Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol.

58(5), 1555-1561; 2021

ISSN (Print) 0552-9034, ISSN (Online) 2076-09061
DOI:10.21162/PAKJAS/21.1282
http://www.pakjas.com.pk

Assessment of nematicidal potential of Cannabis sativa and Azadirachta indica in the

management of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on peach
Muhammad Saeed1,2, Tariq Mukhtar1,*, Muhammad Inam ul Haq1 and Muhammad Azam Khan3
1
Department of Plant Pathology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan; 2Wheat Research
Sub-Station Murree, Pakistan; 3Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi,
Pakistan
*Corresponding author e-mail: drtmukhtar@uaar.edu.pk

As many antagonistic plants are being continuously explored for their nematicidal potential against nematodes, therefore, in
the present study two antagonistic plants viz. Cannabis sativa and Azadirachta indica at different doses viz. 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10,
12.5 and 15 g per kg of the soil were evaluated against Meloidogyne javanica on peach with the objective to curtail reliance
on hazardous chemicals. Soil amendments of both the plants significantly reduced number of galls, eggmasses and eggs per
eggmass on peach, root, soil, and total populations and reproduction factor of the nematode. Both the plants caused statistically
similar reductions in these parameters at all the concentrations with few exceptions. However, the reductions caused by C.
sativa were comparatively more than those by A. indica. The maximum reductions were observed at a dose of 15 g per kg of
soil while the reductions were found to be the minimum with the lowest dose of 2.5 g per kg of soil. Similarly, the per cent
reductions over control caused by both the plants were found to be dose dependent. As the concentration of the plant material
increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the values of these parameters and the relationships were found to be inversely
proportional. It is concluded from the present study that incorporation of C. sativa and A. indica in the soil as organic
amendments can work very well as nematicides and can be successfully used for controlling root-knot nematodes replacing
traditional chemical treatments and avoiding environmental pollution.
Keywords: Cannabis sativa; Azadirachta indica; Prunus persica; reproduction factor; root-knot nematode.

INTRODUCTION
Peaches are among the most popular fruits in the world due to
pleasant taste, nutritional richness and good medicinal values.
Peach fruits are rich in ascorbic acid, carotenoids (provitamin
A), phenolic compounds and are an excellent source of
antioxidants (Tomas-Barberan et al., 2001; Byrne, 2002).
Peach is the second largest stone fruit after apricots among
stone fruits of Pakistan. In Pakistan, peaches were
fundamentally developed in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa,
Baluchistan and some low chill areas of Pothwar zone of
Punjab. It has been cultivated on an area of 14700 hectares
with 55800 tons of production (FAO, 2017).
The lucrative production of peaches and nectarines has been
threatened for many years by a number of diseases like peach
leaf curl, peach tree short life (PTSL) and nematodes.
Phytopathogenic nematodes have economic significance in
agriculture sector and are directly and indirectly associated
with crop damages leading to yield losses in various
vegetables, fruits and crops (Bogner et al., 2017; Asghar et
al., 2020; Tariq-Khan et al., 2017, 2020; Ahmed et al., 2021).
These nematodes have been reported to incur about $173
billion yield losses annually on different agricultural crops.
Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are the most
damaging and ranked the first among the phytopathogenic
nematodes (Termorshuizen et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2016;
Gamalero and Glick, 2020).
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) have been found
seriously infecting peaches and have become a severe issue
for majority of peach growers and nurserymen in many
regions having tropical and Mediterranean climates
(Lamberti, 1979). Root-knot nematodes have been found
prevalent in temperate, tropical, and equatorial regions of the
world (Moens et al., 2009; Nyczepir, 2011; Kayani and
Mukhtar, 2018; Mukhtar and Kayani, 2019, 2020). Root-knot
nematodes cause reduction in fruit production of many
economically important species of Prunus including Prunus
persica. Among different species of root-knot nematodes,
Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica are the most common
in peach and plum orchards (Nyczepir and Becker, 1998). The

Saeed, M., T. Mukhtar, M.I. Haq and M.A. Khan.2021. Assessment of nematicidal potential of Cannabis sativa and Azadirachta indica in the management of
root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) on peach. Pak. J. Agri. Sci. 58:1555-1561.
[Received 20 Oct 2020; Accepted 25 Nov 2021; Published 30 Nov 2021]
Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
 Saeed, Mukhtar, Haq & Khan
occurrence of M. incognita and M. javanica was recorded in
95 and 5% of sampled peach orchards respectively in South
Carolina (Nyczepir et al., 1997).
The characteristic underground symptoms caused by root-
knot nematodes are the formation of galls on roots and the
stunting of aboveground parts of 1 to 2 years old peach trees.
Defoliation at early stages, unthrifty tree growth, reduction in
biomass and fruit yield are among the other aboveground
symptoms. The nematodes cause occasional death of infected
trees (Nyczepir et al., 1993; Nyczepir and Thomas, 2009).
The aboveground symptoms become more prominent in
sandy soils especially under drought conditions.
For the control of root-knot nematodes, several strategies are
being followed (Kayani et al., 2018; Mukhtar, 2018; Hussain
et al., 2019; Khan et al., 2019; Mukhtar and Hussain, 2019)
but the use of chemical nematicides is very common among
growers as other nematode management strategies have
certain limitations. However, the use of nematicides is often
associated with health hazards and environmental pollution.
Due to broad spectrum activities of most the pernicious
chemical nematicides, beneficial soil microbes are badly
affected resulting in a rapid resurgence of soil-dwelling
phytopathogens (Sánchez-Moreno et al., 2010; Watson et al.,
2017). Therefore, development of new, safer, ecofriendly
nematicidal chemicals for the management of root-knot
nematodes is essential. Recently, numerous antagonistic
plants and biocontrol agents have been evaluated as viable
alternatives to chemical nematicidal compounds to manage
root-knot nematodes (Hussain et al., 2011; Nazir et al., 2019;
Azeem et al., 2021; Mukhtar et al., 2021). Several
antagonistic and medicinal plants have been found to possess
nematicidal and nematostatic activities against root-knot
nematodes (Termorshuizen et al., 2011; Khan et al., 2019.
Ntalli et al., 2020; D’Addabbo and Avato, 2021).
As many antagonistic plants are being continuously explored
for their nematicidal potential against nematodes, therefore,
in the present study two antagonistic plants viz. Cannabis
sativa and Azadirachta indica at different doses were
evaluated against Meloidogyne javanica on peach with the
objective to curtail reliance on hazardous chemicals.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of inoculum of M. javanica: The nematode, M.
javanica, against which the antagonistic plants were tested,
was obtained from a single eggmass and mass produced on a
highly susceptible tomato cultivar (money maker) as
described by Kayani et al. (2012). The eggs were obtained
from the infected roots by treating them with 300 ml of 1%
sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in a tightly closed bottle. The
roots in the bottle were shaken vigorously for the dissolution
of gelatinous eggmasses and release of eggs. The resultant
suspension was passed through 150 μm sieve to remove roots
and then through 38 μm to collect eggs. The eggs were then
1556
rinsed on 38 μm sieve to wash off residues of the bleach and
back washed in a beaker. The eggs were then placed on
extraction trays for emergence of second stage juveniles. The
freshly hatched (24-48 hours old) juveniles thus obtained
were used in the evaluation of antagonistic plants in pot
experiments.
Effect of C. sativa and A. indica amendments against M.
javanica: The leaves of C. sativa and A. indica were washed
under tap water, dried under shade and powderized. The
powderized leaves of both the test plants were then mixed
with the formalin sterilized soil at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5,
10, 12.5 and 15 g per kg of the soil. Five kilograms of the soils
amended with different concentrations of dried leaves of both
the plants were transferred to 30-cm-diameter pots along with
2 g of urea. Un-amended pots served as checks. The pots were
irrigated to facilitate decomposition of plant materials. Two
weeks after amendments, one healthy peach plant cv. ‘Early
Grand’ one year old was transplanted in each pot.
The plants were left for 15 days to establish roots in the soil.
The well-established peach plantlets were then inoculated
with 5000 freshly hatched (24-48 hours of age) second stage
juveniles of M. javanica 15 days after their transplantation.
There were five replications for each treatment. The pots were
organized following completely randomized design in the
glasshouse at 25°C ± 2 for seven weeks. The pots were
irrigated when required. After specified period, the plants
were carefully removed, the roots were excised from the
shoots, carefully washed under tap water and blotted dry. The
data were recorded regarding number of galls, eggmasses,
eggs per eggmass, root, soil and total populations and
reproduction factor of the nematode.
The percent reductions in these variables were calculated over
control as mentioned below.
% reduction over control
uninoculated − inoculated
= × 100
uninoculated
Statistical analysis: All the data were subjected to Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) using Statistix 8.1 package. The
means were compared by Tukey Honestly Significant
Difference Test HSD at 0.05%. Standard errors of means were
calculated in Microsoft Excel 2007.
RESULTS
Effect of A. indica and C. sativa on number of galls,
eggmasses and eggs/eggmass: The analyses of variance
regarding number of galls, eggmasses and eggs per eggmass
were found to be highly significant. Soil amendments of both
the plants significantly reduced number of galls, eggmasses
and eggs per eggmass on peach. Both the plants caused
statistically similar reductions in these parameters at all the
concentrations with few exceptions (Figures 1, 2 and 3). The
maximum reductions were observed at a dose of 15 g per kg
 Potential of C. sativa and A. indica in the management of root-knot nematode

of soil while the reductions were found to be the minimum Effect of A. indica and C. sativa on reproduction factor of
with the lowest dose of 2.5 g per kg of soil (Table 1). The M. javanica: Incorporation of A. indica and C. sativa in the
reductions in these parameters were recorded to be dose soil at all concentrations resulted in significant reductions in
dependent. As the concentration of the plant material reproduction factor (Figure 7). Reductions were found to be
increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the values of the maximum at an application rate of 15 g per kg of soil
these parameters. The relationships have been shown with amounting to 48.58 and 52.72% for A. indica and C. sativa
regression equations in Table 4. respectively (Table 3). Reproduction factors were also found
Effect of A. indica and C. sativa on populations of M. to be indirectly proportional to the doses of the amendments.
javanica: Effect of A. indica and C. sativa amendments in soil With an increase in the concentration of the plant material,
caused significant reductions in root, soil, and total there was an increase in the reproduction factors and these
populations of the nematode as evident by the analyses of relationships have been shown by regression equations given
variance of these parameters. However, there were no in Table 4.
significant differences between A. indica and C. sativa in
causing reductions in these parameters with few exceptions.
The reductions caused by C. sativa were comparatively more
than those by A. indica (Figures 4, 5 and 6). Similarly, the %
reductions over control caused by both the plants were found
to be dose dependent. The maximum reductions in these
populations of the nematode in case of both the plants were
caused at the maximum applied dose of 15 g per kg of soil
while the minimum dose of 2.5 g caused the minimum
reductions (Table 2). It was found that with an increase in the
dose of the plant material, there was a corresponding decrease
in the populations and the relationships were found to be
inversely proportional as shown by regression equations Figure 1. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa on number of
(Table 4). galls by M. javanica on peach

Table 1. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa in reductions in number of galls, eggmasses and eggs/eggmass produced
by M. javanica
Treatments % decrease over control in
No. of galls No. of eggmasses No. of eggs/eggmass
A. indica C. sativa A. indica C. sativa A. indica C. sativa
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5 6.80 7.77 8.02 10.16 4.55 9.09
5 8.74 10.68 10.16 14.44 6.82 10.61
7.5 13.59 16.50 13.37 19.79 11.36 15.15
10 25.24 32.04 29.41 36.90 15.91 20.45
12.5 40.78 42.72 41.18 48.66 18.94 21.97
15 54.37 57.28 59.36 63.64 28.03 30.30
Rugby 77.67 77.67 79.68 79.68 31.06 31.06

Table 2. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa in reductions in soil, root and total populations of M. javanica
Treatments % decrease over control in
Root population Soil population Total population
A. indica C. sativa A. indica C. sativa A. indica C. sativa
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5 3.67 5.90 2.82 3.58 3.64 5.82
5 6.42 8.81 4.45 6.19 6.35 8.71
7.5 11.08 15.73 7.38 8.69 10.95 15.48
10 19.58 23.73 11.18 15.64 19.28 23.44
12.5 36.31 40.95 19.54 23.78 35.71 40.33
15 49.04 53.18 36.26 40.50 48.58 52.72
Rugby 73.27 73.27 53.20 53.20 72.54 72.54

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 Saeed, Mukhtar, Haq & Khan

Table 3. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa in the reduction

of reproduction factor of M. javanica
Treatments % decrease over control in reproductive factor
A. indica C. sativa
0 0.00 0.00
2.5 3.64 5.82
5 6.35 8.71
7.5 10.95 15.48
10 19.28 23.44
12.5 35.71 40.33
15 48.58 52.72
Rugby 72.54 72.54 Figure 4. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa on root
population of M. javanica

Figure 2. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa on number of Figure 5. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa on soil
eggmasses by M. javanica on peach population of M. javanica

Figure 3. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa on number of Figure 6. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa on total
eggs/eggmasses by M. javanica on peach population of M. javanica

Table 4. Regression equations and R2 values regarding different parameters of nematode infestations
Parameter A. indica C. sativa
Regression Equation R2 Regression Equation R2
No. of galls -25.13x + 225.46 0.9724 -23.91x + 208.32 0.9542
No. of eggmasses -22.74x + 203.57 0.9769 -23.55x + 198.46 0.9462
Eggs/eggmass -10.98x + 275.89 0.9723 -11.36x + 272.86 0.9610
Soil population -6465.10x + 53584 0.9619 -6264.40x + 49879 0.9342
Root population -193.33x + 1954.5 0.8798 196.33x + 1828.5 0.8692
Total population -6658.40x + 55538 0.9613 -6460.70x + 51707 0.9333
Reproduction factor -1.34x + 11.108 0.9613 -1.29x + 10.341 0.9333

1558
 Potential of C. sativa and A. indica in the management of root-knot nematode
Figure 7. Effects of A. indica and C. sativa on reproduction
factor of M. javanica on peach
DISCUSSION
In the present study, incorporation of A. indica and C. sativa
at different concentrations resulted in significant decreases in
different parameters of nematode infestations. In general, C.
sativa was found slightly better than A. indica, though there
was no significant difference between these two plants.
Maximum reductions in different parameters of nematode
infestations were recorded where plant materials were applied
at the rate of 15 g per kg of soil. On the other hand, reductions
in these parameters were found to be the minimum with
application rates of 2.5 g per kg of soil. Reductions in
nematode infestations were found to be inversely proportional
to the doses of the plants.
The reductions in different parameters of nematode
infestations is attributed to toxicity of secondary products
released as a result of decomposition of these plant materials
in the soil as well as by the modifications in various physical
and chemical properties of the soil (Chaudhary et al., 2017).
There are reports that a large number of medicinal and
antagonistic plants produce various phytochemicals which
possess nematicidal or nematostatic properties against a large
number of plant-parasitic nematodes including root-knot
nematodes (Chitwood, 2002).
The current study has shown good nematicidal activities of A.
indica and C. sativa against M. incognita; C. sativa showing
slightly more toxicity than A. indica. It is well documented
that C. sativa has shown repellency toward insects and mites
or killed them. C. sativa has also been reported to possess
fungicidal and bactericidal activities against many
phytopathogens (Kayani et al., 2012; Mukhtar et al., 2013).
Likewise, there are many reports that various products of A.
indica have shown effectiveness against root-knot nematodes
(Akhtar et al., 2005; Bharadwaj and Sharma, 2007; Oka et al.,
2007; Ntalli et al., 2009; Javed et al., 2007, 2008; Chaudhary
et al., 2017).
A large number of various kinds of chemicals viz. alcohols,
aldehydes, phenolics, derivatives of fatty acids, terpenoids
etc. are found in the essential oils and different kinds of
extracts of antagonistic and medicinal plants. These
1559
chemicals have been reported to be associated with or
involved in many biological processes of the hosts or the
pathogens individually and/or conjointly. These chemical
compounds have also been found nematicidal or nematostatic
and reported to affect different activities of nematodes like
stimulation or inhibition of egg hatching, invasion,
penetration, reproduction, movement in the soil, attraction
and repulsion of nematodes (Chitwood, 2002). Considerable
efforts have been made in the detection, determination,
distribution, nature, properties, applicability and practical
utility of plant based compounds having nematode-
suppressive properties.
Myriads of naturally occurring plant based chemical
compounds have shown nematostatic and nematicidal
properties against phytopathogenic nematodes including
different species of the genus Meloidogyne. The nematicidal
activities of C. sativa in the current study could be attributed
to cannabinoids present in the plant. These cannabinoids are
21-carbon-containing terpenophenolic compounds and are
specifically produced by C. sativa (Turner et al., 1980). From
C. sativa, more than sixty cannabinoids have been detected
and identified and among these cannabidiol, cannabinol,
tetrahydrocannbinolic acid, tetrahydrocannbivarin, delta 9-
tetrahydrocannbinol, etc. are more prominent (McPartland,
1997). The antifungal and antibacterial activities of Delta 9-
tetrahydrocannbinol and other cannabinoids contained in C.
sativa are well documented but the nematicidal properties of
C. sativa are not thus far well-known or widely studied. There
are only few reports on the effectiveness of C. sativa against
nematodes (Kayani et al., 2012; Mukhtar et al., 2013).
Similarly, the nematicidal properties of A. indica have been
ascribed to many naturally occurring substances such as
azadirachtin, nimbin, salannin, nimbidin, kaempferol,
thionemone, quercetin etc (Chaudhary et al., 2017).
The harmful compounds present in C. sativa and A. indica
may cause mortality of the nematodes, impede their
movement in the soil and penetration in the roots, and
subsequently decelerate various biological processes and
activities like nourishment, growth, development and
reproduction of the nematodes (Chaudhary et al., 2017). Even
though some of the nematodes succeed to enter the host, they
are unable to harm the plants economically because of being
in small numbers. The females may develop normally, but
their fecundity is greatly hampered with the treatment of plant
materials from antagonistic plants. Decrease in number of
eggmasses would result in reduction in subsequent nematode
inoculum. It is possible that some chemicals are either
absorbed by the roots or there might have been some chain
reaction which has triggered due to some factor
(elicitor/activator) present in the antagonistic plants
(Chaudhary et al., 2017).
Application of plant parts may change the physical structure
and the fertility of soil resulting in increased tolerance of the
plants to escape the nematode attack (Chaudhary et al., 2017).
 Saeed, Mukhtar, Haq & Khan
Botanicals present some advantages over synthetic pesticides,
such as: they can provide novel compounds that pests are not
yet able to inactivate; they are less concentrated and thus
potentially less toxic than pure compounds; they biodegrade
rapidly, and may possess multiple modes of action making
possible a wide spectrum of use while retaining a selective
action within each pest class, and they are derived from
renewable resources.
It is concluded from the present study that incorporation of C.
sativa and A. indica in the soil as organic amendments can
work very well as nematicides and can be successfully used
for controlling root-knot nematodes replacing traditional
chemical treatments and avoiding environmental pollution.
Authors Contributions Statement: MS, TM and MIH
designed the study, MS executed experimental work,
recorded and compiled data, TM, MAK analyzed the data,
MS and TM prepared the manuscript, TM supervised the
experimental work and all the authors edited the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there is no
conflict of interest of any type.
Acknowledgments: We highly acknowledge late Prof. Dr.
Nadeem Akthar Abbasi and also assistance and cooperation
rendered by the local peach farmers in the Pothowar region is
gratefully acknowledged.
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