ENERGYCON 2014 • May 13-16, 2014 • Dubrovnik, Croatia

Resources and Possibilities of Agro Biomass Usage

for Energy Purposes in Slavonia Region (Croatia)
Hrvoje Glavaš #1, Milan Ivanoviü *2, Niko Mandiü #3
#
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
Kneza Trpimira 2b, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
1
hrvoje.glavas@etfos.hr
2*
PANON – Think Tank for strategic studies, Osijek
2
milan.ivanovic@etfos.hr
3*
HOPS Zagreb
Kupska 4, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
nmandic@hops.hr

Abstract - The paper provides an overview of the biomass
potential as Croatian significant renewable energy source
especially in the region of Slavonia and Baranja. Starting from
the national energy framework authors points to the decline of
primary energy supply in Republic Croatia and decrease in
energy efficiency. Quantity and energy potential of biomass
from crop residues, fruit and grape production in Slavonia and
Baranja has been estimated. In conclusion, authors provide
suggestions for specific evaluation of agricultural solid biomass
potential in Slavonia and Baranja region.
Keywords: Biomass, Energy Potential, Crop Residues
committed to increasing use of renewable energy sources and
to increasing energy efficiency, especially in buildings. [5] [11]
The Republic of Croatia has adopted the objectives of EU
energy policy [5], but spends 128% more primary energy per
unit of GDP than the EU-27. In the Republic of Croatia on
1000€ of GDP 295 kg of oil equivalent is used; the EU-27
average is 131, while Germany spends 98.9 kg eq. oil. (Fig 1)

I. INTRODUCTION
Author’s studies, as well as studies from other research
teams in the region and the Republic of Croatia (RC), indicate
there is a great potential of renewable energy sources in
Slavonia and Baranja, particularly biomass. Slavonia region
has the greatest potential for biomass usage in Croatia; the
types are agricultural biomass, forest biomass, municipal
waste, urban waste and remains from timber industry. [1] - [10]
Valuation of renewable energy potential particularly
biomass as well as biomass exploitation during the past
twenty years were carried out on case- by-case basis. In the
past few years power plants on biogas and biomass have been
built in the region or construction was started. The so-called
RES market model of evaluation began was introduced -
pioneers of such model for biomass usage would say.
However, most of these ventures are not affiliated in
consistent policy for energy and technology development of
Croatia or the region. These first ventures in biomass usage
are likely to bring profits to investors, but the overall benefits
to the territory of Croatia and Slavonia region will not be at a
level that can be achieved with synergistic effects through
economic developmental policies on energy and technology
based on research. [7] [11]
A. National Energy Framework
The EU has adopted a strategy of energy development in
order to: a) improve the quality and security of supply, b)
increase economic competitiveness and c) mitigation of
climate change. In order to ensure new domicile energy
sources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the EU is
Fig.1. Energy intensity of selected EU countries and Croatia
in 2001 and 2006 [12]
It is important to emphasize that in the past 20 years supply
with own primary energy in Croatia is declining, [13]
although there is significant potential for the usage of
renewable energy sources, biomass in particular, which are
not used in order to increase energy efficiency or development
of economy.
B. Biomass - Renewable Energy
Biomass is a natural renewable source of energy that is
organic, and is generally divided into three groups: a) forest
biomass, b) residues from agriculture and c) the organic
fraction of industrial and municipal waste. In the first group
along with forest biomass are residues from timber industry.
The second group consists of residues from agriculture: from
farming, livestock, and fruit, grape-growing and fishing (in
Slavonia we can find: straw, corn stalks, cobs, stems, seeds,
husks). Crop biomass is heterogeneous and has a low calorific
value due to the high moisture content and various impurities.
In the third biomass group falls commerce waste, industrial

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 ENERGYCON 2014 • May 13-16, 2014 • Dubrovnik, Croatia

and municipal waste, and they include an organic part from TABLE II
BIOMASS RESIDUES FROM CROP PRODUCTION IN THE SIB REGION
commercial sector, industrial and household waste and
biomass from parks and gardens as well as urban areas. Harvested Average Total Ratio Biomass
The Republic of Croatia has a very good potential for usage area yield yield grain: cobs
CROP
of all three types of biomass. RC has large natural forests from 1000 ha t/ha 1000 t 1000 ha
which with good management a large amount of biomass can
Wheat 111.2 5.1 563 1:1 563
be created for industrial processing and energy usage purposes.
The potentials of agricultural biomass and organic fraction Barley 30.4 4.2 127 1:1 127
from industrial and municipal waste are also promising. Rye 0.45 2.7 1,2 1:1.2 1.4
II. AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS IN SLAVONIA Oats 13.1 2.5 33,4 1:1 33.4
AND BARANJA Corn (st) 159.5 6.6 1,060 1:1 1060
A. Biomass from Crop Production Corn (cb) - 6.6 1,060 1:0.2 212
In the region of Slavonia and Baranja there are 748,678 ha Soy 37.7 2.5 95 1:2 190
of agricultural land, of which 704,982 ha is arable land. As Sunflower (st) 22.8 2.8 63.8 1:2 128
can be seen from tab. 1 most arable land is located in Osijek Sunflower (cb) - 2.8 63.8 1:0.3 19
County (OBC), and the least in Požega (PSC). Fig. 2 shows
Oilseed Rape 13.3 2.7 35.8 1:2 72
the amount of arable land in the SIB region.
Tobacco 4.4 2.1 9.2 1:0.35 3.2
TABLE I
ARABLE LAND IN THE REGION SIB (ha) - AVERAGE FROM 2003 TO 2006 Total 392.9 2,409
No. County Total Cereals Oilseeds Tobacco Calc based on [13] [14] [15]

1. VPC 86,520 52,910 13,701 3,713

2. PSC 37,002 26,334 3,803 1,121
3. BPC 60,160 42,020 7,080 81
4. OBC 221,952 131,915 37,031 268
5. VSC 144,475 79,101 29,173 78
SiB region 550,108 332,280 90,788 5,261

Soybeans
Corn

Sunflower

Rapeseed
[13]

Tobacco
Grains

Fig.3. Biomass residues from crop production

in the region of Slavonia and Baranja

B. Biomass residues from orchards pruning

Fig.2. The share of Slavonia and Baranja region arable land
in Croatian arable land [13]
Due to the absence of appropriate and recent statistical data
for Croatia’s counties, calculation of biomass residues from
orchards pruning was carried out by expert assessment based
on data from the agricultural censuses in 2003 and statistical
reports for NUT 2 level (the EU statistical regions in RC).

As part of this research, energy potential valorization of TABLE III

BIOMASS RESIDUES FROM PRUNING FRUIT TREES AND
solid biomass residues from crop production was conducted, VINEYARDS IN THE REGION SIB
including: a) the straw of wheat, barley, rye, oats and
soybeans, b) the stalk and the cob of corn and sunflowers, and Agro Orchards Average rest Total rest
c) the stalk of rapeseed and tobacco. Table 2 takes into culture area of pruning of pruning
account a) the net heat values of certain types of biomass, b) ha t/ha t
the area harvested and c) the yield of individual cultures - Orchards 12,111 1.05 13,352
based on the average of the past five years - and the standard
Vineyards 7,725 0.95 7,339
ratio of fruit (grain) and as agricultural residue (stalk and cob).
In the first stage of the evaluation the potentials of biomass Total 19,836 20,691
were identified (tab. 2 and fig. 2). Calc based on [16] [17]

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 ENERGYCON 2014 • May 13-16, 2014 • Dubrovnik, Croatia

III. ENERGY POTENTIAL OF AGRARIAN IN SLAVONIA Table 4 gives overview of the lower heating value (Hd) for
A. Assessment Methodology certain types of solid biomass; from several different tables
Hdmin in the literature, in Croatia and abroad, we decided to
Because of the diverse composition of biomass, balancing, use the table below - which is used in a number of studies and
plant design and use of biomass in power plants is papers by the neighboring province of Vojvodina (Serbia).
complicated if compared to other forms of renewable energy.
Types of biomass differ from each other in terms of energy According to results of this paper - the energy potential of
value, moisture and ash content, form and composition, which crop residues and fruit production in Slavonia and Baranja is
need to be taken into consideration when choosing 854,770 toe which is more than important for a country which
technologies for their conversion into useful energy. Therefore, depends on energy imports for about 40% of final energy
assessment of biomass potential for these three types of consumption.
products, crops, fruit and grape production in Slavonia and
Baranja, can be executed according to the following formulas:
a) For crops
Epba = (PPa x ppa x Ozoka) x Hdmin-a (1)
Legend
EPBA = biomass energy potential of crops "a"
PPa = harvested area under crops (ha)
ppa = average yield (t/ha)

Corn

Soybeans
Ozoka = ratio of the grain and the rest of the plant "a"

Oilseeds
Hdmin-a = lower heating value of crops "a" (MJ/t)

Vineyards
b) For residues from pruning fruit

Tobacco
Grains

Fruits
Epbo = (PPo x Poro) x Hdmin-o (2)
Epbo = biomass energy potential of fruit "a"
PPO = area of orchards "a" (ha)
Poro = yield from trees pruning "a" (t / ha)
Hdmin-o = lower heating value of rest of pruning fruit trees "a" (MJ/t) Fig. 4. Energy value of agricultural biomass in the region
c) For residues from pruning vineyards of Slavonia and Baranja
Epbi = (PPi x Pori) x Hdmin-i (3)
Epbi = biomass energy potential of the grape-growing It should be emphasized that after harvesting farmers leave
PPi = area of vineyards (ha) on the fields a significant remains of agricultural crops -
Pori = pruning vines yield (t / ha)
Hdmin-i = lower heating value of pruning vines residual (MJ / t)
which represent for producers and the community economic
and energy losses, even if they burn residues in the fields,
EPB for other crops is calculated for each type of field crop which is according to EU regulation prohibited and punishable.
(wheat, corn, sunflower, etc.). For fruit production EPB is also
We should point out two important facts:
calculated for each type of fruit separately (pears, apples,
plums, etc.). EPB from pruning vineyards is calculated for the - In agriculture there are different grades of necessity to
total vineyard production (regardless of the grape variety). restore (leaving) organic matter in to arable soil after
harvest, there are different percentages of return; from 30 to
TABLE IV 70%, [1] [2] [15] [17]
ENERGY POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS IN SLAVONIA
- In our opinion it is methodologically incorrect to pre-
Hd Production Energy toe determine use of biomass. There are several possibilities of
No Biomass
(MJ/kg) 103 t (TJ) (t) utilization of biomass, and this is to be decided upon after
1. Wheat straw 14.0 563 7,881 196,098 considering a number of agronomic, environmental,
2. Barley straw 14.2 127 1,804 44,887 economic, and technological parameters. Basically the raw
materials are seldom subject to the influence of economic
3. Oat straw 14.5 1.4 20 499
law of rarities. This is governed by market criteria, but that
4. Rye straw 14.0 33.4 485 12,032 should be incorporated in the public interest. Therefore,
5. Corn 13.5 1,060 14,306 355,952 these issues should be discussed by experts.
6. Corn cobs 14.7 212 3,115 77,519
IV. POSSIBILITIES OF EXPLOITING AGRICULTURAL
7. Sunflower st. 14.5 190 2,984 74,257
SOLID BIOMASS
8. Sunflower cb 17.6 126 1,849 46,001
Using sectors approach there are several good possibilities
9. Straw soy 15.7 19 336 8,352
of agrarian solid biomass utilization, for example in:
10. St. rapeseed 17.4 72 1,247 31,024 1. Agriculture - in farming as a return of organic matter in
11. Tobacco st. 13.9 3.2 45 1,116 agricultural soil, for livestock farming as or as additives
12. Prun. orchard 14.2 13 180 4,477 in animal feed,
13. Prun.vineyards 14.0 7.4 103 2,556 2. Industry - as a raw material for industrial products,
Total 2,428 34,355 854,770 3. Energy - as an energy source,
Calc based on: [16] [17] [18] 4. Construction - as a building material.

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 ENERGYCON 2014 • May 13-16, 2014 • Dubrovnik, Croatia
In this paper we only discuss the use of solid biomass as
energy generating product. Decision on how to use biomass
should be preceded by studies in which the biomass is
assessed by type, quantity and location and by analysis of its
usage. Certainly there should be a national strategy for using
these renewable resources that will take into account: a)
cultural, b) environmental, c) economic, d) market and e)
social elements of biomass use in the local and regional area.
A. Energy Usage
Depending on the applied technology, heat and electricity
can be produced from agricultural solid biomass as well as
derivatives from which it is possible to get usable energy. The
most common examples of products of agricultural biomass
are briquettes, pellets, biogas and biofuels (ethanol and
biodiesel).
Important features of biomass usage for energy purposes:
a) Increased energy self-sufficiency (reduced imports of
fossil fuels);
b) Reduced emission of greenhouse gases (in relation to
the use of fossil fuels);
c) Extra income in agriculture, forestry and wood
industry (sales of biomass);
d) Possibility for the industry to adopt new technologies
and open new production facilities;
e) Increases in transport activity (transport of raw
materials);
f) Starting up new businesses and new jobs structures;
g) New science and technology research projects,
development of new technologies;
e) In the local community - increased economic activity
and established cash flows (investment - income - tax)
or employment (new and existing jobs).
It is therefore important that all participants in process of
preparing, production and use of agricultural biomass in the
SiB region consider influence of these benefits to other sectors
in their projects. [19]
These energy, environmental and socio - economic benefits
of using biomass are highly significant (compared to fossil
fuels and other renewable energy sources). Therefore well-
organized and developed EU countries, which are aware of the
positive effects, substantially help projects using biomass
energy.
B. Technological Capabilities of Energy Usage
Biomass technology is very well developed and applied in
practical application for decades; there are dozens of models
for household energy use in term of heating capacity, as well
as in the business premises of small and large companies.
Series of plants for the preparation of biomass in process of
manufacture pellets and briquettes from residues of
agricultural crops are developed and produced. There are
technological solutions - which are used in practice - for the
use of agricultural residues in large plants for the production
of heat (heating) and electricity (or in a combinated process -
CHP). [20]
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Without the need for a separate discussion it can be
concluded that technological capabilities are not a problem for
a specific evaluation of the potential of biomass in the region
of Slavonia and Baranja; there are technical experts in the
region who are able to apply all the modern technology to use
biomass. So, there are: a) the significant resources of
agricultural biomass, b) technology, c) professional and
technical staff, d) examples of good practice abroad in
neighboring (transition) countries, e) there is legislation and
supporting legislation for incentives and f) the need for energy
in the region.
The fundamental problem for the solution of this equation
lies in the fact that in the so-called market model evaluation of
renewable energy sources (such as natural advantages)
initiative is left to private investors. There are not many
private investors in Croatia, but basically they: a) do not have
business horizon for large investments or b) do not have
financial strength for such projects. Local government and
regional administrations also do not have a broader business
horizon - and they should in the interests of local (regional)
community start up projects in order to evaluate these energy
resources in their region.
C. Energy Usage in Slavonia and Baranja
The structure of energy consumption in the region of
Slavonia and Baranja has not been properly established in the
last 20 years. Possibilities of using county biomass will be
applied using the example of energy consumption in the OBC.
The energy generating product used for heating in buildings
in the area OBC are in most cases: natural gas (43%),
electricity (34%) and heat from the CTS (12%) followed by:
firewood, fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), crops cob,
geothermal energy and coal; [10] the education sub-sector in
the field of OBC in final energy consumption (data from 2007)
included: 87 kindergartens, 184 primary schools, 59
secondary schools and 18 colleges and university departments.
The basic energy generating products (data for 2010) are:
natural gas (30%), the heat from the CTS (29%), electricity
(22%) and fuel oil (19%).
Energy consumption in the subsector of households is
shown in table 6 and Fig. 5;
TABLE V
HOUSEHOLDS IN THE OBC AREA - HEATING HOUSEHOLDS (2010)
Number of households
Heating model City Village Total
Connection to the gas system 45,832 10,025 55,857
Connection to CTS (Osijek) 10,418 0 10,418
total 56,250 10,025 66,275
AHTI (Autonomous household 15,339 29,233 44,572
thermal installations
Total 71,589 39,258 110,847
[10]
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 ENERGYCON 2014 • May 13-16, 2014 • Dubrovnik, Croatia
Energy consumption in the household subsector has the
following structure: natural gas (52%), electricity (31%) and
heat from the CTS (8.2%). The largest proportion of
households in cities (79%) is connected to the gas or CTS, and
the majority of households in the villages (71%) have the
AHTI (autonomous household thermal installations).
Fig. 5. Structure households by mode of heating housing (2010) in OBC [10]
This structure is heat needs in cities has many advantages,
but there are also disadvantages. Critical moments occur in a
situation of energy reduction, and then a large proportion of
households in urban areas will be in a very unfavorable
position. In a crisis situation or in the period before the start of
the heating season from CTS, households use electricity as an
alternative form of heating residential areas - which threatens
the stability of the power system and significantly reduces
energy efficiency; [20] [21] [22] Fig 6. In developed countries
households are required to have in reserve an alternative
method of heating, but without electricity (example –
Ljubljana in Slovenia).
Fig. 6. Daily electricity consumption and temperature on the territory RC [22]
According to the presentation - it can be concluded that in
the area a large percentage of OBC uses natural gas and oil as
fuel for heating and that it is energy that Croatia has to import
(about 40%). Also – what must be emphasized is unfairly low
percentage of biomass utilization. This biomass is not
imported, it is as energy more accessible than imported fossil
fuels and thereby cheaper. It can employ local people, and
increase revenue for farmers. By using logical, good
management, countries could start investment cycle and
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employ local people in the short term (year or two) to perform
the substitution heating fuel in objects of not public services
(education, social welfare, etc. ) and by regulation biomass
markets help households to use agricultural biomass.
The actual evaluation of agricultural biomass in the area OBC
must be conducted in a complete cycle that has several stages.
Some important stages are:
a) Promotion of the use of agricultural biomass for public
institutions and households
b) Education and training on how to use agricultural
biomass;
c) Determining the users of biomass for heating, typically
institutions financed from the budget (which use fuel
oil or natural gas for heating) whose locations allow
manipulation of biomass or biomass derivatives;
d) Start of furnaces reconstruction projects;
e) Construction of plants for agricultural biomass
briquetting and pelleting;
f) Organizing of local markets for agricultural biomass.
V. CONCLUSION
Capitalization of knowledge is initiator of development of
new technologies and economy based on knowledge;
necessary technological and business knowledge for
evaluation of renewable energy sources in the region exits but
this knowledge is not involved in the processes of renewable
energy sources in the region of Slavonia.
In the area of Slavonia and Baranja the total amount of
solid agricultural biomass is 2.43 million tons per year. The
structure of this biomass consists of: rests of corn 1.3 million
tones, cereal straw (wheat, barley, rye, oats) 725,000 tons, the
remains of oilseeds (sunflower and rapeseed) 218,000 tons,
soybean straw 190,000 tons, tobacco stalks 3.2 thousand tons
and the remains of pruning orchards 12,700 tons and 7,400
tons of vineyards.
These quantities of agricultural solid biomass are an
important raw material, resource that is renewable and can be
used in agriculture, industry, energy and civil engineering.
Decisions on how to use biomass must be based on studies
in which biomass assessments should be performed according
to the type, quantity and location and its use.
The existence of national and regional strategies for using
these renewable resources is implied, as well as fact that
strategies will take into account: a) environmental, b)
economic and market and c) social elements of the use of
biomass in the local and regional area. Agricultural solid
biomass can be very effectively used in gaining energy;
depending on the applied technology it can produce thermal,
electrical and mechanical energy (fuels). Benefits of using
energy agrarian solid biomass are:
1) Increase in self-sufficiency of energy (reduced imports
of fossil fuels);
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 ENERGYCON 2014 • May 13-16, 2014 • Dubrovnik, Croatia
2) Reduction in emission of greenhouse gases (in relation
to the use of fossil fuels);
3) Extra income in agriculture, forestry and the timber
industry;
4) Increase in local and regional economic activity and
establish cash flows in the local community
(investment - income - tax) and creation of new jobs.
These ecological, energetic and socio-economic benefits of
using biomass are highly significant (compared to fossil fuels,
but also to other renewable energy sources); therefore EU
countries substantially support projects of usage of biomass
for energy.
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