Fundamental of Power Electronics

Week 8 Assignment Solutions

Q1. A forward converter primary(Np) and demagnetizing winding(Nd) have 50 turns each. The 250V dc
input to the converter has 20% ripple. The output is regulated to 12V through closed loop. The
converter is operating at 25kHz switching frequency. What is the minimum possible value of
secondary turns(Ns)for feasible operation?
Ans:- 6(5.9-6.1)
Sol:- Since Np=Nd, D_max=0.5
Now the converter should able to generate 12V regulated output from minimum input 250*0.8=200V.
(Ns/Np)_min * D_max = Vo/Vin(min)
Ns_min = 6
If 12V can be generated from Vin_min at D_max, it can be easily generated from Vin_max with
other value of D<D_max.

Q2. Refer to Q1, The minimum voltage rating of the switch to be used in the Forward converter can be
greater than or equal to -
A. 250V
B. 300V
C. 500V
D. 650V
Ans: D
Sol: V_sw = 250*1.2 + (N_p/N_d)*250*1.2 = 600V

Q3: Which is/are the incorrect statement about the forward converter:
a) It is an isolated DC-DC converter.
b) It is a Buck- Boost derived isolated DC-DC converter.
c) It requires core flux resetting path to increase the switching stress.
d) The leakage inductance related problems can be encountered using Dual switch forward. converter.
Ans: b, c.
Q4: A forward converter is delivering 25 W (Po) to a resistive load RL.
The specifications are:
1. n= 2, Vin=100V, fs (switching frequency) = 100 kHz, RL=100 Ω.
2. L is designed for peak-to-peak ripple 10% of the load current.
3. C is designed for peak-to-peak ripple 5% of the output voltage.
4. Lm of the transformer is 0.5 mH.
5. Flux reset components: VDm (diode forward voltage drop) =0.7V.
The peak current flowing through the primary of the forward converter (ip_peak) is ______ Ampere.
Ans: 1.25 to 1.45
Solution:
Po = Vo ^2/ RL, Vo= sqrt(Po * RL) = 50 V
Vo = n*d* Vin; d = 0.25
Io = Po/Vo = 0.5 A, iD1_peak = iL_peak =Io + ΔiL = 0.5 + 0.05 = 0.55 A
Load reflected part through primary: n* iD1_peak = 1.1 A
Magnetizing current peak, Im= (Vin / Lm) *d*Ts = 50 * 0.25 / (100* 10^3 * 0.5 * 10^-3) =0.25 A
Ip_peak= iD1_peak+Im = 1.1 + 0.25 = 1.35 A

Q5: Referring to the previous question, the minimum power rating of the core flux resetting resistor
(Rm) is _______ Watts.
Ans: 1.45 to 1.65
Solution:

P_Rm = (1/2)* Lm * Im ^2 *fs

= 0.5*(0.5*10^-3)* (0.25)^2 * 100 *10^3 = 1.5625 Watts

Q6: For designing of flyback converter sourcing power from 20V input voltage source and supplying it
to 10 Ω load, select the correct option from the following choices for the given below specifications
for ideal diode and transistor:
Specifications:
Vin = 20V,
Ro=10Ω
d(Duty ratio) = 0.4
N( turns ratio(Nsec/Npri) ) = 4

A) Vo = 53.33
B) Vo = 55
C) Vo = 56.33
D) Vo = 56.5
Ans: A)
Solu: Vo = n*d*Vin/(1-d) = 53.33V

Q7: Referring to the previous question specifications, for an output voltage ripple<=1% of output
voltage and current ripple(Max-Min) through transistor when it is conducting <=10% of input average
current, select the correct option/s from the below choices for Lp(inductance seen from primary side)
and C values:
A) For fsw = 50kHz, Lp = 60uH, C = 50uF
B) For fsw = 50kHz, Lp = 110uH, C = 100uF
C) For fsw = 100kHz, Lp = 60uH, C = 50uF
D) For fsw = 80kHz, Lp = 110uH, C = 100uF
Ans: C,D
Solu:
Io = Vo/Ro = 5.333A
Iin = n*d*Io/(1-d) = 14.22A
Iripple <= 0.1*Iin
<= 1.422A
Vripple <=0.01*Vo
<=0.5333V
Lp = Vin*d/(Iripple*fsw) >=20*0.4/(1.422*fsw)
C = Io*d/(Vripple*fsw) >= 5.333*0.4/(0.5333*fsw)
Fsw Lp C
100kHz >=56.25uH >=40uF
80kHz >=70.312uH >=50uF
50kHz >=112.5uH >=80uF

Q8: After designing the above converter from Q6, which is operating at 200 kHz switching frequency
(fsw), what is the peak current (in A) through the transistor for Lp=50uH, C=100uF?

Ans: 14.42A, Range( 14.4 to 14.8)

Solu:

F=200kHz, Lp >=28.125uH, C>=20uF for same current and voltage as given in specifications in Q7

For Lp = 50uH, Iripple_actual (from the primary side: max-min) = Vin*d/( Lp * fsw ) = 0.8

Therefore, Ipmax(from the primary side) = Iin + Iripple / 2 = 14.22 + 0.8/2 = 14.62A
Q9: In a flyback converter, the ratio of average input to output current is 10/3 while operating with a
duty ratio of 0.6. What is the ratio of maximum voltage seen by diode (secondary side) to maximum
voltage seen by primary side switch?
Ans: 20/9 (Range: 2.15 to 2.3)
Solution:
Iin/Io = n*d/(1-d)
Gives, n = 20/9
Ratio = (nVi + Vo)/(Vi + Vo/n) = n = 20/9

Q10: Flyback converter is derived from

a. Buck converter
b. Boost converter
c. Buck-Boost converter
d. Ćuk converter
e. SEPIC converter
Ans: c