Probability

1) A dice is thrown. What is the probability that

a) 3 occurs on the dice.
b) an odd number occurs on the dice.
c) a prime number occurs on the dice.
d) a multiple of 3 occurs on the dice.
e) a multiple of 7 occurs on the dice.
f) a number less than 10 occurs on the dice.

2) Two dice are thrown one after the other. Find the probability that
a) the same digit appears on both the dice.
b) distinct digits appear on both the dice.
c) a multiple of 2 appears on the first dice and a multiple of 3 appears on the
second dice.
d) a multiple of 2 appears on one dice and a multiple of 3 appears on the other
dice.
e) the sum of the digits appearing on the 2 dice is divisible by 7.
f) odd numbers appear on both the dice.
g) the sum of the digits appearing on the 2 dice is even.

3) Three dice are thrown one by one. Find the probability that
a) the same digit appears on the 3 dice.
b) distinct digits appear on the 3 dice.
c) at least 2 dice show the same face.
d) exactly 2 dice show the same face.
e) at least one dice shows a prime number.
f) even numbers appear on all the 3 dice.
g) the sum of the digits appearing on the 3 dice is at least 6.
h) the sum of the digits appearing on the 3 dice is even.

4) A card is drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards. What is the probability that
a) a spade occurs.
b) an ace occurs.
c) a black card occurs.
d) a red king occurs.
e) a prime number less than 10 occurs.
f) a spade or an ace occurs.
g) a king or a queen occurs.
h) a heart, an ace, or a queen occurs.
i) neither a spade nor a king occurs.

1
5) Two cards are drawn simultaneously from a pack of 52 playing cards. What
is the probability that
a) both the cards drawn are red.
b) both the cards drawn are kings.
c) one card is a king and the other is an ace.
d) both the cards drawn are red or both the cards drawn are kings.

6) a) Find the probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53
Sundays.
b) A bag contains tickets numbered 1 to 30. Three tickets are drawn at random
from the bag. What is the probability that the maximum number occurring on
the selected tickets exceeds 25?
c) Find the probability of at most 2 tails or at least 2 heads in a toss of 3 coins.
d) In an essay competition, the probability that competitors A, B, and C win the
1 1 1
competition is 3 , 4 , and 5 respectively. Find the probability that one of them
wins the competition.
e) From a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, four cards are accidently
dropped. Find the probability that one card is missing from each suit.
f) Find the probability that the birth days of six different persons will fall in
exactly 2 calendar months.
g) A box contains 10 light bulbs, fewer than half of which are defective. Two
bulbs are simultaneously drawn from the box. If n of the bulbs in the box are
defective, what is the value of n?
1
Statement 1: The probability that both the bulbs drawn are defective is 15 .
Statement 2: The probability that one of the bulbs drawn is defective and the
7
other bulb drawn is non-defective is 15 .

7) Bag S contains 4 red and 5 black balls, and bag T contains 3 red and 7 black
balls. One ball is drawn from bag S and two from bag T. Find the probability
that out of the 3 balls drawn
i) all are black.
ii) 2 are black and 1 is red
iii) at least 1 is black.
iv) at most 2 are black.

8) A group contains 8 boys and 10 girls. 2 representatives are selected

simultaneously, find the probability that
a) both the selected representatives are boys.
b) both the selected representatives are girls.
c) one selected representative is a boy and the other selected representative is a
girl.

2
9) A group contains 8 boys and 10 girls. 2 representatives are selected one after
the other, without replacement. Find the probability that
a) first is a boy and second is a girl.
b) first is a girl and second is a boy.
c) one is a girl and the other is a boy.
d) both are boys.
e) both are girls.

10) a) A box contains 25 tickets, numbered 1 to 25. A ticket is drawn and then
another ticket is drawn without replacement. Find the probability that both
tickets will show odd numbers.
10) b) A bag contains 5 white and 8 black balls. Two successive drawings of 3
balls at a time are made so that the balls are not replaced after the first draw.
Find the probability that the first draw gives 3 white balls and the second draw
gives 3 black balls.
10) c) A bag contains 2 white, 3 red, and 4 black balls. Two balls are drawn,
one after the other, without replacement. What is the probability that at least one
ball is red?
10) d) Cards are numbered 1 to 25. Two cards are drawn one after the other
without replacement. Find the probability that the number on one card is a
multiple of 7 and on the other card is a multiple of 11.
10 e) To test the quality of electric bulbs produced in a factory, 2 bulbs are
drawn randomly one after the other from a large sample, without replacement. If
either bulb is defective, the entire lot is rejected. Suppose a sample of 200 bulbs
contains 5 defective bulbs. What is the probability that the sample will be
rejected?

11) [QD7, OG 13] A certain club has 10 members, including Harry. One of the
ten members is to be chosen at random to be the president, one of the remaining
9 members is to be chosen at random to be the secretary, and one of the
remaining 8 members is to be chosen at random to be the treasurer. What is the
probability that Harry will be either the member chosen to be the secretary or
the member chosen to be the treasurer?

12) a) 2 integers are selected at random from integers 1 to 11. If the sum is
even, find the probability that both the numbers are odd.
b) 2 integers are selected at random from integers 1 to 11. If the sum is odd,
find the probability that both the numbers are prime.

3
13) A group contains 8 boys and 10 girls. 2 representatives are selected one
after the other, with replacement. Find the probability that
a) first is a boy and second is a girl.
b) first is a girl and second is a boy.
c) one is a girl and the other is a boy.
d) both are boys.
e) both are girls.

14) A bag contains 5 white, 7 red, and 4 black balls. If four balls are drawn one
by one with replacement, what is the probability that none is white?

15) A bag X contains 3 red and 5 black balls and a second bag Y contains 6 red
and 4 black balls. A ball is drawn from each bag. Find the probability that
a) a red ball is drawn from bag X, and a black ball is drawn from bag Y.
b) a red and a black ball are drawn.
c) 2 red balls are drawn.
d) at least one red ball is drawn.

16) A can hit a target 4 times in 5 shots, B 3 times in 4 shots and C 2 times in 3
shots. Calculate the probability that
a) A, B, and C all may hit.
b) none of them may hit.
c) at least one of them may hit.
d) B and C hit but A misses.
e) 2 of them hit but one misses.
f) exactly one of them hits.
g) the target is hit.

17) The probability that a teacher will give an unannounced test during any
1
class meeting is 5 . If a student is absent twice what is the probability that
a) he will miss both the tests.
b) he will not miss any test.
c) he will miss exactly one test.
d) he will miss at least one test.

18) Deleted.
1
19) Probabilities of solving a specific problem independently by A and B are 2
1
and 3 respectively. If both A and B try to solve the problem independently, find
the probability that
a) the problem is solved.

4
b) exactly one of them solves the problem.
20) a) Three critics review a book. Odds in favour of the book are 5:2, 4:3, and
3:4 respectively for the 3 critics. Find the probability that the majority of the
critics are in favour of the book.

b) A speaks truth in 60% of the cases and B in 90% of the cases. In what
percentage of the cases they are likely to contradict each other in stating the
same fact?

21) a) Two cards are drawn successfully from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards,
one by one with replacement. Find the probability of drawing exactly 1 ace.
b) Three cards are drawn, from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards, one by one
with replacement. Find the probability that the cards drawn are king, queen, and
jack.
c) There are 3 blue marbles, three red marbles, and three yellow marbles in a
bowl. What is the probability of selecting exactly one red marble and exactly
one blue marble from the bowl, when 3 successive marbles are withdrawn from
the bowl with replacement?
d) [Q160, OG Q, SE] A couple decides to have 4 children. If they succeed in
having 4 children and each child is equally likely to be a boy or a girl, what is
the probability that they will have exactly 2 girls and 2 boys?

22) a) A bag contains 4 red and 3 black balls. A second bag contains 2 red and 4
black balls. One bag is selected at random. From the selected bag, one ball is
drawn. Find the probability that the ball drawn is red.
b) One bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 6 white
and 7 black balls. A ball is transferred from first bag to the second bag and then
a ball is drawn from the second bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is
white.
c) There are 2 bags. The first bag contains 5 white and 3 black balls, and the
second bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random
from the first bag and are put into the second bag without noticing their colours.
Then 2 balls are drawn from the second bag. Find the probability that the balls
are white and black.
d) There are 2 bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white balls, while the
other contains 4 black and 3 white balls. A fair die is thrown, if the face 1 or 3
turns up, a ball is drawn from the first bag, and if any other face turns up a ball
is drawn from the second bag. Find the probability that a white ball is drawn.

5
e) Two thirds of the students in a class are boys and the rest girls. It is known
that the probability of a girl getting a first class is 0.25 and that of a boy getting
a first class is 0.28. Find the probability that a student chosen at random will get
first class.
f) In a bolt factory, machines A, B, and C manufacture respectively 25%, 35%,
and 40% of the total bolts. Of their output 5, 4, and 2 percent are respectively
defective. A bolt is drawn at random from the product. What is the probability
that the bolt drawn is defective?

6
 ANSWERS
1 1 1 1
1) a) 6 b) 2 c) 2 d) 3 e) 0 f) 1

1 5 1 11 1 1
2) a) 6 b) 6 c) 6 d) 36 e) 6 f) 4 g)
1
2

1 5 4 5 7 1 103
3) a) 36 b) 9 c) 9 d) 12 e) 8 f) 8 g) 108
1
h) 2

1 1 1 1 4 4 2 19
4) a) 4 b) 13 c) 2 d) 26 e) 13 f) 13 g) 13 h) 52
9
i) 13

C(26,2) C ( 4,2) C ( 4,1 ) ×C (4,1) 55

5) a) C(52,2) b) C(52,2) c) d) 221
C(52,2)

2 C(25,3) 7 47
6) a) 7 b) 1 – C(30,3) c) 8 d) 60 e)
6
C ( 13,1 ) × C ( 13,1 ) × C ( 13,1 ) × C ( 13,1 ) C ( 12,2 ) ×[2 – 2]
f) g) D
C (52,4) 12
6

7 7 131 20
7) i) 27 ii) 15 iii) 135 iv) 27

C (8,2) C(10,2) C(8,1)×C (10,1)

8) a) C(18,2) b) C(18,2) c) C(18,2)

8 10 10 8 8 10 10 8 8 7 10
9) a) 18 × 17 b) 18 × 17 c) 18 × 17 + 18 × 17 d) 18 × 17 e) 18
9
× 17

13 C(5,3) C (8,3) 7 1
10) a) 50 b) C(13,3) × C(10,3) c) 12 d) 50 e)
197
3980

1
11) 5

7
 C(6,2) 4
12) a) b) C ( 5,1 ) × C(6,1)
C ( 5,2 )+ C(6,2)

8 10 10 8 8 10 8 8 10
13) a) 18 × 18 b) 18 × 18 c) 2 × 18 × 18 d) 18 × 18 e) 18
10
× 18

14) ¿

3 21 9 3
15) a) 20 b) 40 c) 40 d) 4

2 1 59 1 13 3
16) a) 5 b) 60 c) 60 d) 10 e) 30 f) 20 g)
59
60
1 16 8 9
17) a) 25 b) 25 c) 25 d) 25

18) Deleted.

2 1
19) a) 3 b) 2

209
20) a) 3 b) 42 %
7

4 48 3
21) a) 2! × 52 × 52 b) 3! × ¿ c) 3! × ¿ d) 8

19 29 673 10
22) a) 42 b) 63 c) 1260 d) 21 e)
0.27

f) 0.0345