Marianne M.

Miranda

Types of Eduction or Logical Equivalence

Conversion
❖ the formulation of a new proposition by swapping the subject and predicate of an
existing one while maintaining its quality.
❖ the process of repositioning the subject and predicate terms without extending any term
or impairing the proposition's quality. The initial proposition is reformulated by swapping
the subject and predicate while retaining the terms' quantities. The convertend
proposition is the original, whereas the converse is the induced proposition.
❖ Convertend - The original proposition to be converted
❖ Converse - The resulting proposition or restatement
__________________RULES________________
● Interchange the subject and
the predicate.
● Maintain the quality.
● Do not extend any term.

SIMPLE CONVERSION
Occurs when the original proposition quantity is the same as the quantity of the
convertend.

❖ Only E and I propositions can be converted through simple conversion.

❖ But in some instances, an A proposition can be converted if the predicate is the
definition of the subject of convertend and if they are interchangeable.
❖ An O proposition cannot be validly converted because it will extend a term from
a particular to a universal extension or quantity.

[Example of Simple Conversion]

E to E

No children are adults. Therefore, no adults are children.

I to I

Some professors are master’s degree graduates. Therefore, some master’s degree graduates are
professors.

A to A

All human beings are homo sapiens. Therefore, all homo sapiens are human beings.
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Partial conversion
Occurs when the original proposition's quantity is changed in the converse.

[Example of Partial Conversion]

A to I

All elephants are animals. Therefore, some animals are elephants.

E to O

No cat is a two-legged animal. Therefore, some two-legged animals are not

cats.

Obversion
❖ the formulation of a new proposition by retaining the subject and the quantity of an original
proposition, changing its quality, and using as a predicate the contradictory of the original
predicate.
❖ It also involves either the use or removal of two negatives: the use or omission of one negative
changes the quality, the use or omission of the other changes the predicate to its contradictory.
❖ Obvertend - The original proposition.
❖ Obverse - The new proposition.
__________________RULES________________
● Retain the subject and the quantity of the obvertend.
● Change the quality. If the obvertend is affirmative,
the obverse must be negative and vice versa.
● As predicate, use the contradictory predicate of the
original proposition.

[Examples of Obversion]

A to E
Every cat is an animal. No cat is a non-animal.
E to A
No cat is a dog. Every cat is a non-dog.
I to O
Some house is white. Some house is not non-white.
O to I
Some house is not white. Some house is non-white.
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Contraposition
❖ the formulation of a new proposition whose subject is contradictory to the original predicate.
❖ Contraponend - The original proposition.
❖ Contraposit - The new proposition.

__________________RULES for PARTIAL CONTRAPOSITION________________

● The subject is contradictory of the original predicate.
● The quality is changed.
● The predicate is the original subject.
Formula:
1. Obvert
2. Converse the obverse.

Symbols and their Partial Contrapositions:

- A to E - E to I
- O to I - I no partial contraposit

[Examples of Partial Contraposition]

(Contraponend) Every dog is an animal.
Obvert: No dog is a non-animal.
Convert: No non-animal is a dog. (Contraposit)
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__________________RULES for COMPLETE CONTRAPOSITION________________

● The subject is contradictory of the original predicate.
● The quality is NOT changed.
● The predicate is the contradictory of the original subject.
Formula:
1. Obvert
2. Converse the obverse.
3. Obvert the converse of the obverse.

Symbols and their Partial Contrapositions:

- A to A - E to O
- O to O - I no complete contraposit

[Examples of Partial Contraposition]

(Contraponend) Every man is mortal.
Obvert: No man is non-mortal.
Convert: No non-mortal is a man.
Obvert: Every non-mortal is a non-man. (Contraposit)

Inversion
❖ the formulation of a new proposition whose subject is the contradictory of the original subject.
❖ Invertend - The original proposition.
❖ Inverse - The new proposition.
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__________________RULES for PARTIAL INVERSION________________

● The quality is changed.
● The predicate is the same as the original proposition.
Formula:
1. Obvert 3. Obvert 5. Obvert
2. Convert 4. Convert

Symbols and their Partial Inversions: ( Only A & E can be Inverted)

- A to O - E to I

[Examples of Partial Inversion]

(Invertend) Every cat is an animal.
Obvert: No cat is a non-animal.
Convert: No non-animal is a cat.
Obvert: Every non-animal is a non-cat.
Convert: Some non-cat is a non-animal.
Obvert: Some non-cat is not an animal. (Inverse)

__________________RULES for COMPLETE INVERSION________________

● The quality is NOT changed.
● The predicate is contradictory to the original predicate.
Formula:
1. Convert 3. Convert
2. Obvert 4. Obvert

Symbols and their Partial Inversions: ( Only A & E can be Inverted)

- A to I - E to O

[Examples of Partial Inversion]

(Invertend) No cat is a dog.
Convert: No dog is a cat.
Obvert: Every dog is a non-cat.
Convert: Some non-cat is a dog.
Obvert: Some non-cat is not a non-dog. (Inverse)