RS

161
lAf magnitude of the gain withAy= IAl,
Where . (7.18)
gd 8,pasc angie between input and feedback
output voltages with
feedback.
Also A
Ay T+AB
Where may be
may be real
real or
or aa complex (7.19)
complex function. For
Putting cq (7.17) tm eq (7.19) we get simplicity, let Bbe real.
A28
A|28
y1+B|A|20 1+B]A| (cosê+jsin 8)
A|40
(1+BIA|cos 8)+ jB| A|sin" 8
A|20 (7.20)
1/2
1+BIA cos 8)+B 1Af sin? e(cos+jsin@)
Where cos 1+B|A|cos
1+BIA cos0) +(B| A|sin8)

sino BIA|sin8
(1+BIA|cos0) +(B1A| sin8)
BIA|sin
o
tan 1+BJA|cos
Eq. (7.20) can be written as

1A1 40 (7.21)
cos0+ jsin AIZB
A
Where IAyl (1+BIA| cos) +(B| A|sin8
A l/2
. (7.22)

1+ AP+2B A|cos
and 6,= 8-
BIAsin &8 - (7.23)
8-tan 1+B|A]cos 68
the
reduces the phase
shift througn
an
angle9. thereby reducing
Thus
the negative feedback
 e is ery high a
ed al the last output
oscillatoE
e 2 t t h e oscill 1s
hot
stage ofimpedance is verOw, soit
signala
1
sc i 1s loaded generator. Now is used as
works as bulter capuanic impedance malchut
and
ot
amplifier giving
ts
frequency
power to a
when
when
the
the
signal
sigi generator connecteu
Fl
remainsload without consta
is

due t0
ne to be
notel requiing
much p er
ermittes
1 As the output here. at the
is taken
omction (put fotlow trom the input
the emitter
also callcu couton emitier, the sistance Re and the
circuit is thus voltage variation across base
al commn Derween input and colector amplifier, because called emitter
Here the output voltage output the transistor jollowe
factor = 1 Vo 1s taken collector 1s at a.c- B und
hack across R, and is
The input signal
4T
voltage to the returned to input, so the
nput voltage s and the transistor V is equal to ga
output voltage Vo, ie. the difference between the
Vi =Vs-Vo. ex
Since input imnpedance is Hence the feedback 1s
pedance tmatching. high and output
al Voltage gain. Ihe impedance is low, so it is an ideal circunt tor
voltage
necting the groundd end of Vs togain A of the
E. Then, amplifier, without feedback, be
have
we may obtainedby
and output voltage Y, (R+h,)i
V
Voltage gain without feedback
=
hyeli R
43)
(744)

Since in this circuit, whole of the AV,R, +he

output voltage fed is to the input,
(745)

Hence, the voltage gain with teedback.

A A
Ay1+ AB 1+A
Hence voltage gain is always less than unity. Thus
(7.46)
emitter follower is not an
amplifier. Putting
q (745) in eq. (7.46),. we get

hRe
R,+ hgR
Af=hR, R, +h +hR .747)
1R +he
b) Input impedance
Putting R, =0, in eq. (7.45), we get,
oltage gain without feedback
hee 748)

feedback from Fig. 7.12 (6)

he
e nput impedance without
Z=hie (7.49)
lnput impedance with-ve fecdback
 dAdA BdA
AA 1+AB

dA 1+ AB- AB
- 1tAB
dA 1A

- (7.7)
AA (1+AB)
dA/A
dA/A1+AB (7.8)
The sensitivity of transistor gain of the feedback
the internal
amplifier Af with respect to the variation in
amplifier gain A is defined as the ratio of the fractional change in gain with feedback
to the fractional
change in gain without feedback. Hence the gain sensitivity S of the feedback
amplifier is given by

Sensitivity gain, S= Fractional change in gain with feedback

Fractional change in gain without feedback

dA/A
dA/A
Using equation (7.7) we get

Sensitivity gain, S 1+ AB
(7.9)
Reciprocal of sensitivity is called desensitivity D.

D-1+Ap
Putting eq (7.10) in eq. (7.7), we get
(7.10)

dA dA/A
A D
Thus the fractional change in gain without feedback is divided
by the desensitivity D w
feedback is added. For example if an amplifier has
desensitivity D 1 + Aß 5, then it w
increase the stability by 5 times or in other words reduces the
= =

sensitivity by 20%.
Feedback is used to improve stability in the following way; suppose an
amplifier of gain A
required. We start by building an amplifier of gain A,=DA, in which D is a large number. Feednu
is now introduced to divide the gain by the tactor D. The stability will be improved by the
su
factor D, since both gain and instability are divided by the desensitivity D. The instability of the
amplifier of gain A, is not appreciably larger than the instability of an amplifier of gain A, without
 EEDAC ERS
This procedre Will
have been 197
ier
nplher gain may be
etcasco useful. It ofien
happens
oltage ggain of a Uansistor
appreciably without a as matter of practice
a
ta
may De comesponding loss of
aple 7.5. An amplifier has increased by increasing the collector stability For exan
Example
necative feedback wtn p= U.i5 1svoltuge gain of 200, before negative resistance
dunge in gan applied the normal gain fecdback 7
changex by 10%. Find the
small
(H.P.U. 2006)
Solution. Given
A-200. B-025, 10= 0.1

A_dAA 1-AB)
Since

dAA 0.1
0.1
1-200x0.2515050.0019 Ans
Example 7.6. A variation of z 20%
ternal gain 200. fHow can this
is
expected for a production run of amplijfier
change be reduced to +2%?
with a

Solution. Given dA
A=200, +206,A 2

We know that
dA_dA
AA (1+AB)
1+ Ap dA,/A dA/A
Or 20
I+ 100= 10

9
100=0.09 Ans
1us the required change be reduced by applying negutive feedback fraction B= 0.09
ample 7.7. Over all gain of a negative Jeedback umplier 15 80. variation of this gain is
e cun be tolerated for some specific use. Y he open loop gam variation of 10% are
t o production spreads in device
charucternSttes, determine the mintmmi value
of the
JeedbackJraction B and also the gain of internal amplifier to satisfy the above condition.

Solution. Given A 19%, 106, Ay=80

We know that,
A
dA/A
1+Ap A, /Ar 10
 153
Since
Ay 1+AB
1+AB
Aß
AB= A 1000
- 50-1 =19
19

Negatnve Jeedback reduces the A 1000=0.019 Ans.

xample 7..
he feedback Jactor m percentage gain of an amplifier from 50 to 25.
Calculie
Solution. Given A 50, A,= 25. B=?
=
(Pbi.U. 1996)

Since
Ay 1+ AB
Aß = 50
-1 =51 =1
= 50256 Ans.

7.4. FEEDBACK CIRCUITS (DIFFERENT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

TOPOLOGIES)
In practical amplifier circuits, it is the
negative feedback that is invariably used. In negative
lecdback amplifier, a part of output energy is fedback to the
input in opposite phase. There are two
ypes of negative feedback circuits i.e.
L Voltage feedback circuit
l1. Current feedback circuit.
1. Voltage feedback circuit
In this type of feedback circuit the voltage feedback from the output of the amplifier is
pOrtional to the voltage across the load. This further classifred as (a) voltage series feedback
uld (b) voltage shunt feedback.
f voltage series feedback. This is also called shunt draved series feedback. This type of
eedbach
ck 1S Shown in Fig. 7.2. (a). Here the amplifier
circuit and feedback circuit are connected in

fo SCTies-p
ael (S-p). Thus the fraction of output voltage
is combined in senes with the input via

dbac the output but 1s in series with the input. So then shunt
n d the feedback network shunts
connecti
s a t the output decreases the output impedance
and thne senes cOnnections at the input

the input impedance due to feedback,called as shunt-derved shunt feedback. This type of
feo oltage-shunr feedback. This is also
tecdback shown in Fig. 7.2. (b). Here the amplifier
circuit and teedbaCk circuit are connected in

parallel- T
olta dllel (p-p). Thus, the fraction of output voltage
is comoined in parallel with the input

the input and

and output, reduces output
shunt connection both at the input
the
pedances due to feedback.
 ODEHNS ELE
152

1
iLe. Feedback in decibels (db) =
20 logA20 1og 1+ AB
number.

For negative feedback, the above

expression will be a negative
1s 1000. Caleulate the vob

Example.7.1 The voltage gain an amplifier without

of feedback
tne circuit. Gtven that feedh
ltage
gain of the aniplifier if negative voltage
feedback is introduced
n
edback
fraction B= 0.02.
Solution. Given A 1000
B= 0.022
Since for negative feedback
1000 1000
overall voltage gain, 21
A1+AB 1+1000x0.02
48 Ans.
T00. It is found tha
Example 7.2. An amplifier with negative feedback has voltage gain of
a

50 mV is required to produce a given output; whereas with

without feedback, an input signal of
Jeedback, the input signal must be 0.6 V for the same output. Calculate A and p.
(Similar P.U. 2010)
Solution. Given 100, A =?
V, = 0.6 V, B=?

Vi= 50 mV= 0.05V

Vo
Since A V
AV, = 100 x 0.6 = 60 V

60
Also A-
V 0.05 =1200 Ans.

Since
A 1+Ap
+ Aß
1200
AB -1 100-1=11

or 11
1200 % Ans.
Example 7.3. An
amplifier has gain of 1000, without
a
dto 0
with negative feedback. Find the
Jeedback fraction of the feedback. This gain is(HP.U.
reduceu1904
Solution. Given amplifier.
1000
Af = 0
 EE
The feedback Signal is
transmitted trom
t hthe
e
through the amplifier output to the input through
to the througn the B block, and

should not load the input and output circuits of

conditions valna (to
are a the amplifiers
reasonable
approximation) for practical amplitier Co
ADVANTAGES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
nce
Since the gain of an
amplitier is
reduced when
drawback. and one may negative feedback is used. This appears to
ous

ative feedback in an wonder why we use negative feedback in oo

of negati ve
amplitier sacrifices gain to obtain a amplifiers. The prece
These ire
number of desirable charactensucs
I. Gain stability
2. Reduction of non-linear distortion
3.Reduction of output noise
4. Improvement ol trequency
response
5. Reduction ot phase distortion
6. Modification of input impedance
7. Modification ot output impedance
8. Increase in band width.
1. Gain stability :
Temperature
aging, replacement of circuit components No Feecdback
and change in parameters, such as beta
Ga
() of a transistor results in variation of
With Negative Feedback
gain of an amplifier. The gain stability is
improved by adding negative feedback.
Different Transistor
cil ne graph of Fig. 7,4. indicates how the
gain of an amplifier Is less dependentFig. 7.4. Power
pon the particular transistor being used
gain using different transistor varies less
with negatve teedback than without feedback
Oen
negative feedback is in effect.
Sinee the overall feedback gain A, is given by
A
Ay 1+AB -(7.5 (a)

lfwe make Aß>> 1, then

(7.6)

Thus the given A, of the feedback amplifier ofis made independent ofthe intermalindependent
gain A. The
of also be
Ycpends only on if B is independent frequetncy, tne A Will
B. So
requency i sreduces the frequency and phase distortion of the mplifier

condition for this stabilisation is that A >

>1.
Even i this condition is not fully
ticet onlyain can also improve with negative feedback as shown below.
T
both sides, we get
Eatural log of eq. 7.5 (a) on
log(L+ AB)
log A= log,A
-

Ditferentiating both sides, we ge

 EEDBAC APLFIERS
8. Increase of band
width.
The gain of
anplitier decreases, in
e series general, at low and high
capcitances can no
longer be taken as frequencies At low freqacncie
short circuited hence
roquiencics, the shunt
capacitances cannot be considered as the gain falls
nd hence due to reactance ot shunt open circuited as at ott. At hg
(a) Low capacitances,
the mad-trequcnes
amplifier gain
The gain of
frequency
an
performance falls oft.
amplifier without fecdback at
couplco nplatier 1s given byy
frequcncy f in the low frequency rangC of an

where Ai and Am are the gain of the amplifier at low

lower cutoff frequency of the
and mid frequencies respectively andf, 1s th
amplifier.
When the feedback is applied the gain of the
amplifier at low frequency 1s
grven by

An 1-BA (7.38)
Putting the value of A from eq. (7.37) in eq. 7.38), we
get

A
= if Am
A BA
11-f 1+BA-

1-BAm)

of
1+BAm

-739)
where
In 1-BA
of the amplifier with feedback
is the lower cut off frequency
feedback amplifier is reduced by factor (1+B A)
Hence, the lower cutoff frequency of a
a

due to negative feedback

(b) High frequency performance of an

The gain of an amplifier without feedback at frequency fin the high frequency range

RC coupled amplifier is given by

 APTER

FEEDBACK IN AMPLIFIERS

7.1. INTRODUCTION
pinticrs are described in many ways, according to their frequency range, the method or
. the ultimate use, the type of load, the method of interstage coupling e
e ctc. Fo actoss
Of the transistor amplifier, certain d.c. voltage sources are to be connected prop
npu dp Output teminals. Resistances are also connected in series with these voltage
that cettaan specific direct currents flow in the input and
sources
output circuits. The
method ot hang
Uesire aues ot input and output currents is commonly known choosing the
usistoThe operating point is sometimes called the quiescent point Q. Theoperating
as
pont o
uicscent point and the extent of the characteristics that its being used determineposition
the
o the
operation.Whether the transistor or FET is operated as linear or non-linear a
method ot
nealr almpier. the application of a sinusoidal ampier. tn a a
to the signal input,
results in the sinusoidal output
wavc. Creterllly, the output Wavefom is not an exact replica
of the input-signal wavetorm
of various types of distortions that may arise, either from the inherent
because
characteristics of the transistor FETs or from the influence of the assOciated non-linearity
n
circuit. The ype the
ot
distortion that may exist either separately or simultaneously are called non-linear distortion,
requency distortion, and delay or phase distortion. These and many other amplifier limitations can
be minimised by applying negative feedback.
In this chapter we introduce the concept of feedback and show how to modify the characteristics
dfan amplifier by combining a portion of the output signal with the external input signal. Many
vantages are to be gained from the application of negative feedback and these are studied.
Examples of feedback amplifier circuit at low frequency are given. Since negative feedback reduces
e voltage gain, but this disadvantage must be weighted against the resulting increase in band
wdth, decrease in distortion, possible increase in input resistance and decrease in output resistance,
and quite often, a decrease in noise.

12.FEEDBACK CONCEPT
of some device back to its
eedback simply means transferring portion of output energy
a

the output of the device, very fine control of any

, By making the input thus dependent on

in the pertormance of an amplifier occur due

becomes possible. Significant modifications into be divided
referred the feedback amplifier. Feedback can
ack and the amplifier is to as

lowing two categories.

Positive or Regenerative feedback
Negative or Degenerative feedback
Positive or Regenerative feedback and thus
the applied signal
When or current) is in phase with
ea
he feedback energy (voltage feedback. In case
amplifier is called positive feedback
or regenerative this
e effee an the
of signal. It is also called direct feedback
Teedback is to increase the of the input The application of positlve feedback
effective
e
C K Increase the over all gains amplifier.
149
 r t
n p u l y without
ffeedback 163
Un
edback
Such (7.28)

1
1,= I+1

1-B1]
I+Bl
1-Al
(7.29)

Zot
ZyT(1+ AB)
we get
Usingcq. (7.28), (7.30)

Z (14AB) we find that input impedance o

feedback I1+ Abl
from eq. (7.29),
> 1, so

decreases with negative lecdack

Snce for negative
shunt feedback the output impedance
by negate
lor curent modification of There are
two
iback piher Impedance. The terminals.

of Output from the output

dncation feedback 15
tracted

on the way the

depends
ethods lor such
conncctons
(a) Voltage-series feedbiacC
Vgo
V
t6) Current-shunt feedback.
.27) (a) Voltage-series feedback
nce 15
of an amplifier
ne
output impedance ps:
iermined by adopting the following
zero.
m a k e the input signal (V) VPVo
) remove the resistalnce
extermal load F o e c o d C

ot
(n) connect a hypothetical
generator
a g e Vo across the load termima vollagse

oDy diagram
or
calculate the current delivereu Biock
Fig. 70eedback ampi
Ow g T 0 .

the hypothetical generator

block diagram of voltage-serics
The
without feedback
Fi ithout
is shown in
ccdback amplifier impedance
feedba
edback
Let utput
tecdbue

impedance with
Output
f tpuit
Output cureni
 MODERN'S ELECTRONICS.1 B.Sc Sem Vi, P Un

-7.40)

Where Ah and Am are the gain of the amplifier at high and mid frequencies respectively and
i s the upper cut of frequency.
When feedback is applied the gain of the amplifier at high frequency 1s given by

.. (7Al)
Ah 1+BA
Putting the value of AN trom eq. (740) in eq. (7.41). we get

A
1+BAm
1BA 1+BAm 1(1+BAm)
1+
At
of Ap 1+BAm
1f
Where =f1+BA) (7.42)
is the upper cutoff frequency of the amplifier with feedback
Hence, we find that the upper cutoff frequency of a feedback amplifier is increased by a
(1 +BA,,) due to negative feedback.
factorSo we conclude that negative feedback decreases the lower cutoff frequency but increases
the upper cutoff frequency. Thus negative feedback increases the bandwidth. But this increase in
bandwidth is achieved at the cost of reduction in the gain of the amplifier as shown in Fig. 7.12.

LoW ia
Hg
An - - F t e re

0.707Am Without
Band width feedback
without feedback
With
feedback

Band width

wIn Feedback

Frequency 2 2

Fig. 7.12. Effect of feedback on bandwidth

 MODERNS ELECTRONICS-l 16.ScSem Vi, Pbi
I+Aß-10 )

Also Ay 1+ AB
A=(1+Ap)A,= 10 x80=800
Putting cq (i) in (0), we get
1+800p=10
p800 0.01125 Ans.
2. Reduction of non-linear
distortion. When a large amplitude Amplifier
Gain A
signal is applied to an amplifier, the
operation of this device extends beyond
its range of linear operation. Hence the
output signal is distorted due to non-
linearity in the transfer characteristics of
Feedback
the amplifier active device. Thus a PVo Network
distortion voltage in addition to the signal
component, appears at the Outpat o1 Flg. 7.5. Block diagram of amplifier with negative feedback,
amplifier. Distortion of this kind is called having distortion output, not present in the input signal
non-linear distortion which may be
reduced in an amplifier by negative feedback. To keep the output voltage same, the input voltage is
increased.

Let Va be the harmonic distortion output, not present in the input signal as shown in Fig. 75.
Let V,=input signal voltage
YoOutput signal voltage
V=input signal voltage with negative feedback
Hence output signal voltage with feedback.
Vo=AV, +Va . (7.11)
Since V=V,-BV
7.1l becomes
Soeq.
Vo A (V,-BVo)+ Vd . (7.12)
Overall gain of the amplifier for negative feedback is given by

Ay1+
AB
V,/V
1+AB Ay
v1+AB (7.13)
or
V,=V1+AB)
Putting eq. (7.13) in (7.12), we get
V=AIV, ( + AB)-BVol+Va
 MODERNS ELECTR
1s not generalh
lty
Hence this type
ot teedback
amplifier. radho r e c e i v c s and narrow
leads
th t e instability in the gain of an and casionally
occasion.aly
tin
band
used in oscillators
n
amplifiers. It is mainly
amplifiers feedback
reduces the
with the applied signal and thus
(1) Negative or degenerative gain of
is out of phase to decrease
e n the feedback energy
In this case, the eftect or tne
cedback S
is called negative feedback. reuuces
the Over a
ne amplitier inverse feedback. Negae eeubc
It is also known as
ettective input signal. feedback reduces
the
gan
or an amplifier, m
may
or the amplifier. Although the negative t e c d o l c k Is widespread.
n from such feedback. Hence the use of negative
auvantages occur

7.3. GENERAL THEORY OF FEEDBACK

in all electronic
circuits. A
controlled feedback
Feedback plays very important role
a
to
deliberately introduced into amplifier circuits -Feedback
----- Ampiier
-- A --
achieve gain stability, reduce non-linear distortion
etc. A feedback amplifier has two parts Viz. an

amplifier and feedback circuit. The feedback circuit Amplifier

Gain A
usually consists of resistors and returns a fraction
of output energy back to the input. The amplifier
and feedback circuitS are connected in series
parallel. The inputs of amplifier and feedback
circuits are in series but the output are in parallel.
Feedba
Neo
In practice this circuit is widely used.
Let us view the amplifier as a black box

(without any knowledge of the internal circuit). VYe-------

Fig. 7.1. Block diagram of an amplifier wilth
Fig 7.1 shows an amplifier with feedback. The
feedback network
symbol A in the Fig. 7.1 represents the ratio of the
output voltage Vo to input voltage Viie. A = VoVi, and a fraction B of the
feedback into input circuit. So the amount of voltage feedback
output signal voltage 1s
by the feedback network will bDe
Af= B Vo where B will be less than one (unity) when the feedback network is
just made up of
passive elements such as resistors, capacitors, inductors. If then network contains an
then B can be greater than one
active devic
Let Vs =
input signal voltage
Vo =

Let a output signal voltage

portion () of output voltage V, Le p V,be feedback
to the
So feedback signal voltage, Vy = BV amplifier input
Hence the new input (or resultant
input) of the amplifier will be
When
the feedback is positive and . (7.1)
when
the feedback isnegative.
V, V,-V -(7.2)

The amplifier gain without feedback 15

denoted by A and is
signal voltage to tne resultant tnput voltage. defined as the ratio of the pu

So amplifier gain without feedback A=

(7.3)
 pBACK IN AMPLIFIERs

Vo= AVi 151

Using cquation (7.2), we get

Vo= A(V,-V)
Vo==A(V,-BVo)
AV,-ApVo :Vy BVo
(1+AB)V AVs
A
VoVs is the gain ot the 1+1AB . (7.4)
amplifier with feedback, called overall gain of the
this he designated as A amplifier. Let

Using cq. (7.4), we get

1+Ap (7.5)

Thus, the gain A of a transistor amplifier (without feedback) is altered by factor

a
1+AB
upon the application of
feedback. A is sometimes called the
the
open loop gain and A as closed-
lop gain and (- Ap) is called looP gain or feedback factor.
On an examination of equation (7.5), one may arrive at the following conclusions
() When I1+ABl < 1, then lA/> IAl
This means that the gain with feedback is
greater than that of the gain without feedback.
Under this condition the type of feedback is called positive or regenerative feedback.
(11) When Il + Aßl = 0, then IAJ= (provided IAl is tinite.)
s means that the output can be obtained from the amplifier even when no input signal is
ed. 1his is the condition for an amplifier becoming a sinusoidal oscillator
n When I1 +A Bl> 1, then IA< IA
This means that the gain with feedback is less than that of its normal gain. Under this condition
p e of feedback is called negative or degenerative feedback. The transistor feedback amplifiers
fecdback type.
the negative
Wbe discussed here belong to
rise to a number of desirable characteristics
he upplication of the negative feedback may give reduction in the distortion and the noise of
like increase in stability of the amplifier,
be er and the decrease in output impedance and
t increase in bandwidth of the amplifier
in input impedance of the amplifher.
cquation 7.5 reduces
to
feedback,
en Aß>>1, in case of negative

and 1s independent of the internal gain

In this depends only on
feedback network,

f the aamplifier.gain
the
leasurement of feed back the ratio of the galn (expressed in decibels) with
The measured by
dbge Ount of feedback is
Ck to
gain without 1eeuuack.
 depends
on the way th
e
cechi
fecdback

input lmpeuu meth

6. Modification of
m o d i t i c a t i o n
of the input
impedance

terminals
of negative

o f the
basiC
anmplitier
T h e r e are two

ethods fo
he connected to the input
OS
connections
(a) Voltage-series tcedbuck
7
(b) Current-shunt feedhack

feedback
(series mixNing) ampitier
l15 shown in Fig
feedback
Soltage-series
voltage
a of series input
block diagram feedback
The impedance
without
Let nput without
feedback

tnpedance
oupt with feedback

=input inpc with

with fcedback
ecdback

output impedance
1nput Current
Feedback Ampitier
(7.24)
AImpltier

and
(7.25)
ince V=V
v,=V,+V V-BV
V+BVo V-BV. Feedback
Network

V,+BAV V=AV,] 8

V,= V,(+ Aß) (7.26)

Puting Eq. (7.26) in Eq. (7.25), we get Fig. 7.8. Block diagram of voltage-series feedback
amplifier.
+AB)
Using cq. (7.23), we get
Liy 2,(1 +Aß) .(7.27
Since for negative feedback |1 + ABI> 1. So from eq. (7.27)
of voltage series feedback
we find that the input impeuau
increases with negative feedback.
(b) Current-shunt feedback
(Shunt mixing)
The block diagram for current
feedback is as shown in
*** -------------| Fig. (7.8).
mplifier
Gain A

edback
Network

Fig. 7.9. Block --- ---

diagram of
current-shunt feedback
amplifier.
 Ampifier
Gain A
Amplifher
Gain A

Feodbac
FeedbacK
Network
Notwork
Shunt Feedback
Feedback
(6) Voltage
(a) voltage Series

feedback circuits.
Fig. 7.2. Negative voltage
I1. Current feedback circuit
feedback from the output of the amplifier is
type of feedback circuit, the voltage
In this
is further classitied as (a) current series feedback
proportional to the current through the load. This
and (b) current shunt feedback.
(a) Current series feedback: This is also called as series derived series feedback. This type of
feedback 1s shown in Fig. 7.3, (a). Here the amplifier circuit and feedback circuit are connected in
series-seres (s-s). Thus, the traction of output current is combined in series with the input voltage.
Hence due to series connection both at input and output increase the input and output mpedances

due to feedback.
(b) Current shuunt feedback. This is also called as series derived shunt feedback. This type of
feedback is shown in Fig. 7.3 (b). Here the amplifier circuit and feedback circuit are connected in
series-parallel (s-p). Thus, the fraction of output current is combined in parallel with the input

voltage. Hence, the shunt connection the input decreases the

at input impedance and the senes
connections at the output increases the output impedance.

Amplifier Amplifier
Gain A Gain A

Feedback Feedback
Natwork Netwotk
(a) Current Series Feedback (6) Voltage Shunt Feedback

Fig-7.3. Negative current feedback circuits.

nd
Hence we ind that the choice of series or shunt connections for the source of feedback
choice of series or shunt introduction into the input circuit leads to four basic feedback Cieu
forms.
Three conditions must be satisfied for the feedback network. B.
1. The input signal is transmitted to the output through the amplifier A and not through t

-network
 hose in an amplifier,
dependi
sources
of

noise: There
are many
S.Reduction of output
the transistor uscd. in the
h
or
the amplifier
upon
Va Noise voltage appearing
the amplifier.
Let gain of
A=
Intemal voltage of t h e amplifier without fee

Vnoise
Noise voltage at the output feedhack
Then
motse AVn
the output with
negative feedback -Ti5
Noise voltage at
noise= 7.7) will be
with feedback (FIg.
Then effective input noise voltage V
V' n no
muluplied by A. gives noise
This voltage when
V
1.e. (Vn-pV noise)A
noise
Amplifier
AV V noise+ AB] GainA
Using eq. 7.15, we get
VnoiseVnoise (1 + AB)
Vp noine
neise
Vnoise1+ AB
.(7.16)
eedback
Netwotk
is
Hence with negative feedback, noise voltage
Fig. 7.7. Reduction of noise due to
there is
reduced by a factor I t may be noted that negative teedback.
1+ AB
no improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the amplilier with negative feedhack

Since the output signal voltage is also reduced by a factor 1+AB With such feedback.

4. Improvement of frequency response: We know that the overall gain with negative feedhack

A
1S given by
A 1+ AP
For negative feedback in an amplifier to be effective, the designer deliberately makeste
product Aß>>1

o
A
Hence the gain depends only on the feedback B. If the feedback fraction B is obtained thou
a resistive network, the teedback and hence the
gain does not vary with frequency as e
feedback S negative
5. Reduction of phase distortion :
When the load impedance or feedback network or fier s
the coupling network of an
reactive, the gain of the amplifier IS given by its an
magnitude and phase.
Thus, gain of the
amplifier A without feedback is given by
A= IAl L0, --0717
where IAl =
magnitude of the gain without feedback.
and 0= phase angle between the input and output signal voltages
Similarly,
Giain of the amplifier A with feedback is given by
 MODERNs ELECTRONIGS-I |ESe Sem Vi RU
So bandwidth with negative feedback
(BW)= BW (1+ BA)= 400 [ 1 +0.01x 200]=400 x 3= 1200kiz. Ans.
Example 7.13. An amplifier has 60 db gain and output impedance 12 k2 Calculate he
ulue of negative feedback required to modify its output inmpedance to O00 12ALoJnd the percentoge
change in the overall gain, for 10% change in the gain of internal amplifier

Solution : Given A= Antilog 0 = 1000,Z=12k2, Z 600 2

Since
Zot1+Ap
600 12000
1+10003
1+ 1000 B 20

of 19
P100o0.019= 1.9% Ans.

(i)) Also
dA
A " 0+AP)
-

0.1
1
= 0.1.
1+1000x0.019 20 0.05 =0.5% Ans.

7.6. EMITTER FOLLOWER (AN EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK)

An emitter follower is a very useful negative feedback circuit and is extensively used in
electronicinstruments. The circuit of emitter follower using a resistance RL in the collector circuit
isshown in Fig. 7.13 (a). Here the output voltage Vo is developed across emitter resistance Re
ig. 7.13 (6) gives the approximate small signal equivalent circuit, using CE hybrid model.

Vcc

e
r wwMa
Rs BV=V
Vs s

(a) Emitter Follower

(b) Approximate Equilavent Circuit

Fig. 7.13. (a) Emitter tollower (b) approximate small signal equivalent circuit.

In emitter follower whole output voltage V, is fed into the input side and as in CE
ampl
theoutput and input signalsare out of phase hencethe effective input voltage is (V,-Vol, so the
voltage gain is less than unity. Hence it does not amplify the voltage. Actually in this circuit the
 AV+AB)-ABV,+Va
VollAB-AV AB)+Va
uation (7.14) tndicaltes
V-AV 1AB
that -(7.14)
undistorted output
AV, remains unchanged
icn V, is reduced with but the non-linear
neattve feedhack hy a factor
V phen by 1-Ape distortion Dgets reduced to
D
D'-T1+ ABI: for negative feedback (1 +
Toget some idea fhow negative feedback
of Aß)>11
idhack whose output wavetorm, as shown in reduces distortion, consider an
amplifier without
iedback is applicd, the wave irom V, Irom O to Fig. 7.6
A would
(a), V, is a pure sine wave. f
negative
as V, Morcover, when the
eas
shupe nearly be reduced in size but the samee
"dip ties to occur during the interval from A to B, the
oltage feedback from the output will tend to amount of
decrease and reduce the
Bormal input "bucking effect on the

O u t p u t from
Amplifier (Vo) ut from
Ampifier (V
Input to
Amplitier V) Input to
nplitlier (Vg)

(a) With no Feedback Large Distortion (b) With no Feedback Heduced Distortion
Fig.75. Input and output waveforms for an amplifier

(o) with no feedback large distortion (b) With feedback reduced diatortion.
hus the input Vi is effectively increased over what it would be without the distortion in the
a h e resultant emphasis at the input [Fig, 7.6 (b)l produces a greater output, tending to "fil
oie,and reduce distortion. Alternately, the output distortion may be thought of as primarily
harmonic. Then, when the second harmonic goes negative, a portion of this voltage actually
dds to the tor
to increase the input and
input, helping compensate the loss in output.
Example 7.8. An amplifier has a voltage gain of 200, distortion of 10s% and a normal input
b e f o r e negative feedback is applied. When negative feedback with B = 005 is applied,
en find to produce the same output
il e new gain and distortion. the
anplyrer s requred
value of the pur voltage.
before feedback, then find the new

D=10%, D =?
udon. Given, A = 200, B= 0.05, A,=?,
200 200
We know that
Y 1+AB 1+200x0.05 1118.8 Ans.
For negative feedback.

D 10%
1+200x0.05 11= 0.9099% Ans.
Distortion. D 1+AB
 170 y d+AB)

get
Using eq. (7.48) and (7.49)
we

1+ h hie +hye Re
Zy- hiel
Since Z, = hie + hie e
by negative fee
follower is
considerably
incrcased

teedback
of emitter
p u impedance
(e) Output impeduwithout leedback,
Output impedance

Zo circuit Output cument

nt of the
circuit output voltage and shot
I are respectively the open
wniere V and connectcu o

side of V, is Fig. 7.13 (b)

p u i e r Le. with grounded
heR,Vs [ Using
Since V=im YoRlim R, +hie eq (745)

heVs
And
IR+ie
hiRV R, +lie = lim R
RoT R,+hie hieVs e
Hence, we find that output impedance without feedback is infinite.

Output impedance of the amplitier with negative feedback is [Using eq. (7.45))
li Re
Z
Zof 1+BA
1+R+e
im (R,+hie)R
R-R, +he) +hieRe

lim
im e R, +hie
R R,+lic
Re
=
hfe hfe
Thus, the output impedance of an emitter follower is
feedback. considerably reduced by negau
Uses
Due to very high input impedance and very low output
it can be used as
impedance of emitter tollowe circul
1. Matching device in CRO, Video stage of
in power supplies television receiver and as series
2. It is not
only better and more
voltage ics
has much better convenient than
response 1.e. it works over a transformer
a a
3. It also
frequency wide
for
impedance mai
ng bu

helps to increase the power level of

the signal.
range of
frequencies.
 5 Sem
ELECTROICS
MODENS

Then. Zt -

Since
-03
V,-B Vo
:V,=0-7.32
the oulpu
and a p p e s t
A of the amplifier,
is
e 1s ultiplied by voltage gain
opposition to V,

Using Eq (7.31), we get

7loVo-AV
(1+A)
0o Vo+ ApV%= V,

1 -AB
Puting eq (7.33) in eq (7.31), we get 0.33)

Zu1+AB - 7.34)
from eq. (7.34) we fimd that
Since I1+ ABI >1 for negative feedback, so
outputimpedance
c c s oy a Tactor 1+ AB with negative feedback of voltage-series feedback circuit.

(b) Current-shunt feedback

The block diagram for current feedback is shown in Fig (7.11)
Here - (7.35)
where lo is the current drawn by the amplifier from the source.
Since
,,-1=0-1 1=0
4-Blo 1=
This current is multiplied
by current gain A
of the amplifier and
appear at the output opposition
to currentVoZo
Igmo Anpior
So lo= Aßlo

lo(1+AB)= Zo
Feedbac
Network P
=(1+AB) Z, (7.36)
Fig. 7.11. Block
Putting equation (7.36) in eq. (7.35), we get
diagram of curent-shunt
feedback ampliftier.
Since 11+ Aßl>
1+Aß)
I for
. (7.37)
negative feedback. So output impedance
amplifier increases by a factor I1 + ABI for the
current-shunt feedbacs
 08ACA ERS
ld be notcd
that the
gain is
eessed. Hence the product c reduced by e
a h same factor, (1+BAm), that
ses 1he t hdwidth increases s the
hanilw
t and with

by sponse.clharactenstics.
Fxample 7.9. A transistor The
pfier hasas y distortion
distortion is
feedback remain cona
g c of usable frequencies
frequency and thus in
cies and thus npas
ifier 1s
TAS2 and the outo
output resistance v
un of
considerabiy
50. The
vevoltage Jeedtack
voltake e rc in
in
series f
n
40 input resiatance of the
istances w n Jeedback
with the e amplifier is now provided wiüh 1 0
input. Calculate the voltage gain, nput and outpat
npat
Solution. 4 1k2,
Z40 ka, B= 10%m 10
100A1.24%2
Since
A 50
Y1+AB 1+50x0.16 =8.33 Ans.
y2,0 +BA)= 1(0 +0.1x 50) =6
k0 Ans.
in) 40
1+AB 1+0.1x506 6.66 k2 Ans.
Example 7.10. An
amplifier has a current gain of 200 and output
kedback neganve current Jeedback (f =
0,01) impedance of 3kL2 withou
is
applied. What is the output impedance of the
anplifier
Solution. Zo=3 k2, A= 200. B= 0.01
We know that
u 2 (1 +AB)
-74 311+ 200 x (0.01)1=9 k2 Ans.
Example 7.l1. An RC coupled amplijfier has a mid frequency gain of 200 and a
response from 100 Ha to 20 kHz A negative feedback netvork B= 0.02 incorporatedfrequency
into the
sed by a
anplifier circuit.
Detemine the new sustain
perfomance.
Solution. Given A = 200. f= 100 Hz./ 20 k Hz, B= 0.02 =
nCTease
rease 200 200
Here
7.12 Ay1+BA 1+0.02x200 5 40 Ans.

100 100
n1+BA 1+0.02x 200 5=40 Ans.
In h1+BA)= 20(1+0.02 x 200) =20 x5= 100 kHz Ans
Bandwidth without feedback
BW = f-h=20 kHz- 100 Hz =20 kHz Ans.

Bandwidth with feedback

100 kHz -

20 Hz -
100 kHz Ans.
(BW), =
e-In=
TOm above results, we find that bandwidth product remains constant

ABW = 200 x 20= 4000 kHz.

40 x 100=4000 kHz
ABWr =

xample 7.12. An amplifier hasa

current gain of 200 and a bandwidth of 400 kHz withou
Jeedback negative current feedback (ß = 0.01) is applied, what is the bandwidth of the amplifier 7

A 200
B =0.01,
=

olution. Given BW = 400 k Hz.