EMI
EMC

Introduction
:



• Widespread
use
of
electronic
circuits
for
communication,
computation,
automation,
and
other
purposes
makes
it
necessary
for
diverse
circuits
to
operate
in
close
proximity
to
each
other


• These
circuits
affect
each
other
adversely.
 EMI
EMC


• EMI
…..A
major
problem.
• Large
no
of
electronic
devices.
• ICs
and
LSI
to
reduce
size.
• More
circuits
crowded
in
less
space.
• Increase
in
clock
freq.
upto
1
Ghz.


 EMC
EMI
• Not
merely
to
operate
in
lab
condition.
• To
work
in
real
world
environment.
• Comply
with
EMC
regulations
of
Govt.
• This
means
that
equipment
should
not
be
affected
by
external
electromagnetic
sources
and
should
not
itself
be
a
source
of
electromagnetic
noise
that
can
pollute
the
environment.
• Electromagnetic
compatibility
should
be
a
major
design
objective.
• An
electronic
system
that
is
able
to
function
compatibly
with
other
electronic
systems
and
not
produce
or
be
susceptible
to
interference
is
said
to
be
electromagnetically
compatible
with
its
environment.


• The
objective
is
to
learn
how
to
design
electronic
systems
for
electromagnetic
compatibility
(EMC).


• A
system
is
electromagnetically
compatible
with
its
environment
if
it
satisfies
three
criteria:


1.
It
does
not
cause
interference
with
other
systems.
2.
It
is
not
susceptible
to
emissions
from
other
systems.
3.
It
does
not
cause
interference
with
itself.
 Noise
&
Interference
• Noise
is
any
electrical
signal
present
in
a
circuit
other
than
the
desired
signal.
• This
definition
excludes
the
distortion
products
produced
in
a
circuit
due
to
nonlinearities.
Although
these
distortion
products
may
be
undesirable,
they
are
not
considered
noise
unless
they
are
coupled
into
another
part
of
the
circuit.
• It
follows
that
a
desired
signal
in
one
part
of
a
circuit
can
be
considered
to
be
noise
when
coupled
to
some
other
part
of
the
circuit.
 Noise
• Noise
sources
can
be
grouped
into
the
following
three
categories:
• (1)
intrinsic
noise
sources
that
arise
from
random
fluctuations
within
physical
systems,
such
as
thermal
and
shot
noise;
• (2)
man-made
noise
sources,
such
as
motors,
switches,
computers,
digital
electronics,
and
radio
transmitters;
and
• (3)
noise
caused
by
natural
disturbances,
such
as
lightning
and
sunspots.
 Noise..Contd.
• Interference
is
the
undesirable
effect
of
noise.
• If
a
noise
voltage
causes
improper
operation
of
a
circuit,
it
is
interference.
• Noise
cannot
be
eliminated,
but
interference
can.
• Noise
can
only
be
reduced
in
magnitude,
until
it
no
longer
causes
interference.
 EMC
• Electromagnetic
compatibility
(EMC)
is
the
ability
of
an
electronic
system
to
• (1)
function
properly
in
its
intended
electromagnetic
environment
and
• (2)
not
be
a
source
of
pollution
to
that
electromagnetic
environment.
• The
electromagnetic
environment
is
composed
of
both
radiated
and
conducted
energy.
• EMC
therefore
has
two
aspects,
emission
and
susceptibility.
• Susceptibility
is
the
capability
of
a
device
or
circuit
to
respond
to
unwanted
electromagnetic
energy
(i.e.,
noise).
• The
opposite
of
susceptibility
is
immunity.
• The
immunity
level
of
a
circuit
or
device
is
the
electromagnetic
environment
in
which
the
equipment
can
operate
satisfactorily,
without
degradation,
and
with
a
defined
margin
of
safety.
• One
difficulty
in
determining
immunity
(or
susceptibility)
levels
is
defining
what
constitutes
performance
degradation.


 Definitions
• Electromagnetic
Compatibility
:
(EMC)



The
capability
of
electrical
and
electronic
systems,
equipment,
and
devices
to
operate
in
their
intended
electromagnetic
environment
within
a
defined
margin
of
safety
and
at
design
levels
or
performance
without
suffering
or
causing
unacceptable
degradation
as
a
result
of
electromagnetic
interference
[American
National
Standards
Institute
(ANSI)
C64.14-1992)].



Electromagnetic
Interference
:
(EMI)
:
• The
process
by
which
disruptive
electromagnetic
(EM)
energy
is
transmitted
from
one
electronic
device
to
another
via
radiated
or
conducted
paths
(or
both).
• In
common
usage,
the
term
refers
particularly
to
RF
signals;
however,
EMI
is
observed
throughout
the
EM
spectrum.
• Radiated
Emissions.
• The
component
of
RF
energy
that
is
emitted
through
a
medium
as
an
EM
field.
Although
RF
energy
is
usually
emitted
through
free
space,
other
modes
of
field
transmission
may
be
present.


• Conducted
Emissions.
• The
component
of
RF
energy
that
is
emitted
through
a
medium
as
a
propagating
wave
generally
through
a
wire
or
interconnect
cables.
Line-conducted
interference
(LCI)
refers
to
RF
energy
in
a
power
cord
or
alternating-current
(AC)
mains
input
cable.
Conducted
signals
propagate
as
conducted
waves.
• Susceptibility.
• A
relative
measure
of
a
device
or
a
system’s
propensity
to
be
disrupted
or
damaged
by
EMI
exposure
to
an
incident
field.
It
is
the
lack
of
immunity.
• Immunity.
• A
relative
measure
of
a
device
or
system’s
ability
to
withstand
EMI
exposure
while
maintaining
a
predefined
performance
level.
• Radiated
Immunity.
• A
product’s
relative
ability
to
withstand
EM
energy
that
arrives
via
free-space
propagation.
• Conducted
Immunity.
• A
product’s
relative
ability
to
withstand
EM
energy
that
penetrates
through
external
cables,
power
cords,
and
input–output
(I/O)
interconnects.
 EMC
CONTD
• Control
emission
• Raise
the
level
of
immunity
(
Less
susceptible)
• EMC
regulations
of
the
Govt.
(control
allowable
emissions
and
define
the
degree
of
immunity
required)
• Crisis
approach
&
Band
aid
approach.
• System
approach….Not
an
afterthought.
 FCC
• FCC
Regulations
• In
the
United
States,
the
Federal
Communications
Commission
(FCC)
regulates
the
use
of
radio
and
wire
communications.
Part
of
its
responsibility
concerns
the
control
of
interference.


 FCC..Contd
• If
a
product
uses
digital
circuitry
and
has
a
clock
greater
than
9
kHz,
then
it
is
a
digital
device
under
the
FCC
definition.
This
definition
covers
most
digital
electronics
in
existence
today.
• Computer
terminals
and
peripherals,
which
are
intended
to
be
connected
to
a
computer,
are
also
considered
to
be
digital
devices
 FCC
contd
• Digital
devices
covered
by
this
definition
are
divided
into
the
following
two
classes:
• Class
A:
A
digital
device
that
is
marketed
for
use
in
a
commercial,
industrial
or
business
environment
• Class
B:
A
digital
device
that
is
marketed
for
use
in
a
residential
environment,
notwithstanding
use
in
commercial,
business,
and
industrial
environments
• Because
Class
B
digital
devices
are
more
likely
to
be
located
in
closer
proximity
to
radio
and
television
receivers,
the
emission
limits
for
these
devices
are
about
10
dB
more
restrictive
than
those
for
Class
A
devices.
Mechanism
of
Interference
Mechanism
…contd
Mechanism..contd
 Transfer
of
EM
energy
into
4
subparts
:
• Radiated
emission
(
RE)
• Radiated
susceptibility
(
RS).
• Conducted
emission
(CE)
• Conducted
Susceptibility
(
CS).


 CE
• Conducted
emissions
are
those
currents
that
are
passed
out
through
the
unit’s
ac
power
cord
and
placed
on
the
common
power
net,
where
they
may
radiate
and
thus
cause
interference
with
other
devices.
•
The
frequency
range
for
conducted
emissions
extends
from
150
kHz
to
30
MHz
 RE
• Radiated
Emission
concern
the
electric
and
magnetic
fields
radiated
by
the
device
that
may
be
received
by
other
electronic
devices,
causing
interference
in
those
devices.
• FCC,
as
well
as
other
regulatory
agencies,
requires
measurement
of
the
radiated
electric
field,
and
the
regulatory
limits
are
given
in
terms
of
that
field
in
dBmV/m.
• The
frequency
range
for
radiated
emissions
begins
at
30
MHz
and
extends
to
40
GHz