EffectofMicrowav esonhumanbody :Humanbl ood,brainbone,

mus cleandfatbehaveas
conductivedielectr
ics
.Themi crowaveenergydirectedontohumanbodymaybeabs orbed,
ref
lectedors catter
eddependi ngonthes i
zeandel ectr
icalpr
opert
iesoft heti
ssueandal s
oon
thef i
el
ds t
rengt handfrequencyofthemicrowav e.Theabsorbedmi crowaveenergyproduces
mol ecul
arvibrati
onandi sconvert
edintoheat.
Thi sri
sesthetemperat ureoft
hebodyandi tmay
damaget hebi ologi
calsubstancespermanentl
y.

Forexample,i
fthelensoft
heey ei
sexpos edt
omi cr
owaves,i
tmayleadt
ocatar
act
.Hazar
dsof
micr
owaver adi
ati
ont oper
sonnelr
angefromleukemiat
os t
eri
li
ty
.Int
hehumanbodyst
omach,
i
ntest
ineandbladderarespeci
all
ysens
iti
vetomicrowav
es.

Medi
cal
andCi
vi
lappl
i
cat
ionsofmi
crowav
es:

Forbi ol
ogi calappli
cat i
ons ,thereisal otofinteresttous emi crowavesnowaday sfort
hei magingofs oft
ti
ss uesast heyhav es ubstant i
aldif
fer
encei ntheirdi
electr
icproper t
ies.
Ithasrecentl
ybeenes tabli
shedthat
dielectr
icpr opert
iesofcancer ousormaligntissuesar equit
edi f
ferentfr
omt hatofthehealthytis
sues.This
principl
ehasbeenexpl oredt odetectt hebr eastt umoratanear l
ys t
age.Ast hephot onener gyof
micr owav eissuffi
cientl
yl ow,hencei tiscons i
der edtober elati
velysafecompar edtoX- r
ay s
. However,to
full
yexplor ethisresearchf i
eld,thedi
electri
cproper t
iesofanumberofbi ol
ogicalt
iss
ues(bothheal t
hyand
mal i
gn)s houldfir
stbeaccur at el
ydeterminedinor dertofindoutt hecontrastbetweendiel
ectricproper
ties
oft wotypesoft i
ssues .

Vari
ousmolecular
,at
omic,andnucl
earres
onancesoccuratmicr
owavef
requencies
,creat
inga
var
iet
yofuniqueappli
cat
ionsi
ntheareasofbasi
csci
ence,remotes
ensi
ng,medicaldi
agnosti
cs
andtreat
ment,andheati
ngmethods

Medi
cal
appl
i
cat
ionsar
eoft
wot
ypes
:Di
agnos
ticappl
i
cat
ionsandTher
apeut
icappl
i
cat
ions

Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etobecons
ider
edi
nus
ingmi
crowav
esf
ormedi
cal
appl
i
cat
ions

1
.Adv
ant
agesandLi
mit
ati
onsoft
echnol
ogy

2.
Humanchar
act
eri
sti
cs:

 Di
ff
erencesi
nti
ssueDi
ff
erencesi
nti
ssuepr
oper
ti
es(
nor
mal
/t
umor
)pr
oper
ti
es
(
normal/
tumor
)

 Complexpat
ter
nsoffi
el
dsinomplexpat
ter
nsoff
iel
dsi
nthebody
,scat
ter
ingt
hebody
,
scat
ter
ingI
ndi
vi
dual
anatomical

 I
ndi
vi
dual
anat
omi
cal
dif
fer
ences

3.
Frequenci
esus
edar
eus
ual
l
y100MHz-
30GHz
.
Di
agnosti
cappli
cati
onsincl
udetumordetecti
onbas
edondi
ff
erencesi
nti
ssueel
ect
ri
cal
pr
opert
ies.Regi
onalhypert
her
miaint
egratedwit
hMRI

Ther
apeuti
cappli
cati
onsbas
edonl
ocal
heat
ing:
pros
tat
ehy
per
plas
ia,
hear
tandot
hert
iss
ue
abl
ati
on,
angiopl
asty
.

Ci
vi
lAppl
i
cat
ions
:Mi
crowav
esar
eus
edi
nci
vi
landi
ndus
tri
alappl
i
cat
ions
,es
peci
al
lybecaus
eoft
hei
rabi
l
it
y
ofpenet
rat
eins
idedi
el
ect
ri
cmat
eri
al
s.
 

I
nci vilengineeri
ngappl i
cati
ons,themicrowav etechni
quesar ebeingexploredtobeus edina
number of ar eas s t
art
ing from remotes ens
ing,s urveyi
ng,geophysicalpr ospecting and
archeologicalappli
cati
onstothenondes t
ructi
veev al
uati
onandt esti
ngofconcretes t
ructur esand
buil
dings.Thebas i
ci deabehindmi cr
owav enondes tr
ucti
vet est
ingandremot es ensingi st
hat
vari
ousobj ectsintheunder groundandtheconcr etes t
ructur
ecanbedi ff
erenti
atedduet othei
r
dif
ferencei ndiel
ectr
icpropert
ies.

Nowaday s,
micr owav eandr adiofrequencys i
gnalsar eempl oy edforawi dev arietyof
applications.I
tincludeswi relesscommuni cat i
onsy stems ,mobi lephone, radar ,tel
emet r
y ,
medi cine,biol
ogy , agri
culture,i
ndus tri
alprocesscont rol,etc. Electromagnet i
c( EM)ener gy
canbeus edefficientl
yint hes eapplicati
onsonl yi
fitsinter actionbehav i
orwi thas s ociat
ed
subs tanceisknown. Thi
s ,inturn,dependsont heEMpr oper tiesoft hatmat erial.Ther efor
e,
themat eri
alchar acteri
sticscanbededucedbyanal yz i
ngt heEMs i
gnalsinteract i
ngwi t
hit.
Oneoft hemos timpor tantpar amet erofmat eri
alsist hewat ercont ent,ormoi s ture
cont ent(MC) .Manydamagesi nbuil
dingsar ecaus edbymoi sture.Theycanbeofv ari
ous
forms ,24%becaus eofpenet r
ati
onofr ai
n-wat er
,1 8%cr acks ,17%combi neddamages ,
16%ar eduet ocondens edwat er,1
5%f l
akingofplas ter,5%moi sturerisi
ngf romgr ound.
Damagecaus edbymoi stur erequir
edexpens esofmai ntenance. Lowi ntens i
tymi crowav e
radiationisappliedf ormi crowav emoi sturemeas urementwascal led" microwav e
aquamet ry"

Concreteisoneoft hemaj ormaterial

sus edi ncons t
ructi
ongl obally.Iti
scompr isedof
cement,wat er,fi
neaggr egateandcoar s eaggr egate.Thecementandwat ercombi neinto
acementpas tebinder. Thecompr essi
v estrengt hofconcr eteisdet erminedmai nlybyi ts
water-
to-cementw/ cr atio,whichcanbemeas uredbynear -
fi
eldmi crowav etechni ques] .
Changesofmoi st
ureinaggr egatesinther angeof2-6%MCr educet hecompr ession
str
engthofconcr eteupt o25%5] .
Reinforci ngs teelbarsar eappliedi nconcr etebr i
dge
decksandcol umns .Chlor i
deintr
usionintoconcr etecanl eadt odepas si
v ati
onoft hes t
eel
andini
ti
ationofcor rosion, whichcanbedet ectedbymi crowav es[6] .Reinforcings teel
corros
ionist hecaus eofdamagei nthemaj or i
tyofreinf
or cedconcr etebr i
dgesi nthe
Unit
edSt ates .I
ti
ses sent i
altoinsertcontrol pointsintomoder naut omat edmanuf act ur
ing
processestoens urehomogeneouspr oductqual ity.
ParticleboardPB, chipboar d,oriented
 strandboar dOSBmanuf acturi
ngalsoneedsar el
iablecont
rolmethodthatisableto
moni torl
argesi
z ecompos i
teboardscont i
nuously
. TheunevendensityandMC
distr
ibuti
on,voi
dsandf issures
,theunev enspreadingoftheglueont heparti
clesandot her
l
es simportantf
act orshavegreateffectonthequal it
yoftheboards.Themaj ori
tyofthese
factorscanber elatedtothechangeoft heproperti
esofmicrowavesast heypenetrate
throughtheboar d.

Mi cr
owaveimaging 
isasci
encewhichhasbeenevol
vedfromolderdet
ecti
ng/locat
ingtechni
ques
(e.g.
,r
adar
)inordertoeval
uat
ehiddenorembeddedobjectsi
nas tr
uct
ure(ormedia)us
ing
electr
omagneti
c( EM)wavesi
n mi
crowaveregi
me(i.
e.
,~
300MHz -300GHz ).

I
magi
ngmet
hods
:Radari
magi
ngandmi
crowav
etomogr
aphy

Appl
i
cat
ions
:Mi
l
it
ary
,aer
ospace,
biomedi
cal
,geogr
aphi
cal
pros
pect
ing,
civ
ilandi
ndus
tri
alf
iel
ds

Exampl
es

Mi
crowav
eimagi
nghasbeenus
edi
nav
ari
etyofappl
i
cat
ionss
uchas
:nondes
truct
iv
etes
tingand
ev
aluat
ion(
NDT&E)
,medi
cal
imagi
ng,
conceal
edweapondet
ect
ionats
ecur
it
ycheckpoi
nts
,st
ruct
ural
heal
thmoni
tor
ing,
andt
hrough-
the-
wal
li
magi
ng.
Someoft
her
ecentappl
i
cat
ionsofmi
crowav
e
i
magi
ngf
orNDT&Ecanbel
i
stedas
:[
6]
 
a)di
sbanddet
ect
ioni
nst
rengt
henedconcr
etebr
idgemember
s
r
etr
ofi
tt
edwi
thcar
bonf
iberr
einf
orced(
CFRP)compos
itel
ami
nat
es,
b)Cor
ros
ionandpr
ecur
sor
pi
tt
ingdet
ect
ioni
npai
ntedal
umi
numands
teel
subs
trat
es,
c)Fl
awdet
ect
ioni
nspr
ay-
onf
oam
i
nsul
ati
onandt
heacr
eageheatt
il
esoft
heSpaceShut
tl
e.

Mi
crowav
eimagi
ngf
ormedi
cal
appl
i
cat
ionsi
sal
sobecomi
ngofmor
eint
eres
t.Thedi
el
ect
ri
c
pr
oper
ti
esofmal
i
gnantt
iss
uechanges
igni
fi
cant
lyi
ncompar
isonwi
tht
hepr
oper
ti
esofnor
mal
ti
ssue
(
e.g.
,br
eas
tti
ssue)
.Thi
sdi
ff
erencet
rans
lat
esi
ntoacont
ras
twhi
chcanbedet
ect
edbymi
crowav
e
i
magi
ngmet
hods
.Asoneexampl
e,t
her
ear
esev
eral
res
ear
chgr
oupsal
lar
oundt
hewor
ldwor
kingon
dev
elopi
ngef
fi
ci
entmi
crowav
eimagi
ngt
echni
quesf
orear
lydet
ect
ionofbr
eas
tcancer

Agei
ngofi
nfr
ast
ruct
urei
sbecomi
ngas
erouspr
obl
emwor
ldwi
de.
Forexampl
e,i
nrei
nfor
cedconcr
ete
s
truct
ures
,cor
ros
ionoft
hei
rst
eel
rei
nfor
cement
sist
hemai
ncaus
eoft
hei
rdet
eri
orat
ion.
InU.
S.al
one,
r
epai
randmai
ntenancecos
tduet
osuchcor
ros
ioni
sabout$276bi
l
li
onpery
ear
,[
 
8][
3]
.
Recent
ly,
micr
owav
eimagi
nghass
howngr
eatpot
ent
ial
tobeus
edf
ors
truct
ural
heal
thmoni
tor
ing.
Lowerf
requencymi
crowav
es(
e.g.
,<1
0 GHz
)caneas
il
ypenet
rat
ethr
oughconcr
eteandr
eachobj
ect
s
ofi
nter
ests
uchasr
einf
orcementbar
s(r
ebar
s).
Ift
her
eisanyr
ustont
her
ebar
,si
ncer
ustr
efl
ect
sles
s
EMwav
esi
ncompar
isonwi
ths
oundmet
al,
themi
crowav
eimagi
ngmet
hodcandi
sti
ngui
shbet
ween
r
ebar
swi
thandwi
thoutr
ust(
orcor
ros
ion)
.
[ci
tat
i
 
onneeded]
Mi
crowav
eimagi
ngal
socanbeus
edt
odet
ectany
embeddedanomal
yins
ideconcr
ete(
e.g.
,cr
ackorai
rvoi
d).