the
uneven stress and strain demand on the
weld caused by the flange deformation
(Graham et al., 1959).”
61 62
Judgement Judgement
Breadcrumbs Breadcrumbs
For the wide flange section, it is common to For the wide flange section, it is common to
address a deficiency with stiffeners. address a deficiency with stiffeners.
This is not commonly done for HSS. This is not commonly done for HSS because it
is often difficult and very expensive to place
the stiffener. Instead, we calculate an effective
width.
63 64
© Copyright 2021
Judgement
Requires some judgement and faith Shear Lag
Essentially the same considerations – strength Specification Table D3.1 addresses A LOT of
& ductility. conditions.
Two different approaches. It does not provide “specific criteria for

infrequently encountered problems, which
Do what makes sense for a given situation. occur in the full range of structural design”.
“Do not do unto others as
you would that they should
do unto you. Their tastes Do not simply do what you have always done.
may not be the same.”
~~~ George Bernard Shaw 65 66
Judgement Judgement
Shear Lag Shear Lag
From the Steel Interchange: From the Interchange:
• 1/2019: “When checking the wider plate, some judgement must be
exercised. A local yielding check based on the Whitmore section is 3/2014: “Table D3.1 does not address this condition, so you will
typically used, as is indicated in the User Note to Section J4.1.” have to rely on your own engineering judgement… you might
consider an approach similar to the Whitmore check.”
• 9/2016: “… non-uniform stress can occur in elements subjected to
both tension and compression… In extreme cases… the strength of a
compression member could be affected by shear lag… Hopefully, this
will provide enough information for you to use your own
judgement…” 67
© Copyright 2021
Judgement Judgement
Double Angles with Axial Loads Double Angles with Axial Loads
Both force distributions shown are statically • All three force distributions shown are statically admissible and all
admissible and both can result in a safe can result in a safe design – if there is enough ductility.
design.
• Only one makes sense and requires little ductility.
B=T+Q
B=T 69 70
Judgement
Requires some judgement and faith Requires some judgement and faith
To get the load out to the flanges, a local failure of either the stem or What if this was a column base plate?
the support – or some combination of both - must occur.
Then it is generally reasonable to assume the support will
Either or both must squash without cracking. deform and the stress will distribute. Note Design Guide 1
discusses two different distributions – uniform and triangular.
Is this really what you

want?
Does it make sense?
71 72
© Copyright 2021
Judgement Avoiding
Requires some judgement and faith Problems Circling Back to Communication
The examples just presented represent only a few specific • Boundary conditions are assumed when the members are
conditions and are provided to illustrate more general ideas. designed.
• Often multiple possible load paths exist. • The connections should be designed based on the same (or at
• Multiple possible load paths can produce safe designs. least very similar) boundary conditions.
• Some load paths are more reasonable than others.
• How???
• Consider the basics from Statics and Strength of Materials.
• Judgement and communication are important.
73 74
Avoiding Avoiding
Problems Circling Back to Communication Problems Circling Back to Communication
The Connection Engineer tries to design connections “consistent The Connection Engineer reveals his or her “predictions”
with the intended behavior of the framing system and the through the substantiating connection information.
assumptions made in the structural analysis” by:
• designing consistent with work-points shown in the drawings. The substantiating connection information indicates how the
• abiding by “any restrictions on the types of connections” Connection Engineer interpreted the:
• considering the loads provided • work-points shown in the drawings.
• judgement and experience • “any restrictions on the types of connections”
• exercising psychic abilities • the loads provided
© Copyright 2021
Avoiding Avoiding
Problems Circling Back to Communication Problems Circling Back to Communication
The Engineer of Record provides feedback about the (Approvals)
“predictions” through: Error Detection & Correction
INFORMATION
SOURCE
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER DESTINATION
• Confirmation “in writing in a timely manner that these

representative samples are consistent with the requirements”
OR SIGNAL
RECEIVED
SIGNAL
MESSAGE MESSAGE
• Advising “what modifications are required to bring
the representative samples into compliance with
the requirements in the contract documents”.
NOISE SOURCE
78
A $2 Million savings compared

Load Paths Have Consequences to the original estimate was
attributed to the connection
design on these two projects.
79 80
© Copyright 2021
Bolts: ¾”φ A325 W14x145

The Uniform Force Method in std. holes W16x26
(Statics) was used extensively R=20 kips
in novel ways to optimize the
connections.
2’-0”
¾” Stiff. Pl for
strong axis
Fine Print: Other factors such as the moment conn.
extensive use of “X-bolts” and welding HSS10x10x5/16 35”
instead of bolting to heavy columns were P=150 kips
also employed to reduce costs. ½” Tab Pl.
81 Vertical Bracing w/ Ext. Tab Optimum Load Path 82
Bolts: 1”φ A490 W14x145

in std. holes W16x26
R=20 kips
2’-0”
½” Tab Pl.
¾” Stiff. Pl for
strong axis 1/2” PLATE
moment conn. (A36)
HSS10x10x5/16 35” 1” PLATE
P=150 kips 1”Tab Pl.
1”Tab Pl. (Gr50)
Vertical Bracing w/ Ext. Tab Standard Load Path 83 84
© Copyright 2021
5/16” FILLET
WELDS
5/16 5/16
5/16 5/16
5/8 5/8
5/8 5/8
½” Tab Pl. ½” Tab Pl.
(14)- 3/4”
A325 BOLTS
5/8” FILLET
WELDS 1”Tab Pl. 1”Tab Pl.
(24) - 1”
85
A490 BOLTS 86
Comparison of Design Results
FBD of
Optimum
Solution
87 88
© Copyright 2021
Comparison of Design Results Comparison of Design Results
± 80% SAVINGS IN ± 50% SAVINGS IN WELD

DRILLING TIME CONSUMABLES
89 90
Comparison of Design Results Comparison of Design Results
± 60% SAVINGS IN ± 30% SAVINGS IN

WELDING LABOR MATERIAL
91 92
© Copyright 2021
OH NO!!! HOMEWORK!!! Foreshadowing

• Sessions 4 & 5 will cover bolts & welds for approximately 60
To prepare for Sessions 6 & 7 please be familiar with: minutes. The remaining time will be devoted to questions &
• Design Guide 29 – Example 5.11 topics received from attendees.
• Design Guide 29 – Example A.1 • Session 6 will address issues related to Design Examples for
• Manual Equations (9-2) & (9-3): approximately 60 minutes. The remaining time will be devoted
• Manual Design Examples – Example II.A-1B to questions & topics received from attendees.
• Manual Design Examples – Example II.A-19B • Session 7 will be a continuation of Session 6 with
concentration on a specific example.
• The Specification Section J10.5 Web Compression Buckling
• Session 8 will be devoted entirely to questions & topics
received from attendees.
93 94
OH NO!!! MORE HOMEWORK!!! OH NO!!! MORE HOMEWORK!!!

• Submit Your Questions & Topics • Submit Your Questions & Topics
• Feel free to submit any questions & topics you wish • Ultimately the success of this Night School depends on YOU.
• Priority will be given to: • I want to address YOUR concerns.
– Questions & topics shared by multiple attendees
– Questions & topics related to material presented in this
Night School I will make an attempt to address ALL questions submitted. I will
TRY to address questions not included in the Night School
– Questions & topics directly related to connection design
through the Steel Solutions Center.
– Questions & topics of interest to the presenter
95 96
© Copyright 2021
Individual Session Registrants

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Thank you! certificate.
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to report their attendance from: registration@aisc.org.
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AISC | Questions to each attendee’s name!
8-Session Registrants 8-Session Registrants

PDH Certificates Access to the quiz
Information for accessing the quiz will be emailed to you by Thursday. It will contain a link to access the
One certificate will be issued at the conclusion of all 8 sessions. quiz. EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG.
Quiz and attendance records

Posted Thursday mornings. www.aisc.org/nightschool -- Click on Current Course Details.
Reasons for quiz

• EEU – You must take all quizzes and the final exam to receive EEU.
• PDHs – If you watch a recorded session, you must pass quiz for PDHs.
• REINFORCEMENT – Reinforce what you learn tonight. Get more out of the course.
Note: If you attend the live presentation, you do not have to take the quizzes
to receive PDHs
© Copyright 2021

Access to the recording Night School Resources
Information for accessing the recording will be emailed to you by Thursday. The recording will be available for
four weeks. (For 8-session registrants only.) EMAIL COMES FROM NIGHTSCHOOL@AISC.ORG. Find all your handouts, quizzes and quiz scores, recording access, and
attendance information all in one place!
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Night School Resources Night School Resources
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© Copyright 2021


• Weekly “quiz and recording” email. • Webinar connection information

• Reminder email sent out Tuesday mornings
• Weekly updates of the master quiz and attendance record, found at
www.aisc.org/nightschool26. Scroll down to Quiz and Attendance records.
• Links to handouts also found here
• Updated on Friday mornings.
© Copyright 2021
AISC | Thank you
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AISC Night School 26 Developing an Eye for Connection Design

July 27, 2021 Session 3: Load Paths & Force Distribution

Night School 26: AISC Live Webinars

Session 3 – Load Paths & Force Distribution

AISC Live Webinars AISC Live Webinars

AISC Live Webinars AISC Live Webinars

Night School 26: Developing an Eye

Things I am going to talk about:

• Economic impacts of assumptions about force distributions.

Lower Bound Lower Bound

• Isotropic • Torsionally Restrained

Lower Bound A vertical brace connection Lower Bound

Lower Bound Lower Bound

Lower Bound Lower Bound

We don’t. But it doesn’t matter

Lower Bound Lower Bound

Lower Bound Lower Bound

Lower Bound Lower Bound

3. Take reasonable measures to ensure ductility.

Could there be a relationship between these?

Lower Bound Lower Bound

At some point every material stands all it can stands and it

Brittle materials break 30

Ductile materials, like steel, yield. 10

Lower Bound Lower Bound

Lower Bound Ductility

0.3 AISC Continuing Education Archives: • He is probably right.

Stiffness Lower Bound The Lower Bound Theorem

• When a member yields, it becomes less stiff and sheds loads

• Steel is inherently ductile.

Lower Bound Lower Bound

Lower Bound Lower Bound

Lower Bound Lower Bound

“Provide a Path for the Force to Enter Into a Parallel

Lower Bound Judgement

This stuff must be

This is easier to design.

This should be a more efficient

judgement than this. Specification while this is not.

shall be determined as:

Two different approaches. It does not provide “specific criteria for

Is this really what you

• Confirmation “in writing in a timely manner that these

A $2 Million savings compared

Bolts: ¾”φ A325 W14x145

81 Vertical Bracing w/ Ext. Tab Optimum Load Path 82

Bolts: 1”φ A490 W14x145

Comparison of Design Results

Comparison of Design Results Comparison of Design Results

± 80% SAVINGS IN ± 50% SAVINGS IN WELD

Comparison of Design Results Comparison of Design Results

± 60% SAVINGS IN ± 30% SAVINGS IN

OH NO!!! HOMEWORK!!! Foreshadowing

OH NO!!! MORE HOMEWORK!!! OH NO!!! MORE HOMEWORK!!!

Individual Session Registrants

• All WFH individuals associated with a group registration will be issued a

8-Session Registrants 8-Session Registrants

Quiz and attendance records