Naval Terms

Contents
Parts of a ship ...................................................................................................................... 3
Types of military boat and ship ......................................................................................... 10
Port terminology ............................................................................................................... 12
Functions of ships and boats ............................................................................................ 19
Types of merchant ships ................................................................................................... 21
Navy Jobs ........................................................................................................................... 23
Classification of naval vessels ........................................................................................... 30
The Italian Navy................................................................................................................. 37
Directional terms............................................................................................................... 42
Standard ship organisation ............................................................................................... 43
Navigational Lights ............................................................................................................ 46
Manoeuvres ...................................................................................................................... 50
Right - of - Way.................................................................................................................. 54
CORPS ................................................................................................................................ 59
AN – WEAPONS OFFICERS ................................................................................................. 60
CP –COAST GUARDS .......................................................................................................... 78
CM – SUPPLY OFFICERS ..................................................................................................... 96
GN-NAVAL ENGINEERS .................................................................................................... 108
SM –UNRESTRICTED LINE OFFICERS ............................................................................... 127
Appendice ....................................................................................................................... 140
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DOCUMENTO DI PROPRIETA’ DI INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES SRL
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Parts of a ship
Aft
in or towards the stern of a ship
Anchor
a heavy object that is lowered into the water to prevent the ship from moving
Athwart ship
a line going from side of the ship to the other
Beam
the widest part of a ship from one side to the other
Bilge
the bottom part of a boat
Blade
one of the flat parts of a propeller that spins around and pushes a boat forwards
Boom
a long pole attached to the bottom of a boat’s sail, that is used for changingthe direction of the sail
Bow
the front part of a ship
Bowsprit
a long pole that sticks out from the front of a ship
Bridge
the captain’s duty station
Brow
the ladders used to go on board a ship
Bulkheads
the inner walls
Cabin
a private room on a ship for a passenger or one of the people working on theship
Capstan
a round piece of equipment that you turn to wind a heavy rope, especially on a ship or at a port
Centreline
an imaginary line going down the full length of the ship
Cleat
a metal object that you tie a rope around in order to fasten something inplace, especially on a ship
Cockpit
the part of a boat where the controls are
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Conning tower
the part on top of a submarine from which the periscope sticks out
Crow’s nest
a place near the top of a ship’s mast where a sailor stands to look out over the sea
Deck
the floors of a ship
Deck
one of the levels on a ship
Escape hatch
a small door for escaping from a ship, submarine in an emergency
Fantail
the after part of the main deck
Fender
a piece of rope or a tyre that protects the side of a boat from knocks
Flight deck
the open area on a large ship where aircrafts can take off and land
Forecastle
the forward part of the main deck
Forward
towards the bow of a ship
Galley
the kitchen on a boat
Gunwale
the upper edge of the side of a boat or ship
Hatch
a door on a deck
Hawser
a heavy cable or rope that is used for tying up or pulling a ship
Head
the bathroom on a ship
Helm
the wheel used to steer the ship
Hold
the area in a ship that is used for goods, vehicles, or bags
Hull
the part of a ship or boat that floats on the water. The front part is called the bow and the back part is called the stern.
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Keel
a long thin piece of wood or metal along the bottom of a boat that helps it tobalance in the water
Ladders
stairs
Main deck
the uppermost deck that goes from bow to stern
Mainsail
the largest sail on a ship
Mast
a tall pole that the sails hang from on the main deck
Masthead
the top of the mast on a boat or ship
Mess
the dining room on a ship
Outrigger
something that sticks out from the side of a boat and helps it to float
Overheads
these refer to the ceilings
Passageways
these are the corridors
Port
the side of a ship that is on your left when you are looking forwards
Porthole
a small window in the side of a ship
Propeller
a piece of equipment with blades that spin, used for moving a ship or aircraft
Prow
the front of a ship or boat
Quarterdeck
the ship’s entrance hall
Sickbay
a room where sick people go to rest and get medical treatment on a ship
Starboard
the right side of a ship, as seen by someone who is looking towards the front
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Stern
the back part of a ship.
Super structure
the structure of a ship above the main deck
Thwart
a seat across the middle of a rowing boat
Turret
a high part on a military ship or vehicle where guns are fixed. You can turn it in order to shoot the guns in any direction.
Wardroom
a room on a warship used by all the officers except for the captain
Waterline
the line where the hull meets the surface of the water
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Exercises
Fill in the gaps with the correct term.
1. Aboard is the opposite to .

2. In the past the was usually placed amidships.
3. The openings in the deck are called .
4. Through the hatches, entrance into the is possible.
5. The cargo is discharged or loaded with the ship's cranes or .
6. On board ship instead of the terms behind and in front of, and are used.
7. When the ship is coming to her berth or anchorage, the Chief Officer stands on the .
8. The ladder leading from one deck to another is called a .
9. A passage or a corridor in a ship is called the .
10. The left-hand and the right-hand sides of the ship are referred to as the
and the side.
11. The of the bridge project out of the bridge on either side.
12. To get from the side alleyway into the cabin or any other space inside the ship, you must step over the
.
Write the definitions
1. stern
2. bow
3. aft
4. forward
5. amidship
6. deck
7. starboard
8. port side
9. hull
10. bulkheads
11. passageways
12. overheads
13. ladders
14. main deck
15. forecastle
16. superstructure
17. centreline
18. athwartship
19. topside
20. fantail
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Fill in the gaps
A ship is like a building. It has outer walls forming the floors called
, inner walls known as , corridors named
ceilings known as and stairs called .
The front end of the ship is called the and the back end of the ship is
. An imaginary line divides the ship into two identical halves. It is called the
. The main control centre on board the ship is the and the person in charge of the
ship is the . The bridge is usually located on the .
The interior of the ship is divided into compartments. It has a kitchen known as a ,
bathrooms called and bedrooms known as . The hospital
on board a ship is known as and the dining room is called the
The bottom structural member of the ship is called the . The distance between the keel
and the waterline is the , and the distance between the waterline and the edge of the main
deck is the .
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Try to remember the name of each part of the ship in English
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Types of military boat and ship
Aircraft carrier
a ship that carries military planes, with a long flat area from which they can take off
Armada
a large group of war ships
Battle cruiser
a large fast warship
Battleship
the largest type of warship
Corvette
a small fast ship that is used for protecting other ships
Cruiser
a fast military ship
Destroyer
a small fast ship used for fighting enemy ships
Frigate
a small fast ship used by a navy to protect other ships
Gunboat
a small fast ship with large guns fixed on it
HMS
Her/his Majesty’s Ship: used in the names of ships belonging to the BritishNavy
Landing craft
a small boat used for carrying soldiers and equipment from a ship to the land
Minesweeper
a ship that has equipment for removing bombs that are under water
Troopship
a ship used for carrying soldiers
U-boat
a German submarine, used especially during the Second World War
Warship
a large ship with a lot of weapons, used for fighting in wars
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Exercises
Label the pictures
Match the pairs
1. Minesweeper a. a large group of warships

2. landing craft b. A ship with a long flat area from which aeroplanes can take off
3. troopship c. a ship that has equipment for removing bombs which are
under water
4. warship d. a ship used for carrying soldiers
5. armada e. a boat used for carrying soldiers and equipment from a
ship to land
6. frigate f. a large ship with a lot of weapons, used in a war
7. aircraft carrier g. a small fast ship used by the navy to protect other ships
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Port terminology
Anchorage
a place where ships can anchor
Basin
an enclosed area of water where boats can be kept
Berth
the place where whips and boats moor
Docks
an enclosed area of water in a port, where ships stay while goods are takenon or off, passengers get on or off,
or repairs are done
Dock
the water between two piers
Dockyard
a place where ships are built or repaired.
Dry dock
a place where a ship or boat can be taken out of the water and repaired
Cargo berth
an area used for temporary storage of general dry cargo
Coal wharf
a place where general bulk cargo and coal is loaded and unloaded
Detached break water

protects the entrance of a port
Dry dock
a water-tight basin where vessels can be lifted for clearing and repairing the hull.
Harbour
a natural area of deep water protected from wind and currents where ships and boats can find shelter, A harbour may
also have loading and unloading facilities for cargo and passengers.
Health office
An office that checks the state of the goods and prevents the introduction of infectious diseases, insects and animals
Jetty
a long narrow structure that goes from the land out into a lake, sea, or riverto providing a place for boats to stop at
Landing
a place where you can leave a boat
Landing place
a landing for boats
Light house
a building which guides ships by night
Landing stage
a wooden structure where people or goods leave a boat
Marina
an area of water beside the land, that is designed for keeping small privateboats in
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Marine passenger station
an area used for embarking and disembarking passengers
Mooring
a place where a boat or ship can be tied up
Mooring
the ropes or chains that a boat or ship is tied to
mouth
the entrance of a port
Oil pipeline
a pipe by which oils brought to or unloaded from a ship’s tank.
Oil basin
A basin where tankers are moored
Outer break water

A structure which protects the shore or port from the force of the waves
Pier
A structure made from wood or iron supported on columns extending into the water perpendicular to the coast, used
as a landing place for ships or a place for a walk.
Platform
a structure built over water where people can get on and off small boats
Port
an area of water, and the buildings around it, where ships stop
Quay
a hard surface next to a sea or river, where boats can stop
Railway berth
a port’s railway line used to transport cargo to or from ships
Shipyards
a place where ships are repaired and replaced
Silo
a large cylinder container where grains are stored
Slipway
a slope used for moving boats into and out of water
Wet dock
the difference between a dry and wet dock is that a dry dock has a water-tight entrance which allows work to be done
on the hull of the ship.
Warehouse
a closed storage area for dry goods
Wharf
a structure built for boats to stop at, at the edge of the land or leading from the land out into the water
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Port structures
A harbour is a place of security and comfort, a small bay or other sheltered part of an area of water, usually well protected
against high waves and strong currents, and deep enough to provide anchorage for ships and other craft. It is also a place
where port facilities are provided, e.g. accommodation for ships and cargo handling facilities.
Port or seaport normally includes the harbour and the adjacent town or city suitable for loading goods and embarking
men. Ships are accommodated and handled, i.e. loaded and unloaded, at such port structures as; wharfs or quays, piers
and jetties, and sometimes alongside moles or breakwaters. Any place where a ship can safely lie alongside a quay, pier
or dock, at anchor or a buoy, and where she can carry out loading/discharge operations or embark and disembark
passengers is called a berth.
A dry dock is a type of dock consisting of a rectangular basin dug into the shore of a body of water and provided with a
removable enclosure wall or gate on the side towards the water, used for major repairs and overhaul of vessels.When a
ship is to be docked, the dry dock is flooded, and the gate removed.
Wharf is the oldest term in English referring to port structures. It refers to any structure of timber, masonry, cement, or
other material built along or at an angle to the navigable waterway, with sufficient depth of water to accommodate
vessels and receive and discharge cargo or passengers. The term can be substituted for quay when applied to great solid
structures in large ports. The area between the quay wall (made of solid masonry) and the nearby warehouse or storage
facility is called the quay apron.
A pier is a construction work extending into the harbour with sufficient depth of water alongside to accommodate
vessels, also used as a promenade or landing place for passengers. A jetty is a small pier, usually made of timbers for
boats, yachts or fishing boats (fisherman jetty), but it also refers to large ships (tanker jetty, T-jetty).
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Port Terminals
The word terminal refers to a complete port facility for accommodating, loading/ discharging of ships.
container terminal bulk cargo terminal oil terminal
ferry terminal cruise terminal LPG terminal
LNG terminal product tanker terminal
Comprehension & vocabulary

Fill in the gaps using the words in the box
tide port access light houses entrance miles harbour approach
Arrival in the Port of Boston. The Port of Boston is about 50 1. north-west of the tip of Cape
Cad. Boston harbour is the largest 2. in New England. The north- eastern 3.
is obstructed by islands and shoals which extend four miles from the 4. to the
port. The approaches are marked by powerful 5. and the principal dangers are buoyed. It is
recommended that vessels approaching or departing from Boston 6. use the buoyed traffic
separation scheme. The most commonly used 7. is on the north side of President Roads with
depths over 50 m. The mean range of the 8. is nine feet (2.75 m)
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Fill in the gaps using the words in the box
transtainers discharge traffic facilities quay portainers
Pier 7 - Port of Trieste

The "Pier 7" Container Terminal is one of Europe's most advanced port 1. for container
handling. At completion of the works underway, it will have a total area of 400,000 m2 , with about 2000 linear metres
of operational 2. and a draught alongside reaching 17.7 m. The smooth movement from the storage
areas to the loading 3. areas for special vehicles and wagons to the ships will be ensured by an
advanced integrated ship-to-shore system relying on 4. , i.e container cranes in the

stacking area. The Pier is equipped with 4 Paceco portainers (another 3 5. of the Post
Panamax type and 5 transtainers are being installed), 17 straddle-carriers. The present handling capacity is 240,000
TEU approx. (to be extended to and above 400,000 TEU). A real-time computer system controls container 6.
Read the following text and answer the questions
Port environmental issues
1. Port Waste Management-Waste can be defined as any substance or object that the holder intends to or is required
to discard. This includes oil and oily waters; noxious liquids; special, controlled and hazardous wastes; sewage and
garbage. Recent regulations introduce the concept of “duty of care” that require that waste be followed
(documented) from “cradle (origin) to grave (disposal)”.
2. Dredging and disposal of dredged materials- Dredging consists of periodic removal of material from the seabed in
approach channels to port and harbour basins to maintain widths and depths in previously dredged areas to ensure
safe access for vessels. The potential environmental effects of maintenance dredging are generally two-fold, firstly
as a result of the dredging process itself and secondly as a result of the disposal of the dredged material. It can have
effects such as reduction of the water quality (e.g. acute chemical toxicity, increase of the suspended sediments,
release of organic matter, nutrients and or contaminants), turbidity, smothering/removal of organisms,
bioaccumulation, alteration of the community structure and the substrate type. But, dredging and disposal can also
have some positive effects such as removal of contaminated sediments and relocation to safe areas.
3. Dust - Dust is considered a set of particles emitted into the air and can constitute visual, physical, chemical, or
health hazards for employees or the public. The most common sources of dust are open storage, handling and
spillages of dry bulk cargoes. Fine particles require little wind to create dust.
4. Noise- Noise can be defined as unwanted sound. The generation of noise is related to most mechanical or industrial
activities carried out in a port and this aspect creates an important impact on the employees, wildlife and the public.
5. Air quality - Air emissions include substances (gaseous or solid), material and energy escaping to the atmosphere
through stacks, ducts, vents, stockpiles, windows, transport and material handling. The presence of these products
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in the atmosphere and their interaction can create air pollution affecting the local climate, the building structure,
the weather, health (human and wildlife) and the global environment (global warming, depletion of ozone layer).
6. Bunkering- Bunkering is the action or process of supplying a ship with fuel. This operation, also known as
refuelling,it takes place in ports and can cause oil spills. The persistent toxic constituents of fuel, such as heavy
metals, can become stored in the sediments and taken up into the food chain affecting the whole ecosystem.
7. Hazardous cargo - Storage of hazardous & dangerous cargo may result in specific environmental risks dependant
on the physical- chemical characteristics of the chemicals stored; the method of storage, the location, size and
management of the storage site. Dangerous cargo, its properties, stowage, and storage requirements are given in
the 'International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code' (IMDG) published by the IMO.
8. Port Development (land related) - The lack of space and the increasing number of industries located in the Port
area can create a necessity for expansion. This occupation of the terrestrial space may generate several
consequences
• Destruction of some natural areas close to the Port (e.g. wetlands, dune systems)
• Disturbance of the flora and fauna which live in the area affected by the new expansion
• Relocation of some installations which can generate social conflicts
• Landscape impact due to the very existence of the port. For instance, the port infrastructure, the land-based
traffic and the lighting used during night operations give the port the appearance of a busy industrialized
district.
9. Ship discharge (bilge) - This kind of discharge is refers to the water collected and stagnated in the bilge of a ship,
the lowest inner part of a ship's hull. Bilge water can be found aboard every vessel, but its composition is always
unique. As the bilge wells receive fluid from many parts of the ship, bilge water can contain water, oil, dispersants,
detergents, solvents, chemicals, particles and more. If this water is released to the port, it could mean a potential
threat to the water quality.
Answer the following questions based on the article above.

1. What can be done to resolve the waste problem?
2. What are the environmental risks of using these techniques?
3. Why could cargo be hazardous for the port?
4. What is bunkering?
5. Disscuss the top three environmental problems that ports cause and put them in order of severity.
6. What is ship discharge?
7. Do you think that the advantages of a port outweigh the disadvantages? Discuss.
Complete the sentences using the correct term.
1. It protects the entrance of the port

2. Closed storage areas for dry goods
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3. A slope for moving boats into and ourt of the water
4. A basin where tankers moor
5. The water between two piers
6. Large cylinder containers where grains are stored
7. Construction which guides the ships by night
8. A pipe by which oil is brought to or unloaded from a ship’s tank
9. A structure parallel to the coast used as a landing place
10. The entrance of a port
11. A port’s railway line used to transport cargo from or to the ships
12. A structure which protects the shore or port from the force of the waves
13. An area for embarking and disembarking passengers
14. A water-tight basin where vessels can be lifted for the purpose of cleaning and repairing
the hull
15. An area used for temporary storage of general dry cargo
16. An enclosed area of water where small boats can be kept
17. An office that checks the state of the goods and prevents the introduction of infectious diseases, insects and
animals.
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Functions of ships and boats
Capsize
if you capsize a boat, or if it capsizes, it turns upside down or onto its side in the water
Cast off
if a boat casts off, it is untied and moves away from the land
Come about
if a ship comes about, it changes direction
Dock
if a ship docks, it arrives at a dock
Founder
if a ship or boat founders, it becomes full of water and sinks
Ground
if a boat grounds or is grounded, it hits a rock or the ground under the water
Heave to
if a ship heaves to, it stops moving.
Heel
if a boat heels, it leans over to one side
Hold a course
to keep sailing or travelling in the same direction
Keel over
if a ship keels over, it falls sideways
Lay to
if you lay a ship to, or if it lays to, it stops
List
if a ship lists, it leans to one side
Overboard
off a boat or ship and into the water
Pitch
if a ship or aircraft pitches, it moves up and down suddenly
Plunge
if a ship plunges, it moves up and down on water in an uncontrolled way
Put about
if a ship puts about, or if you put it about, it turns and sails in the oppositedirection
Put in
if a ship puts in, it stops at a port
Put out
if a ship puts out, it sails away from the port
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Ride at anchor
if a ship rides at anchor, it is fixed to the bottom of the sea by an anchor
Run/go aground
if a ship runs aground, it becomes stuck on a piece of ground under thewater, where the water is not deep enough
Sail
if a boat sails, it moves across the surface of a sea, lake, river etc
Shove off
if a boat shoves off, it moves away from the land into the water
Tack
if a boat tacks, it turns so that the wind is blowing on the other side of its sails
Yaw
if a boat yaws, it goes off the straight course that it should be moving on
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Types of merchant ships
Merchant ships can be classified according to what they carry. Most of them are designed to carry cargo but a few still
carry passengers.
Bulk Carrier
It carries cargo such as coal and iron. The cargo is loaded in bulk and not in containers. These ships are not divided
horizontally into decks but have larger, open holds.
Container Ship
It is designed to carry containers of standard dimension both in the cargo holds and as deck cargo.
Tanker
A ship that carries oil in huge tanks. They are the most common type of liquid cargo carrier. The cargo is pumped
directly into their holds which are constricted like tanks.
Chemical Tanker
It carries different chemicals in liquid form in tanks.
Ro Ro Ferry
It carries passengers, cars, buses and sometimes railway wagons.
Ro Ro Ship
There are several types of this ship, this one is designed specifically to transport cars.
Passenger Car Ferry

It carries passengers as well as cars and buses.
Passenger Ship
Nowadays this type of ship is mostly used for cruises with passengers.
Tramps
They carry cargo but don’t sail on regular routes or regular timetables. They sail when there is cargo for them to carry.
There are two types: short sea tramps and deep sea tramps and they usually carry dry bulk cargo.
Liners
They are ships that carry cargo on different routes and which run regularly as classed liners. They have a fixed
timetable and sail even if they are not full. Types:
Deep Sea Liners

They carry containers across the ocean to destinations around the world
Short Sea Liners

They have shorter routes and can carry both containers and conventional cargo.
Tugboat
A boat used to manoeuvre, primarily by towing or pushing over vessels in harbours, over the open sea or through
rivers and canals.
Dredger
used to excavate in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and
disposing of them at a different location.
Barge
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a flat bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Most barges aren’t self propelled and
need to be moved by tug boats.
Reefer
A Refrigerated Cargo Carrying vessel is built to carry fruit, meat vegetables that require refrigerating equipment to stay
fresh during the voyage at sea. The cargo is stowed on pallets in refrigerated holds.
Ro Ro Ferry Passenger ship Ro Ro Ship
Tanker Container Ship Bulk Carrier
Exercises
Complete the diagram about the different types of merchant ships
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Navy Jobs
ABE Aviation Boatswain's Mate - Equipment
ABF Aviation Boatswain's Mate - Fuels
ABH Aviation Boatswain's Mate - Handling
AC Air Traffic Controlman
AD Aviation Machinist Mate
AE Aviation Electronics Mate
AG Aviation Aerographer's Mate
AK Aviation Storekeeper
AME Aviation Structural Mechanic - Equipment
AMH Aviation Structural Mechanic - Hydraulics
AMS Aviation Structural Mechanic - Structures
AO Aviation Ordnanceman
AS Aviation Support Equipment Technician
AT Aviation Electronics Technician
AW Aviation Antisubmarine Warfare Technician
AZ Aviation Maintenance Administrationman
BM Boatswain's Mate
BU Builder
CE Construction Electrician
CM Construction Mechanic
CTA Cryptologic Technician - Administration
CTI Cryptologic Technician - Interperative
CTM Cryptologic Technician - Maintenance
CTO Cryptologic Technician - Communications
CTR Cryptologic Technician - Collection
CTT Cryptologic Technician - Technical
DC Damage Controlman
DK Disbursing Clerk
DM Draftsman
DT Dental Technician
EA Engineering Aid
EM Electricians Mate
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EM Electricians Mate (Nuclear Field)
EN Engineman
EN Engineman (Advanced Technical Field)
EO Equipment Operator
ET Electronics Technician
ET Electronics Technician (Nuclear)
ET Electronics Technician (Submarine)
EW Electronic Warfare Technician
EW Electronic Warfare Technician (Advanced Electronics Field)
FC Fire Controlman (Advanced Electronics Field)
FT Fire Control Technician (Submarine)
GM Gunner's Mate
GSE Gas Turbine Systems Technician - Electrical
GSM Gas Turbine Systems Technician - Mechanical
GSM Gas Turbine Systems Technician - Mechanical (Advanced Technical Field)
HM Hospital Corpsman
HT Hull Technician
HT Hull Technician (Advanced Technical Field)
IC Interior Communicationman
IS Intelligence Specialist
IT Information System Technician
JO Journalist
LI Lithographer
MA Master at Arms
MM Machinist Mate
MM Machinist Mate (Nuclear Field)
MM Machinist Mate (Submarine)
MN Mineman
MR Machinary Repairman
MS Mess Specialist
MS Mess Specialist (Submarine)
MT Missile Technician (Advanced Electronics Field)
MU Musician
OS Operations Specialist
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PC Postal Clerk
PH Photographer's Mate
PN Personnelman
PR Aircrew Survival Equpmentman
QM Quartermaster
RP Religious Program Specialist
SH Ship's Serviceman
SK Storekeeper
SK Storekeeper (Submarines)
SM Signalman
SN Seaman (Submarine)
STG Sonar Technician - Surface
STS Sonar Technician (Submarine)
SW Steelworker
TM Torpedoman's Mate
UT Utilitiesman
YN Yeoman
YN Yeoman (Submarine)

Write a description for each job.
1. AC
2. AG
3. AME
4. AW
5. CE
6. CTM
7. DM
8. EO
9. FC
10. HT
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Write the correct job.
The Navy calls their enlisted jobs "ratings."

Navy Administration Ratings
The Administration Community is the engine behind the machine of the Navy.
LN – (Paralegals) provide legal assistance to fellow sailors in a variety of areas. They prepare records for proceedings in
court and assist personnel in filing out claims.
MC - Mass Communications Specialists are the public relations representatives of the Navy. They write, edit and produce
news articles, shoot and edit videos, design content online and in print, manage and conduct interviews.
NC - Navy Counsellor is a position not open to entry-level enlisted personnel since it requires a thorough understanding
of the Navy and how it works.
PS - Personnel Specialists are like the human resources coordinators for the Navy, providing enlisted personnel with
information and counselling about Navy occupations, education and job training, requirements for promotion, rights and
benefits.
YN - Yeoman (Administration) are responsible for a variety of personnel administration tasks, such as maintaining
records and official publications and performing administrative functions for legal proceedings.
Navy's Aviation Community

AC - Air Traffic Controllers, like their civilian counterparts, are responsible for directing and controlling the movement of
Navy aircraft and instruct pilots via radio communications.
AD - Aviation Machinist's Mates are aircraft mechanics who perform necessary maintenance, repairs and updates to
Navy aircraft.
AE - Aviation Electrician's Mates have technology and electronics expertise and provide repairs and updates to aircrafts
as well as performing in-flight duties such as operating radar and weapons systems.
26
AG - Trained in meteorology and oceanography, an Aerographer's Mate (Weather and Oceanography) measure and
monitor conditions such as air pressure, humidity and wind speed and then distribute the information to aircraft, ships
and shore facilities.
AO - Aviation Ordnancemen handle and service weapons and ammunition carried on Navy aircrafts.
AT - Aviation Electronics Technicians repair and maintain navigation, infrared detection, radar and other complex
electronics systems.
Navy Cryptology Ratings (Information Warfare)

These sailors are responsible for receiving, decoding, and analyzing intelligence from foreign nations electronic
communications (radio, internet, written, spoken, email and other varieties). Most of the CT ratings are Crypto logic
Technicians, with specializations for interpretation, maintenance, networks.
CTI – Cryptologic Technician - Interpretive
CTM – Cryptologic Technician - Maintenance
CTN – Cryptologic Technician - Networks
CTR – Cryptologic Technician – Collection
CTT – Cryptologic Technician - Technical
IT - Information System Technicians have duties similar to a civilian IT person, operating and maintaining the Navy's
satellite telecommunications systems, mainframe computers, local and wide area networks and micro-computer
systems.
Navy Intelligence Ratings

The Office of Naval Intelligence is responsible for the collection, analysis and production of scientific, technical,
geopolitical, military and maritime intelligence. The Intelligence Community is made up of more than 3,000 military,
civilian, reservists and contractor personnel at locations around the world.
This rating includes IS - Intelligence Specialists, who analyze intelligence data, prepare and present intelligence briefings,
use maps and charts to produce imagery data and maintain intelligence databases.
Naval Medical and Dental Personnel

The Medical and Dental Communities of the Navy are part of the big medical care machine known as Navy Bureau of
Medicine. All the specialties of the medical and dental communities branch off from the Hospital Corpsman rating(HM).
Nuclear Ratings in the Navy

Ratings in the nuclear field are highly competitive. The submarine force and aircraft carriers run solely on nuclear power
and propulsion. There are three ratings in the Nuclear Field (NF): Machinist’s Mate (MM), Electrician’s Mate (EM), and
Electronics Technician (ET). Nuclear-trained MMs, EMs, and ETs perform duties in nuclear propulsion plants operating
reactor control, propulsion and power generation systems. The NF will work closely with specialists in the nuclear,
technology, and engineering fields.
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Navy Builders: The SEABEE Community
In addition to being the builders (the name SEABEE comes from the abbreviation "CB" for "Construction Brigade) of the
Navy, construction workers and engineers are trained in combat tactics, manoeuvring and defence of their positions.
BU - Builders work as carpenters, plasterers, roofers, concrete finishers, masons, painters, bricklayers and cabinet
makers.
CE - Construction Electricians build, maintain and operate power production facilities and electrical distribution systems
at Navy installations.
CM - Construction Mechanics repair and maintain a variety of heavy construction and automotive equipment including
buses, dump trucks, bulldozers and tactical vehicles.
EA - Engineering Aides are like the foremen of the Navy, conducting land surveys, preparing maps and sketches for
construction sites, and estimating costs for building projects.
Navy Security (Military Police)

Military Police and the Naval Master at Arms rates keep the bases and forward operating bases safe from harm by setting
up security procedures, controlling access, enforcing existing laws, and deploying defensive tactics when needed.
Duties of the MA - Master at Arms range from conducting security patrols and law enforcement operations to operating
brigs and providing protection for high-ranking dignitaries and government officials.
Special Warfare/Special Operations Community

Navy Special Warfare and Special Operations Community operate in small teams performing intricate missions, from
salvage operations, IED (improvised explosive device) disposal, hostage rescue and small boat operations.
EOD - Explosives and Ordnance Disposal Technicians dispose of all types of explosives and ordnance.
ND - Navy Divers spend a lot of time underwater, doing underwater salvage, repair and maintenance on ships, submarine
rescue and in support of explosive ordnance disposal.
SO - Special Warfare Operator (Navy SEALs) are an elite fighting team in the Navy, organized, trained and equipped to
conduct special operations and missions.
Navy Submarine Community

Nuclear-powered submarines have some of the most highly skilled workers in the Navy. There is a wide range of ratings
specific to the submarine community, including Culinary Specialists CS(SS) who make the meals, to
StorekeepersSK(SS) who maintain an inventory of repair parts and other supplies.
FT - Fire Control Technicians, who are responsible for the submarine's computer and control mechanisms used in
weapons systems and other programs
STS (Submarine)- Sonar Technicians, who operate the submarine's sonar and oceanographic equipment, and maintain
sonar and related equipment
And YN(SS) - Yeoman (Submarine), who handle clerical and other related work aboard the submarine.
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Surface Combat Systems/Operations Ratings in the Navy
BM - Boatswain's Mates direct and supervise ship maintenance duties in the upkeep of the external structure, rigging,
deck equipment and boats. This all-purpose position is tasked with a lot of varied duties, including standing as helmsmen
and lookouts or as security watches. They may also serve as part of a damage control, emergency or security alert team.
GM - Gunner's Mates, the oldest rating in the Navy, are responsible for guided missile launching systems, gun mounts
and other ordnance equipment, including small arms and magazines.
MN - At sea, Minemen work aboard minesweeping ships to find and neutralize underwater mines. If they're ashore,
they're technicians who test, assemble and maintain underwater explosive devices.
QM - Quartermasters are navigation experts, standing watch as assistants to officers of the deck and the navigator. They
also serve as helmsman and perform ship control, navigation and bridge watch duties.
Navy Surface Engineering Community

EM - Electricians Mates are responsible for the operation of a ship's electrical power generation systems, lighting
systems, electrical equipment and electrical appliances.
EN - Enginemen operate, service and repair internal combustion engines used to power ships and most of the Navy's
small crafts
HT - Hull Maintenance Technicians are responsible for the upkeep and repair of ships' structures. They maintain
shipboard plumbing and marine sanitation systems.
Exercises
Read the information above about the ratings and communities within the navy and write a
summary (using your own words) about each one.
1. Navy administration ratings

2. Navy intelligence ratings
3. Navy cryptology ratings
4. Navy aviation community
5. Navy security
6. Navy builders
7. Navy Surface Engineering community
8. Naval Medical and Dental community
9. Navy Nuclear Ratings
10. Navy Submarine Community
11. Surface combat Community
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Classification of naval vessels
Vessel – a boat or ship of any kind
Designation – a group of letters that indicate the type of ship and its use.
Class – a group of ships built to the same design. A class is named for the first ship built.
Displacement – it is the weight of the volume of water that the ship displaces when it is afloat. It is measured
in long tons. 1 long ton is a unit of measure equal to 2,240 pounds.
Armament – the weapons a ship carries

Manoeuvrability – the way a ship handles turning, slowing down, stopping and manoeuvres in general
Knot – the unit of measure used to calculate speed. A knot is 1 nautical mile per hour.
Endurance – a ship’s ability to cruise great distances and remain at sea for long periods of time
There are 4 groups of Navy ships
1. Combat ships and crafts – they are designed and used in fighting
 Warships: built to attack an enemy using weapons
 Amphibious warfare ships: used to land men, equipment and supplies ashore.
This type of operation involves action by both land and sea forces
 Mine warfare ships: used to locate, mark and destroy enemy mines or to lay their own mines
2. Auxiliary ships – they are used to deliver supplies, food and fuel to other ships at sea
3. Service crafts – they are smaller ships that provide services in the port such as carrying waste or
assisting ships to go alongside or to leave piers
4. Submarines – ships that can operate under water
Frigates
A frigate of the Royal Netherlands Navy.
Frigates are usually regarded as ships weighing more than 3000 tonnes. Their role is to protect other warships and
merchant marine ships.
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Corvettes
HSwMS Helsingborg of the Swedish Visby class.
A corvette is a small lightly armed warship. Due to its high manoeuvrability it is great in smaller seas, such as the Red
Sea. As they are relatively cheap, many of the world’s navies operate them.
Destroyers
American destroyer USS GridleyBurke class.
Destroyers are among the most widely used ships in the world due to their wide range of use. Their combination of high
firepower and high endurance make them ideal for both war, escort and peace-keeping operations. Although they have
little armour they are extremely fast and have good manoeuvrability.
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Cruisers
The Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Cowpens.
The cruiser is built to have great firepower and be able to take out everything that its strike group can face. It has large
cruising ability and is able to reach over 30 knots. It serves mainly as protection against surface and air attacks and as
leaders of destroyer attacks.
Amphibious Assault Ships
A Tarawa class amphibious assault ship of the USN shows its well deck.
These ships are warfare ships used to support ground troops in forms of ammunition, transport, refuelling of vehicles
and to protect them from incoming enemy airplanes and surface vessels. Most of them have both a helicopter deck and
a well deck where small amphibious vessels can be maintained and repaired.
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Aircraft Carriers
From bottom to top: Spanish light V/STOLcarrier Príncipe de Asturias, amphibious assault ship USS Wasp, fleet carrier USS Forrestal, and light V/STOL
carrier HMS Invincible, showing size differences of late 20th century carriers, 1991
An aircraft carrier is a large naval vessel designed as a mobile air base, having a long flat deck on which aircraft can take
off and land at sea. It is used as a naval base and aircraft operation centre. Aircraft carriers are the biggest military ships
in the world with some weighing over 100,000 tons and the capability to house almost 6000 men. An alternate name of
carriers is Super carriers which is the name of aircraft carriers weighing more than 66 000 tons. The only country that
operates more than 2 aircraft carriers is currently the United States.
An attack carrier carries, launches, recovers and handles aircrafts quickly and effectively. The carrier is the centre of the
modern naval task force
An antisubmarine warfare support carrier supports and operates aircrafts for antisubmarine warfare and serves as an
escort for convoys
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Littoral Combat Ships
USS Freedom (back) and USS Independence (front) are both littoral combat ships of the US Navy.
Littoral combat ship – A small class of ships specialised to operate in zones with very shallow waters where other, bigger
ships can’t be used. There are only a few operational and they all belong to the US Navy. These ships are envisioned to
be a networked, agile and stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the
littorals.
Submarine – Attack
Dolphin class of the Israeli Navy.
An attack submarine is the submarine type designed to immobilize other submarines and surface ships. They all use
torpedoes and some use cruise missiles in VLS to have an even greater range of targets. Due to their low visibility they
are great at protecting friendly ships and gathering information about the enemy.
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Submarine – Ballistic Missile
Submarine of the US Ohio class – one of its ballistic missiles is 150 times more powerful than both the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombs combined.
This type of submarine is specialised to go out to sea, hide, and then launch SLBMs with nuclear (or conventional)
warheads to take out strategically important enemy targets. Second-strike capability was to ensure the “no first use” of
nuclear weapons during the Cold War. Strategic submarines are the traditional but expensive method of providing a
second strike capability. New nuclear submarines can stay out at sea for months, being able to launch a missile of mass
destruction from thousands of kilometres away at any moment. Due to this, all of the modern ballistic missile submarines
have nuclear reactors as an energy source which give them a nearly “unlimited” range.
Submarine – Cruise Missile
Kilo class cruise missile submarine.
A cruise missile submarine is a submarine that can launch cruise missiles (SLCMs). They have extreme firepower, for
instance the cruise missile submarine class Ohio can launch 154 cruise missiles without refuelling nor re-arming. The
earlier types of cruise missile submarines had to surface before launching their missiles but that problem has been fixed
and they can now launch their missiles without being seen by the naked eye.
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Label each picture.
Write some characteristics of the following vessels.
1. Destroyer
2. Cruiser
3. Carriers
4. Submarines
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The Italian Navy
The Italian Navy is one of four branches of the military forces of Italy. It was established in 1946.
Structure
The Italian Navy is divided into 6 corps:
 Unrestricted line officers

 Engineering corps
 Supply corps
 Naval weapons corps
 Medical corps
 Corps
Esign
The ensign of the Italian Navy is the Italian tricolour with the Marina Militare emblem on the white rectangle. The
emblem is a shield divided into four parts.
 part one represents the Republic of Venice with a gold winged lion wielding a sword on a red background
 part two represents the Republic of Genova with a red cross on a white background
 part three represents the Republic of Amalfi with a white cross on a blue background
 part four represents the Republic of Pisa with a white cross on a red background
The shield has a gold crown that distinguishes military vessels from merchant vessels and it represents sovereignty
over the Italian seas. The merchant navy has a similar ensign , without the crown.
Navy Jobs
A coastguard officer patrols the coast
A diver works under water
A pilot flies planes and helicopters
A medic works in the sickbay
A navigator plots a ship’s course
A helmsman navigates the ship
A weaponsofficer fires torpedoes and other weapons
An engineer works with machines on the ship
A submariner works in a submarine and uses a periscope
A radiooperator communicates by radio
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Italian Navy Officer Badges of Rank
summer winter
Italian Navy uniform uniform US Navy Italian Army US Marines
(epaulette) (cuff)
Aspirante Aspirante
-
Guardiamarina ufficiale
Second
Guardiamarina Ensign Sottotenente
Liutenant
Sottotenente Lieutenant First

Tenente
di Vascello Junior Grade Liutenant
Tenente Liutenant
(Ship-of-the-line Capitano Captain
di Vascello Lieutenant)
Liutenant
Capitano Commander Maggiore Major
di Corvetta (Corvette
Captain)
Capitano Commander Tenente

(Frigate Liutenant
di Fregata Captain)
Colonnello
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summer winter
Italian Navy uniform uniform US Navy Italian Army US Marines
(epaulette) (cuff)
Captain
(Ship-of-the-line Colonnello Colonel
Capitano Captain)
di Vascello
Counter
Admiral Generale di Brigadier
Contrammiraglio
(Rear Admiral Brigata General
lower half)
Ammiraglio Divisional
Admiral Generale di Major
di Divisione /
(Rear Admiral divisione General
Ispettore upper half)
Liutenant
Ammiraglio Adrmiral Generale
Liutenant
di Squadra / (Vice corpo
General
Ispettore Capo Admiral/Squadr d'armata
on Admiral)
Ammiraglio
Generale
d'Armata Admiral General
d'Armata
Navale
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United States Navy Officer Badges of Rank
Fleet Admiral Admiral
Vice-Admiral Rear Admiral (upper) Rear Admiral (lower)
Captain Commander Lieutenant Commander
Lieutenant Lieutenant, Junior Grade Ensign
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Royal Navy Officer Badges of Rank
41
Directional terms
Boats are always referred to as feminine – her or she
The front of a boat is her bowor her fore part
The back of a boat is her sternor afterpart
To move towards the bow is to go forward
To move towards the stern is to go aft
When one object on a boat lies further aft than another object, we say the first object is abaft
The port side is the left hand side of the boat when facing forward
The starboard sideis the right hand side of the boat when facing forward
Amidships is the middle of the boat, halfway from side to side or from stern to bow
Athwartships refers to the width of a boat
If an object lies on port beam it is said to be abeam, at right angles to the keel
If an object lies halfway between dead ahead and abeam, it is broad on bow
If an object lies halfway between abeam and dead astern, it is broad on the quarter
The distance between a boat is divided into 32 points, 8 from dead ahead to beam and 8 points more to dead astern,
or a total of 16 points halfway around a boat

If a buoy or some other object bears between dead ahead and broad on the bow, we say it bears one, two or three
points on the bow
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Standard ship organisation
Commanding Officer (CO)

The Commanding Officer is assisted by the Executive officer who acts as his representative. The main responsibility of
the Commanding Officer is the safety of his ship and the welfare and living conditions of his crew. He also supervises
the conduct of all the people under his command. He makes sure his ship is always ready for war service. His position is
legislative, judicial and executive.
Executive Officer (XO)

The Executive Officer is the second in command on a ship. He makes sure the Captain’s orders are carried out. The XO
is responsible for the personnel and the daily routine, efficiency and discipline of the ship. When on board, he is always
on duty.
The organisation of a ship

There are four main departments:
1. The operations department - the Operations Officer is responsible for the collection, evaluation, and distribution
of combat and operational information required for the assigned missions and tasks of the ship.
2. the navigation department – The navigator is responsible for the safe navigation and the plotting of te ship’s
course. He makes reports on his navigation duties directly to the CO.
3. The gunnery/deck department – The Gunnery Officer is the head of this department and he is assisted by the First
Lieutenant. He is responsible for the employment of ordinance and deck equipment.
4. The engineering department – This department is in charge of the operation and function of the ship’s machinery.
The Chief Engineering Officer (CHENG) is the head. Damage control This department has various auxiliary divisions
which are in charge electrical and boiler repairs.
Other departments include:

1. Supply department – This is a staff department where the Supply Officer is a restricted line officer. The supply
department is in charge of procurement, receipt, stowage, issue and accounting of equipment, repair parts and
supplies for the ship.
2. Medical department
3. Dental department
4. Communications department
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44
45
Navigational Lights
The primary function of marine navigation lights are to aid prevention of any major accidents from happening. All boats
– whether big or small are required to have night lights as a part of their navigation systems.
This system was introduced in the year 1838 by the United States and was then followed by the United Kingdom in 1849.
In the year 1889, the International Maritime Conference was established by the United States to establish proper
guidelines to prevent marine accidents. In the year 1897, these rules were officially adopted internationally. The colour
of the lights were specified by a set of rules passed in the UK. On the basis of this rule, three colours were chosen: red,
green and white. These three colours are still used today.
There is a pattern in which these lights are set up on ships and boats in conjunction with the International Association
of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) Buoyage Systems. The pattern is explained below:
 There is a light at the right-hand side of the boat (right side when facing the bow of the vessel known as the
starboard side) which is green in colour.
 There is a light at the left-hand side of the boat (left side when facing the bow of the vessel is known as the port
side) which is red in colour.
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Both the sidelights show an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees so that from straight ahead it can
be viewed to 22.5 degrees shaft on either side.
 A white light is also placed at the stern side. This shows an unbroken light over an arc of horizon of 135 degrees and
fixed to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side
 The mast of the boat also has to have night lights. The colour of these lights is white. Two masthead lights are in
place, with the second one higher than the first, when the length of the vessel is 50 metres or more. Shows an
unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed to show the light from right ahead to 22.5
degrees abaft on either side
Lights aren’t just to indicate one’s own status as a vessel for identification by other vessels in the vicinity, but also vice
versa. PART C of the COLREGS published by the IMO is titled as LIGHTS AND SHAPES and lays out all necessary information
with regards to lights and the specific usage for different types of vessels. ANNEX 1 of the COLREGS deals with the
positioning and technical details of lights and shapes and has precise data with regard to many aspects of marine
navigation lights, whereas ANNEX 2 deals with the additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity.
The visibility range of such lights varies between three to six miles. The lights that are used for ships and bigger boats
have a longer range of visibility as compared to the smaller boats.
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The following table indicates the visibility of lights as per the COLREGS Rule 22.
All ranges in nautical miles and lengths in metres.
LIGHTS RANGE RANGE RANGE

Length 12m or more
Length 50m or more but less than 50m Length less than 12m
Masthead Lt 6 5 or 3 2
Side Lt 3 2 1
Stern Lt 3 2 2
Towing Lt 3 2 2
All Round Lt 3 2 2
Navigation lights help determine which is the give-way vessel when encountering each other at night. These lights
must be displayed from sunset to sunrise and during periods of restricted visibility, such as fog.
Types of navigational lights

1. The running lights of a ship – these are the masthead light, the second masthead light or range light, the port and
starboard sidelights and the stern light.
2. Sidelights - These red and green lights are called sidelights (also called combination lights) because they are
visible to another vessel approaching from the side or head-on. The red light indicates a vessel's port side (left);
the green indicates a vessel's starboard side (right).
3. Stern light - This white light is situated on the stern of the ship and covers an arc of 135 degrees.
4. Masthead Light - This white light shines forward and to both sides and is required on all power-driven vessels.
(On power-driven vessels less than 39.4 feet in length, the masthead light and stern light may be combined into
an all-round white light; power-driven vessels 39.4 feet in length or longer must have a separate masthead light.)
A masthead light must be displayed by all vessels when under engine power.
5. All-Round White Light - On power-driven vessels less than 39.4 feet in length, this light may be used to combine a
masthead light and stern light into a single white light that can be seen by other vessels from any direction. This
light serves as an anchor light when sidelights are extinguished.
6. The second masthead light or range light – It is a white light with the same visibility as the masthead light and
can be found on ships of 50 metres or more. It is situated on the main mast at least 4.5 metres above the
masthead light.
7. The port and sideboard lights – they are lights that cover arcs of 112.5 degrees on the sides of the ship. The port
light is red and the starboard light is green. They are invisible across the bow and visible from dead ahead to 22.5
degrees abaft the beam on both sides. On ships of 50 metres or more they have a range of 3 miles.
8. The signal lights – they are the breakdown light and the overboard light. They are red and cover 360 degrees, one
six feet above the other on the mainmast. They are steady when they indicate a breakdown and they flash when
they signal a man overboard.
9. The anchor lights – They are two white lights that cover 360 degrees . One is at the bow on the jackstaff and the
other is at the stern on the flagstaff.
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Read the text above and answer the following questions.
1. What is the primary function of a navigational light?

2. Which country was the first to introduce navigational lights?
3. Which three colours are used in navigation lighting today?
4. Describe the pattern of the lights on boats
5. What do lights indicate?
6. What is COLREGS?
7. What are the four most common navigation lights? (give some characteristics of each)
8. What are the running lights of a ship?
9. What signal is given to say a man is overboard?
Answer the following questions.
1. What are the four types of running lights?

2. How many signal lights are there?
3. What colour are they?
4. Where are they located?
5. What happens after a ship breaks down?
6. What happens when a man is overboard?
7. How may anchor lights are there?
8. What colour are they?
9. Where are they located?
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Manoeuvres
Manoeuvrability - the inherent ability of a vessel to change its course/path.
Definitive Manoeuvres
Rudders and various other control surfaces are provided to control the motion of a ship at sea. A good manoeuvre
requires a hydrodynamic interaction between the control surface and the ship structure as a whole. Control surfaces
such as rudders are the external means of aiding manoeuvrability through interaction with the hydrodynamic parameters
associated with the vessel. All kinds of manoeuvres are triggered by the application of rudder force in some specific
direction. Immediately after the launch, a ship undergoes all the necessary trials under certain predefined conditions to
assess these manoeuvring abilities. IMO has its own set of rules for conducting each of these manoeuvring trials for
optimising the maximum feasible limits with the best performance of the vessel.
Turning Circle Manoeuvre

This is the most common manoeuvre a vessel may be required to do. In some cases the vessel is compelled to swerve
around a landmass ( island, port, harbour, other vessels), taxing/berthing for cargo handling, making its way through a
canal or heading back to its original destination after encompassing its destination. Turning is inevitable in ships.
The ‘Turning Circle Manoeuvre’:
 Firstly, it is ensured that the vessel is heading forwards in a straight line with a steady approach speed
 The rudder is then turned in the specific direction, i.e. for starboard turn rudder is turned towards starboard side
 For best achievable performance, maximum rudder angle applied is 35 degrees within design limits (as exceeding
that would gradually lead to less-efficient lift and finally stall).
 The ship initially has a tendency to deflect towards the port. Then it takes a large turn to starboard.
 After sometime, it makes a complete turnaround with an 180-degree change in heading direction.
 After some time it takes the trajectory of a circle with a Steady Turning Radius.
Though this may seem quite simple, it has a whole lot of hydrodynamic interaction involved. Pertaining to which, the
turning may be segregated into 3 different phases:
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Phase 1:
This is when the rudder force is first applied whilst the ship is originally surging in a definite straight line without any
‘yaw’. Due to the absence of any transverse forces and moments, both the ‘sway’ and ‘yaw’ velocities are considered
zero. However, due to the application of the rudder angle, some forces and moments are induced in the transverse
direction. This gets aggravated by the interplay of the hydrodynamic factors.When the forces come in equilibrium, the
ship again makes a starboard turn.
Phase2:
In this phase, the ship is about to make a complete 90-degree change of heading from its initial path. After some time,
the rudder moment balances the hull moment. At the second phase, not all angular and linear velocities and
accelerations are equal to zero.
Another interesting phenomenon that takes place in a turning circle is the effect of the centrifugal force that acts on
the ship .
Phase3:
As the rudder is kept a constant deflection, the ship continues to trace a circle. In the third phase, the hull moment
exceeds the moment induced by the rudder and the ship reaches aSteady state of Turning. The angular and linear
velocities remain constant as the ship turns in a circle of constant radius. As all external influences are diminished, the
acceleration parameters become zero. The centrifugal force continues to act on the ship.
The ship will continue to circle along the same trajectory if the rudder is not brought back to its estimated position.
In all of its three phases, the fixed point at which the ship appears to be rotating even when it is revolving is called
the Pivot Point. At this point the drift angle is zero. At any point, all forces and moments are in. Generally, the pivot
point lies between one-sixth and one-third of the ship’s length from the bow.
The aim of performing this trial is to test the ship’s overall ‘Turning Ability’. The trial records and assesses the following
outcomes:
Advance: Advance is the distance surged forward by the ship after the rudder angle is applied.
Transfer: It is the transverse distance travelled while a ship makes a 90-degree change in heading. It is the distance
between the original direction vector of the ship and the point when it has completely headed starboard in its second
phase of turn.
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The following figure illustrates better.
 Tactical Diameter: This is a measure of the extent of turn a vessel could have. Thus, it is measured as the distance
of separation between the original direction vector of the ship at steady heading to that in the final phase of
itsturn when steady state is achieved.
 Time taken to change headings by 90 degree and 180 degrees: Just as measuring advance and tactical diameter
are crucial, so is the time taken to achieve so. An efficient ship should cost minimum time covering its advance and
tactical diameter.
 Loss of Speed: Another crucial factor considered is the speed of the vessel at every stage of a turn. The loss in
speed should only be negotiable within certain limits, otherwise, the engine propulsion dynamics should be
analysed deeply.
 Final Yaw Rate: It should be kept in mind that the final yaw rate is minimum.
It should be noted that IMO has its own measurements which state the maximum allowable limits of turning ability a
ship can have.
 First, the Tactical diameter has to be less than five times the ship length for any standard merchant ship or
passenger service vessel.
Td < 5*Length of Ship
 Second, the forward advance has to be less than 4.5 times the length of the ship for any general purpose vessel.
Ad<4.5*Length of ship.
Another big problem that arises while turning a ship is the problem of heel during its turn due to the centrifugal effects
interplaying with the self-weight. Sway and Yaw along with the centrifugal forces acting variedly at different times of
turn are to be blamed. The impact can be detrimental if heel is not controlled at suitable limits.
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Answer the following questions.
1. What is manoeuvrability?
2. What job do rudders have?
3. What is the heel problem?
4. Describe the turning circle manoeuvre in your own words.
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Right - of - Way
Right of way – refers to the legal precedence which allows one ship to pass ahead of, or cross in front of another,
without changing her speed. When two ships are on converging courses, one ship has to hold its course and speed until
the risk of collision has passed. It is the duty of the give-way vessel to stay out of the way of the stand-on vessel except
when she is in extremis, at which point both vessels are responsible for avoiding collision.
Key Vocabulary
 Right- of- way
 Stand-on vessel
 Give-way vessel
 In extremis
1. Crossing Situation
‘When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her
own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead
of the other vessel’.
This refers to rule 15 of COLREG. When two vessels are approaching each other at right angles or diagonally, the vessel
that is starboard to the other is the stand-on vessel and so has to hold her course and speed. The vessel to port is the
give-way vessel and so has to manoeuvre. Firstly, she has to change course to starboard to pass astern of the stand-on
vessel. When this is not enough or not possible, the give-way vessel has to slow down, stop or reverse her engine.
2. Head on Situation
This refers to rule 14 of COLREG. When vessels are on course to meet each other, one of them sounds one short blast
on her whistle which the other ship answers with an equally short blast. After exchanging whistle sounds, each ship
changes her course to starboard and the vessels pass port to port.
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When vessels on opposing courses are so far to starboard of each other that it can’t be considered a head to head
situation, one of the ships sound two short blasts on her whistle and the other ship answers equally with two short
blasts. The ships may then pass starboard to starboard.
3. Overtaking situations
‘A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with a another vessel from a direction more than 22.5
degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she
would be able to see only the stern light of that vessel but neither of her sidelights’.
This refers to rule 13 of COLREG. If the overtaking vessel wants to pass the vessel ahead on her starboard side, she
sounds two prolonged blasts and one short blast on her whistle. If she wants to pass to port, she sounds two prolonged
blasts and two short blasts. To indicate that the vessel astern may overtake, the vessel ahead sounds a sequence of
prolonged-short-prolonged-short blasts on her whistle.
If a stand-on vessel doesn’t think it is safe to overtake at that point, she immediately sounds the dangersignal, a series
of five short blasts. The give-way vessel must not try to pass until the stand-on vessel indicates that it is safe to pass
with the standard ‘go ahead’ signal of prolonged-short-prolonged-short blasts.
4. Restricted visibility
This category can be divided into two situations:
 a situation where a target is detected by radar alone
 a situation where sound signal is heard
Situation where target is detected by radar alone and risk of collision exists
 Target vessel forward of the beam
 Target vessel abeam or abaft the beam
For a target vessel forward of the beam, alternation of course to port needs to be avoided, other than a vessel being
overtaken.
For target vessel abeam or abaft the beam, alternation of course towards the vessel needs to be avoided.
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Situation where sound signal is heard
The Watch keeper needs to worry about the fog signal heard forward of the beam. If a fog signal is heard forward of
beam, the speed of the ship should be reduced.. If the risk of collision continues to exist, speed should be reduced
further up to the point where the vessel can stay on course.
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Answer the following questions reefing to a head on head situation.
1. Describe a head to head situation in your own words.

2. What can each ship see in daylight?
3. What can each ship see at night?
4. How many blasts does each ship have to sound?
5. What do the ships do after the blasts?
6. Where do ships generally pass?
Answer the following questions referring to a right-of-way situation.
1. Can you list terms associated with collision?

2. What does right-of-way allow?
3. What does a stand-on vessel do?
4. What does a give-way vessel do?
5. What is the responsibility of the give-way vessel?
6. What does ‘in extremis’ mean?
7. In extremis, what happens to the stand-on vessel if it takes action to avoid collision?
Answer the following questions referring to a crossing situation.
1. When two vessels are approaching each other at right angles and there is a risk of collision. Which vessel is the
stand-on vessel?
2. What does she have to do to avoid a collision?
3. Which vessel is the give-way vessel?
4. What does she have to do to avoid collision?
5. When it is not enough, what does the give-way vessel have to do next?
Answer the following questions referring to overtaking situations.
1. When does an overtaking situation occur?

2. What is the overtaking ship called?
3. What is the overtaking ship’s responsibility?
4. If there are two prolonged blasts and one short blast on her whistle, which side is she going to pass the vessel
ahead?
5. If there are two prolonged blasts and two short blasts on her whistle, which side is she going to pass the vessel
ahead?
6. What does the vessel ahead do to indicate that the vessel astern may overtake?
7. What is another name for the vessel ahead?
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8. Why should she sound the danger signal?
9. What is the danger signal?
10. What shouldn’t the other vessel astern do?
11. What signal is given to indicate that it is safe to pass?
Answer the following questions referring to restricted visibility.
1. What are the two situations that can be associated with restricted visibility?
2. When there is a target vessel forward of the beam what needs to be avoided?
3. When is this rule subject to exception?
4. What needs to happen when there is a target vessel abeam or abaft of the beam?
5. When a sound signal is heard what has to happen?
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CORPS
59
AN – WEAPONS OFFICERS
Weapons and Weapon Systems
Weapons Terminology
A mine is an underwater explosive weapon which explodes only when a target comes near or into contact with it.
- A weapon system is an integrated system consisting of a weapon and the gear necessary to operate and control it.
- A torpedo is a self-propelled underwater missile used against surface and underwater targets.
- A bomb is any free-fall explosive weapon (except torpedo, mine, rocket or missile) dropped from an aircraft.
- Depth charges are antisubmarine weapons fired or dropped by a ship or aircraft and which are set to explode at a
certain depth or near a submarine.
- A rocket is a weapon containing an explosive section and a propulsion section and which cannot change its direction
after it is fired.
- A missile is a vehicle with an explosive section, a propulsion section and a guidance section. It can change its direction
after it is launched.
- An ordnance is a ship's or aircraft's weapons and the units that control and support these weapons.
- A gun is a tube from which a projectile is propelled by burning gunpowder.
- The difference between a missile and a rocket is that a missile has a guidance system that controls its direction in flight
while a rocket has no self-contained guidance system.
- The main parts of a missile are the airframe, the power plant, the warhead and the guidance system.
- The missile's airframe must be light so it is made of aluminium alloys, magnesium and high-stress steel.
- The power plant has to propel the missile at supersonic speed to increase the chances of intercepting a target.
- In a power plant using liquid or solid propellants, the missile carries both the fuel and an oxidizer because it must be
able to operate where there is no atmosphere, while in an air-breathing plant only the fuel is carried but it cannot operate
above 70,000 feet.
- There are three kinds of air-breathers:
 Pulse jet: this type of jet engine uses a valve that compresses and ejects air. It is also called an aero-jet.
 Turbojet: it uses a turbine to compress and eject air at high pressure. It is expensive and produces very high
combustion temperatures.
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 Ramjet: it is a supersonic lightweight plant that is easy to build but it uses a lot of fuel, it has a thrust only at
supersonic speeds and its takeoff must be assisted.
- A warhead may contain conventional explosive (TNT or another chemical) or nuclear.
Weapons are the mainstay of the military. Without them, the Navy could not carry out its combat missions or defend
its ships, planes, bases, and personnel. This chapter deals with two kind of weapons: small ones for individual use, and
big ones - like missiles and rockets - that help the Navy's combatant ships fulfil their missions. The Navy's overall mission
is to maintain sufficient military capability to deter the use of military power against the United States and its allies, or
against other countries important to U.S. security and well being. To this end, the Navy must be prepared to conduct
prompt and sustained combat operations at sea.
Missiles and Rockets

Missiles are self-propelled, unmanned vehicles that carry conventional explosives or nuclear warheads. Each missile has
a guidance system that control its direction in flight. A rocket is a small missile - 2.75 inches in diameter - that has no
self-contained guidance system.
Missile Components
Each missile has four basic parts: airframe, power plant, warhead, and guidance system. If we compared the missile to
an airplane, the missile's basic parts represent - in the same order - the aircraft, its engines, its bomb load, and its pilot.
The missile's airframe is a streamlined package that houses the power plant, guidance system, and warhead. It must be
light, because the other parts are heavy. Airframes are made of aluminium alloys, magnesium, and high-tensile (high-
stress) steel. There metals can withstand extreme heat and pressure.
The power plant must propel the missile at supersonic speeds to minimize its vulnerability and increase its chance of
intercepting a target. The missile must be able to operate at altitudes where there is no atmosphere. Therefore, when
liquid or solid propellants are used, the missile carries both the fuel and an oxidizer. Air-breathing plants carry only the
fuel - gasoline, kerosene, or other petroleum products - but they cannot operate above 70,000 feet.
Air-breathers are cheaper to use than rocket engines. The three types of air-breathing plants are as follow:
Pulse jet: This type of jet engine uses a flapper valve that alternately compresses and ejects air. It is also called an aero-
jet.
Turbojet: This plant uses a turbine to compress air and eject it at a high pressure. It is powerful, but complex and
expensive and is capable of producing higher combustion temperatures than most metals can withstand.
Ramjet: A supersonic lightweight plant that is easy to build. It uses a lot of fuel, however, and develops no thrust until
it reaches a supersonic speed. It has to be carried aloft by another vehicle, or else its takeoff must be rocket assisted.
The warhead is the part that does the damage. Its explosive may be conventional - TNT or another chemical - or nuclear.
Missile guidance systems

- Missiles can be ballistic or guided:
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 Ballistic missiles have a flight path divided into two stages: at first a preset guidance system sets the missiles on
flight to the target. In the second stage the missile flies an unguided trajectory.
 Guided missiles have a guidance system that continuously corrects the flight path until the target is intercepted.
- A missile can have an inertial system, a homing system, a command system or a beam riding system. Many missiles can
have a combination of two systems.
- Inertial guidance has a flight path which is programmed into a computer on the missile before launch. Its speed and
direction is checked constantly and corrected if necessary.
- Homing guidance means that the missile detects and tracks a target by radar, optical devices or heat-seeking methods.
It can be active, semi-active or passive. An active homing system emits a signal that is reflected by the target and picked
up by the missile's receiver. In semi-active homing, the signal comes from the launching ship of plane instead of the
missile itself. A passive homing system guides he missile to the target's radiation.
- Command guidance system means the missile is controlled by signals from the launching ship or plane. After a missile
is launched a computer traces both the missile and the target and the target and transmits orders to the missile so that
it can change its track in order to hit the target.
- Beam-riding guidance is when a missile follows a radar beam to the target. A Computer in the missile keeps it centered
in the radar beam. More than one missile can ride the beam at the same time and if it doesn't stay within the beam, it
will automatically destroy itself.
- Missiles may be air to air, air to surface, surface to air or surface to surface.
Mines
- Mines can be classified according to the method of actuation, the method of planting and the position in the water.
- A contact mine fires when a ship strikes it. It usually has lead horns containing glass tubes filled with an electrolyte so
when the horn is struck, the glass breaks and the electrolyte generates current to fire the mine.
- An influence mine may fire because of the underwater sound generated by a passing ship, by the ship's magnetic field
or the mine's sensitivity to water pressure caused by the passing of the ship.
- Mines can be planted by surface craft, submarines and aircraft.
- Submarines can plant mines secretly but they cannot return to plant more mines until those planted are destroyed or
become inactive.
- Aircrafts plant mines in shallow waters where submarines and surface craft cannot operate.
- Mines can be positioned in water according to their category: moored contact mines are anchored and float near the
surface of the water where a passing ship may strike them and bottom mines which are influence mines, are positioned
on the ocean floor but in shallow waters.
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- Bombs
- Torpedoes
Underwater weapons
Depth Charges
Depth charges are underwater bombs that are set to detonate at a prescribed depth. They must be dropped directly on
the submarine to be effective.
Their primary objective is not to sink the submarine but to take it out of action.
The ambient noise depth charges create may not permit the submarine's use of sonar and the shock wave may disable
internal equipment such as the torpedo launching equipment or propulsion machinery.
Depth charges are either thrown over the side, shot out of cannons or are rocket-propelled. They have limited range and
accuracy.
Torpedoes
Torpedoes are self-contained weapon systems. They go from straight-running underwater bombs to active and passive
sonar seekers and can be guided remotely or send telemetry information back to the launch platform.
A torpedo has 4 parts:
a) the NOSE section which contains the acoustic tracking system and the electronic guidance computer.
b) the WARHEAD section which contains the target sensing mechanism and the main explosive charge.
c) the PROPULSION section which contains either electric motor and battery or combustion engine and fuel.
d) the TAIL section which contains the control surfaces and propeller.
In the warhead, torpedo fuses detect either impact or the magnetic field of the target.
The fastest torpedoes use combustion engines but the performance is limited by depth because of the back pressure the
engine exhaust must work against.
A modern torpedo can travel in excess of 60 nm/hr.
Mines
Mines can detect the target's presence in 3 ways: magnetic, pressure and acoustic influence. Many mines can use all
three in combination.
Magnetic influence mines sense the permanent magnetic field caused by the iron in the ship's hull. The magnetic field
of a ship may be controlled by periodically degaussing it but it is a time-consuming process which involves wrapping the
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entire hull in large cables and applying a magnetic field for several hours. Only ships made out of wood or fibreglass are
immune.
Mines can be made to distinguish different types of targets according to their magnetic "signature".
The second way mines can detect targets is by the wake they make in the water. As the ship moves through the water,
a pressure wave is formed. This pressure wave is detected by a mine and the faster the ship goes, the greater the effect.
The third way to detect a target is when a mine contains sonar equipment to detect the acoustic signature of the ship.
There are two main types of mines: bottom and moored.
a) Bottom mines are placed on the ocean floor and they can be deployed from aircraft, submarines or ships. In
shallow water they are effective against surface ships and in a deep water against submarines.
b) A moored mine has two parts: an anchor and a mine case. When deployed, the mine case leaves the anchor
and deploys to the preset depth. The anchor keeps the mine from drifting.
A submarine deploys the mine by launching it out of a torpedo tube.
The captor mine is a bottom mine that releases a lightweight torpedo when the target is detected. The torpedo increases
the range of the mine. When the torpedo is deployed it begins a circular search pattern using active sonar to look for the
target.
A mine warhead can have from a few hundred to a few thousand pounds of explosive.
Mine clearing
Sea mines can be removed in three ways:
A. Cable cutting is a method used to clear moored mine. A sled with a mechanism that cuts the cable is pulled
through the mine field by a helicopter. The sled cuts the mine case free from its anchors which are then collected
by the minesweeper. The mine is then detonated by placing a charge on it or by gunfire.
B. Detonation by towed sled it when a very resistant sled is pulled by a helicopter just as in cable cutting. The sled
is designed to simulate the magnetic, pressure and acoustic signatures of the target in order to detonate the
mine. This method may not be effective against sophisticated mines which are looking for specific signatures in
combination or which detonate after counting a specific number of targets.
C. Remotely operated robotic vehicles: this process is similar to disarming conventional bombs. A robot vehicle
has cameras which broadcast video to a controller. The robot can be used to cut the mine free, disarm the mine
or disrupt it. Disrupting is using a small amount of explosive to separate the fuse from explosive charge.
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Exercises
1. Discuss the following points:
What is ordinance?
What are weapon systems?
How many different types of weapons can you name?
2. Word formation. Transform the word in capital letters at the end of each line so that it fits the gap in
the corresponding line.
Weapons are the mainstay of the military. __________ them, the Navy ................................................ WITH
could not carry out its combat missions or ________ its ships, planes, .......................................... DEFENCE
bases and ________. This chapter deals with two kinds of weapons: ................................................. PERSON
small ____________ for individual use, and big ones - like missiles and rockets - ................................... ONE
that help the Navy's _________ ships fulfil their missions. The ......................................................... COMBAT
Navy's overall mission is to maintain sufficient military ___________ ............................................... CAPABLE
to ___________ the use of military power against the United States ............................................DETERRENT
and its allies, or the other countries important to U.S. ___________ .................................................. SECURE
and well-being. To this end, the Navy must be __________ to .......................................................... PREPARE
conduct prompt and sustained combat __________ at sea. ...............................................................OPERATE
(Bluejackets' Manual)
3. According to the text, which weapon...
1. ...explodes at a certain depth or in proximity to a submarine? _______________
2. ...is basically a tube? _______________
3. ...can be dropped from an aircraft? _______________
4. ...can be "dumb" or "smart"? _______________
5. ...cannot change its direction of movement after it has been fired? _______________
6. ...is used against underwater and surface targets? _______________
7. ...can be put into position by surface ships, submarines or aircraft? _______________
8. ...fires a projectile? _______________
9. ...contains a guidance section? _______________ /_________________
10. ...uses gunpowder? _______________
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11. ...is self-propelled? _______________ /_________________ /_________________
12. ...are free-fall explosive weapons? _______________
13. ...can change its direction of movement after it has been fired? _______________
14. ...explodes only if a target comes near or into contact with it? _______________
15. ...is an integrated system consisting of a weapon and the gear required to operate and control it?
_______________
16. ...is dropped? _______________
4. Explain the difference between the following words...
1. rocket / missile
2. mine / depth charge
3. depth charge / bomb
4. torpedo / missile
5. ordnance / weapon system
6. explosive section / propulsion section
7. propulsion section / guidance section
8. to fire or to launch / to drop
9. surface target / underwater target
10. "dumb" / "smart"
11. air-to-air / air-to-surface
12. surface-to-air / surface-to-surface
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5. Look at the words on the left, then match them with the definition on the right:
1. Ordnance a) Machine used for shooting, using gunpowder.
2. Weapon system b) Self-propelled underwater missile. Used against surface+

. underwater targets.
3. Gun c) Anti-submarine weapon fired or dropped. Set to explode at

certain depth or near submarines.
4. Rocket d) Everything that constitutes a ship's firepower.
5. Missile e) Underwater explosive weapon. Explodes only when a

target comes near or in contact with it.
6. Torpedo f) Free-fall explosive weapon, can be "dumb" or "smart" (=

unguided or with a guidance system).
7. Mine g) Integrated system for operating a weapon.
8. Depth charge h) Weapon with explosive + propulsion sections, it cannot

change direction.
9. Bomb i) Weapon with explosive, propulsion + guidance sections. It

can change direction after being fired.
6. Now test each other, by asking for English definitions of the weapons above. Use your knowledge to
add more detail
7. Answer following questions about missiles.
a. How are missiles described?
b. What does each missile have?
c. What doesn't a rocket have?
d. How many parts does a missile have?
e. What are they?
f. Regarding the basic parts, which is the lightest?
g. Why must the power plant propel the missile at supersonic speed?
h. What is another name for the Pulse Jet?
i. Which type of air breathing plant system uses a turbine to compress air and jet it out at high pressure?
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j. Which air breathing plant system uses a lot of fuel?
k. Which basic part of a missile creates the most damage?
8.How many parts does a torpedo have?
a) 4
b) 6
c) 2
d) 3
9.What does the nose section contain?
a) The control surface

b) The target sensing mechanism
c) The acoustic tracking system
d) The electric motor and battery
10.The missile's airframe is made of
a) Brass and Copper

b) Aluminium alloys and Magnesium
c) Copper and Iron
d) Iron and Brass
11.How many sections does a missile have?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
d) 5
12.The Depth Charge is
a) used for shooting using gunpowder.

b) an anti-submarine weapon fired or dropped.
c) a free-fall explosive weapon.
d) an integrated system for operating a weapon
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13.The primary objective is:
a) To sink a submarine
b) To guide remotely or send telemetry information.
c) To take the submarine out of action.
d) To control by periodically degaussing.
14.How many departments are there?
a) 8
b) 7
c) 6
d) 5
15.Which department is responsible for maintaining the ship's sensors?
a) The Marine Engineering department.

b) The Weapons Engineering department.
c) The Warfare Engineering Branch.
d) The Executive department.
16.Who is responsible for discipline and routines on board the ship?
a) The Master of Arms

b) The Executive officer
c) The Boatswain
d) The leading regulator
17. Are the following sentences True or False?
e) The operation room provides the central point for fighting. T/F
f) The major weapon system is in the Marine Engineering department. T/F
g) The lynx weapon system is situated in the Warfare Branch. T/F
h) The Executive department is responsible for the command of the ship. T/F
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Radar
Introduction
Radar (Radio Detection And Ranging), is a remote detection system used to locate and identify objects. Radar signals
bounce off objects in their path, and the radar system detects the echoes of signals that return. Radar can determine a
number of properties of a distant object, such as its distance, speed, direction of motion, and shape. Radar can detect
objects out of the range of sight and works in all weather conditions, making it a vital and versatile tool for many
industries.
Radar has many uses, including aiding navigation in the sea and air, helping detect military forces, improving traffic
safety, and providing scientific data. One of the radar's primary uses is air traffic control, both civilian and military. Large
networks of ground-based radar systems help air traffic controllers keep track of aircraft and prevent midair collisions.
Commercial and military ships also use radar as a navigation aid to prevent collisions between ships and to alert ships of
obstacles, especially in bad weather conditions when visibility is poor. Military forces around the world use radar to
detect aircraft and missiles, troop movement, and ships at sea, as well as to target various types of weapons. In the world
of science, meteorologists use radar to observe and forecast the weather. Other scientists use radar for remote sensing
applications, including mapping the surface of the earth from orbit, studying asteroids, and investigating the surfaces of
other planets and their moons.
A Transmitter System
The system surrounding the transmitter is made up of three main elements: the oscillator, the modulator, and the
transmitter itself. The transmitter supplies energy to the antenna in the form of a high-energy electrical signal. The
antenna then sends out electromagnetic radar waves as the signal passes through it.
A1 The Oscillator
The production of a radar signal begins with an oscillator, a device that produces a pure electrical signal at the desired
frequency. Most radar systems use frequencies that fall in the radio range (from a few million cycles per second -or
Hertz- to several hundred million Hertz) or the microwave range (from several hundred million Hertz to a several tens of
billions Hertz). The oscillator must produce a precise and pure frequency to provide the radar system with an accurate
reference when it calculates the Doppler shift of the signal (for further discussion of the Doppler shift, see the Receiver
section below).
A2 The Modulator
The next stage of a radar system is the modulator, which rapidly varies, or modulates, the signal from the oscillator. In a
simple pulse radar system the modulator merely turns the signal on and off.
The modulator should vary the signal, but not distort it. This requires careful design and engineering.
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A3 The Transmitter
The radar system's transmitter increases the power of the oscillator signal. The transmitter amplifies the power from the
level of about 1 watt to as much as 1 megawatt, or 1 million watts. Radar signals have such high power levels because
so little of the original signal comes back in the return.
A4 The Antenna
After the transmitter amplifies the radar signal to the required level, it sends the signal to the antenna, usually a dish-
shaped piece of metal. Electromagnetic waves at the proper wavelength propagate out from the antenna as the electrical
signal passes through it. Most radar antennas direct the radiation by reflecting it from a parabolic, or concave shaped,
metal dish. The output from the transmitter feeds into the focus of the dish. The focus is the point at which radio waves
reflected from the dish travel out from the surface of the dish in a single direction. Most antennas are steerable, meaning
that they can move to point in different directions. This enables a radar system to scan an area of space rather than
always pointing in the same direction.
B Reception Elements
A radar receiver detects and often analyzes the faint echoes produced when radar waves bounce off of distant objects
and return to the radar system. The antenna gathers the weak returning radar signals and converts them into an electric
current. Because a radar antenna may both transmit and receive signals, the duplexer determines whether the antenna
is connected to the receiver or the transmitter. The receiver determines whether the signal should be reported and often
does further analyses before sending the results to the display. The display conveys the results to the human operator
through a visual display or an audible signal.
B1 The Receiver
Most modern radar systems use digital equipment because this equipment can perform many complicated functions. In
order to use digital equipment, radar systems need analog-to-digital converters to change the received signal from an
analog form to a digital form.
The incoming analog signal can have any value, from 0 to tens of millions, including fractional values. Digital information
must have discrete values, in certain regular steps, such as 0, 1 or 2, but nothing in between. A digital system might
require the fraction to be rounded off to the decimal number 0.6666667, or 0.667, or 0.7, or even 1. After the analog
information has been translated into discrete intervals, digital numbers are usually expressed in binary form, or as series
of 1s and 0s that represent numbers. The analog-to-digital converter measures the incoming analog signal many times
each second and expresses each signal as a binary number.
Once the signal is in digital form, the receiver can perform many complex functions on it. One of the most important
functions for the receiver is Doppler filtering. Signals that bounce off of moving objects come back with a slightly different
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wavelength because of an effect called the Doppler effect. The wavelength changes as waves leave a moving object
because the movement of the object causes each wave to leave from a slightly different position than the waves before
it. If an object is moving away from the observer, each successive wave will leave from slightly farther away, so the waves
will be farther apart and the signal will have a longer wavelength.
B2 The Display
Displaying the results is the final step in converting the received radar signals into useful information. Early radar systems
used a simple amplitude scope -a display of received signal amplitude, or strength, as a function of distance from the
antenna. A more useful and more modern display is the plan position indicator (PPI). The PPI displays the direction of
the target in relation to the radar system (relative to north) as an angle measured from the top of the display, while the
distance to the target is represented as a distance from the centre of the display. Some radar systems that use PPI display
the actual amplitude of the signal, while others process the signal before displaying it and display possible targets as
symbols. Some simple radar systems designed to look for the presence of an object and not the object's speed or distance
notify the user with an audible signal, such as a beep.
Maritime Navigation
Radar also helps ships navigate through dangerous waters and avoid collisions. Unlike air-traffic radar, with its centralized
networks that monitor many craft, maritime radar depends almost entirely on radar systems installed on individual
vessels. These radar systems search the surface of the water for landmasses; navigation aids, such as lighthouses and
channel markers; and other vessels. For a ship’s navigator, echoes from landmasses and other stationary objects are just
as important as those from moving objects. Consequently, marine radar systems do not include clutter removal circuits.
Instead, ship-based radar depends on high-resolution distance and direction measurements to differentiate between
land, ships, and unwanted signals. Marine radar systems have become available at such low cost that many pleasure
craft are equipped with them, especially in regions where fog is common.
C Military Defense and Attack
Historically, the military has played the leading role in the use and development of radar. The detection and interception
of opposing military aircraft in air defence has been predominant military use of radar. The military also uses airborne
radar to scan large battlefields for the presence of enemy forces and equipment and to pick out precise targets for bombs
and missiles.
D Modern radar
Radar found many applications in civilian and military life and became more sophisticated and specialized for each
application. The use of radar in air traffic control grew quickly during the Cold War, especially in the 1960s. Today almost
all commercial and private aircrafts have transponders. Transponders send out radar signals encoded with information
about an aircraft and its flight that other aircraft and air traffic controllers can use.
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Doppler radar came into use in the 1960s and was first dedicated to weather forecasting in the 1970s. In the 1990s the
United States had a nationwide network of more than 130 Doppler radar stations to help meteorologists track weather
patterns.
Earth-observing satellites such as those in the SEASAT program began to use radar to measure the topography of the
earth in the late 1970s.
As radar continues to improve, so does the technology for evading radar. Stealth aircraft feature radar-absorbing
coatings and deceptive shapes to reduce the possibility of radar detection. The Lockheed F-117A, first flown in 1981, and
the Northrop B-2, first flown in 1989, are two of the latest additions to the U.S. stealth aircraft fleet.
Type 42 Destroyers
Type 42 destroyers have the Sea Dart medium range air defence missile system which provides area air defence to a
group of ships and is also effective against surface targets at sea. They can also operate independently carrying out
patrol and boarding operations, enforce UN embargoes and provide humanitarian assistance.
The Departments are:
- The Executive department: it is responsible for the command of the ship. The Executive Officer (X.O) has the
responsibility of this department which includes the Medical, Chaplaincy, Physical Training and Seamanship
aspects of the ship. The Master at Arms and the Leading Regulator are responsible for discipline and routines
on the ship and act as policemen who report to the X.O.
- The Marine Engineering department: the type 42 has Rolls-Royce Marine Olympus and Tyne gas turbines.
This department is responsible for maintaining these engines and all non-weapon machinery and equipment
on board a ship, for example, electrical generation and distribution, hull integrity, fuel management and fire-
fighting, pressure systems and hydraulics.
- The Weapons Engineering department: this department is responsible for maintaining the ship's sensors,
communications and weapon systems. The major weapon systems include Sea Dart missiles, the Mark 8 gun
and anti-submarine torpedoes. It also maintains the ship's sonar, navigational radar and the air/surface
surveillance radar. It is responsible for the safe storage of all explosives on board the ship.
- The Flight department: a highly skilled team of air engineers work in the department using the Lynx weapon
system. Helicopters can conduct many missions including air surveillance, passenger and cargo transfers, air
sea rescue missions, etc..
- The Warfare Branch: this department concerns the ship's main weapon system which is the Sea Dart Missile.
The main task of the Type 42 Warfare team is to provide area air defence to a task group. The Operations
Room provides the central point for fighting. All the sensor information goes back to very sophisticated
computers which permit the Warfare team to face any threat above, on or below the sea surface. The Officer
of the Watch and the bridge crew is responsible for the navigational safety of the ship and avoiding collisions.
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- The Supply Department: this department is responsible for food, clothing and paying the ship's company.
The department is divided into 5 main areas:
a. The Writers who have secretarial duties.

b. The Stores Accountants who supply every department with all that they need every day.
c. The Catering Sub department which has the task of providing food.
d. The Stewards who provide hotel services and are responsible for First Aid.
e. The shop which sells everything the crew may need.
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Exercises
The Transmitter
1. How many elements are there which surround the transmitter?
2. Which are the main elements which surround the transmitter?
3. What does the transmitter supply?
4. In which form does the transmitter supply energy to the antenna?
The Oscillator
1. Where does the production of a radar signal begin ?
2. Which device produces a pure electrical signal at a desired frequency?
3. How is a accurate reference achieved when the Doppler shift of the signal is calculated?
The Modulator
1. What is the main function of the modulator in a simple pulse radar system?
The Transmitter
1. Why do radar signals have such high levels?
2. Which device increased the power of the oscillator signal?
The Antenna
1. What happens when the transmitter amplifies the radar signal to the required level?
2. How do most antennas direct the radiation?
3. What is the focus?/How would you define the focus?
4. With most antennas being steerable, what does it enable a radar system to do ?
Reception Elements
1. How does a radar receiver detect/analyze echoes?
2. What does the duplexer determine?
3. What does the receiver determine?
4. Where are the results sent?
The Receiver
1. Which type of equipment is used in modern radar systems?
2. What device is essential in order to use this type of system?

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3. What does an analog do?
4. Which do you prefer: the analog form or the digital form?
5. How are digital numbers expressed?
6. What does the analog-to-digital converter measure?
7. At which stage can the receiver perform many complex functions?
7B. Can you name one of the important functions of the receiver?
8. Why do wavelengths change after leaving a moving object?
9. How is a longer wavelength achieved ?
10. What about signals that are shorter in wavelength?
11. Where do Doppler shifts happen/occur?
12. How important is the Doppler filtering?
13. At which stage, does the receiver perform other functions to maximize the strength of the return signal?
14. Which device maximizes the strength of the return signal and eliminates noise or interfering signal?
Display
1. What is the final stage when the receiver radar signal has been converted in useful information?
2. What does PPI stand for?
3. What does it do? / On the display, how is the distance to the target represented?
4. When a simple radar system only detects the present of an objective, how is the user notified?
Maritime Navigation
1. Why is radar used in maritime navigation?
2. Is there a difference between air-traffic radar and maritime radar?
3. What do these radar systems search for?
4. What does a ship-based radar depend on?
5. Why?
Modern Radar
1. In modern radar, where are Transponders found?
2. What do transponders do?
3. In the 90s, what was the Doppler radar mainly used for?
4. Which program was used in the 70s to measure the topography of the earth?
5. Do you remember anything about the features regarding the Lockheed F117A/Northrop B-2?
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6. Have there been any technological advances since then?
7. Why do stealth aircrafts have a deceptive shape?
Type 42 Destroyers
1. What is the main weapon system aboard the Type 42 Destroyers?
2. Which department concerns the main weapon system?
3. What does the Operation room provide?
4. What is the Weapons Engineering department responsible for?
5. Working independently, what type of duties do these ships provide?
6. For military purposes, what has the Sea Dart medium range air defence missile system provided?
7. Can you name any of the major weapon systems provided?
8. What system is used in the flight department?
9. How does the Warfare team acknowledge threats above, or below the sea surface?
10. What is the difference between area defence and point defence?
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CP –COAST GUARDS
Climate change
EU action on climate change
Preventing dangerous climate change is a strategic priority for the European Union. Europe is working hard to cut its
greenhouse gas emissions substantially while encouraging other nations and regions to do likewise.
In parallel, the European Commission and a number of Member States have developed adaption strategies to help
strengthen Europe’s resilience to the inevitable impacts of climate change.
Reining in climate change carries a cost, but doing nothing would be far more expensive in the long run. Moreover,
investing in green technologies that cut emissions will also boost the economy, create jobs and strengthen Europe’s
competitiveness.
Preventing dangerous climate change
To prevent the most severe impacts of climate change, the international community has agreed that global warming
should be kept below 2 degrees compared to the temperature in pre-industrial times. That means a temperature
increase of no more than around 1.2 degrees above today’s level.
To stay within this ceiling, the scientific evidence shows that the world must stop the growth in global greenhouse gas
emissions by 2020 at the latest, reduce them by at least half of 1990 levels by the middle of this century and continue
cutting them thereafter.
Targets up to 2050
EU leaders have committed to transforming Europe into a highly energy-efficient, low carbon economy. The EU has itself
set targets for reducing its greenhouse gas emissions progressively up to 2050 and is working successfully towards
meeting them.
Under the Kyoto Protocol, the 15 countries that were EU members before 2004 committed to reducing their collective
emissions to 8% below 1990 levels by the years 2008 – 2012. The latest emissions monitoring and projections show that
they are on track to over – achieve this target. Most member states that have joined the EU since 2004 also have Kyoto
reduction targets of 6% or 8% (Croatia has 5%) which they are also on course to achieve.
For 2020, the EU has committed to cutting emissions to 20% before 1990 levels. This commitment is one of the headline
targets of the Europe 2020 growth strategy and is being implemented through a package of binding legislation. The EU
has offered to increase its emissions reduction to 30% by 2020 if other major emitting countries in the developed and
developing worlds commit to undertaking their fair share of a global emissions reduction effort.
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In the climate and energy policy framework for 2030, the European Commission proposes that the EU set itself a target
of reducing emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.
For 2050, EU leaders have endorsed the objective of reducing Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions by 80 – 95% compared
to 1990 levels as part of efforts by developed countries as a group to reduce their emissions by a similar degree. The
European Commission has published a roadmap building the low-carbon European economy that this will require.
Taking the Initiative
EU initiatives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions include:
 The EU Commissions Trading System, which has become the EU’s key tool for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions from industry in the most cost effective way.
 Adopting legislation to raise the share of energy consumption produced by renewable energy sources to 20%
by 2020
 Setting a target to increase Europe’s energy efficiency by 20% by 2020 by improving the energy efficiency of
buildings and a wide array of equipment and household appliances.
 Binding targets to reduce carbon monoxide emissions from new cars and vans
 Supporting the development of carbon capture and storage technologies to trap and store carbon monoxide
emitted by power stations and other major industrial installations.
 The European Climate Change Program, which has led to the implementation of dozens of new policies and
measures.
Mainstreaming climate into other policies
The fight against climate change is increasingly being reflected in other policy areas. To further advance this
“mainstreaming” process, the EU has agreed that at least 20% of its 960 billion Euro budget for 2014 – 2020 periods
should be spent on climate change related action. This is on top of climate finance from individual EU Member States
This budget marks a major step forward in transforming Europe into a clean and competitive low carbon economy .
The EU at the forefront of international efforts
The EU has long been a driving force in international negotiations on climate change and was instrumental in the
development of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol.
Due to pressure from the EU and other progressive countries, UN negotiations are underway to draw up a new global
climate agreement covering all countries to achieve greater cuts in global emissions over the rest of the decade. The aim
is to keep global warming below 2 degrees compared to the temperature that prevailed in pre-industrialized times.
The new framework is to be finalized by 2015 and implemented from 2020. The EU is pressing for an agreement that is
ambitious, comprehensive and legally binding. As part of the transition to the future global climate regime, the EU is
taking part in the second phase of the Kyoto Protocol running from 2013 – 2020.
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As the world’s leading donor of development aid, the EU also provides substantial funding to help developing countries
tackle climate change. It gave just over 7.3 billion Euros in “fast start” financing to developing countries over 2010 – 2012
and is continuing to provide climate finance every year.
IMO
Brief History of IMO
It has always been recognized that the best way of improving safety at sea is by developing international regulations that
are followed by all shipping nations and from the mid-19th century onwards a number of such treaties were adopted.
Several countries proposed that a permanent international body should be established to promote maritime safety more
effectively, but it was not until the establishment of the United Nations itself that these hopes were realized. In 1948 an
international conference in Geneva adopted a convention formally establishing IMO.
The IMO Convention entered into force in 1958 and the new organization met for the first time the following year.
The purposes of the organization, as summarized by Article 1(a) of the Convention, are “to provide machinery for
cooperation among governments in the field of governmental regulation and practices relating to technical matters of
all kinds affecting shipping engaged in international trade, to encourage and facilitate the general adoption of the highest
standards possible in matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and prevention and control of marine
pollution from ships”. The organization is also empowered to deal with administrative and legal matters related to these
purposes.
IMO’s first task was to adopt a new version of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), the
most important of all treaties dealing with maritime safety. This was achieved in1960 and IMO then turned its attention
to such matters as the facilitation of international maritime traffic, load lines, and the carriage of dangerous goods, while
the system of measuring the tonnage of ships was revised.
Although safety was and remains IMO’s most important responsibility, a new problem began to emerge – pollution. The
growth in the amount of oil being transported by sea and in the size of oil tankers was of particular concern and the
Torrey Canyon disaster of 1967, in which 120,000 tones of oil was spilled, demonstrated the scale of the problem.
During the next few years IMO introduced a series of measures designed to prevent tanker accidents and to minimize
their consequences. It also tackled the environmental threat caused by routine operations such as cleaning of oil cargo
tankers and the disposal of engine room wastes, which, in tonnage terms is a bigger menace than accidental pollution.
The most important of all these measures was the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,
1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating to thereto. It covers not only accidental and operational oil pollution
but also pollution by chemicals, goods in packaged form, sewage, garbage and air pollution.
IMO was also given the task of establishing a system for providing compensation to those who had suffered financially
as a result of pollution. Two treaties were adopted , one in 1969 and the other in 1971. These treaties enabled victims
of oil pollution to obtain compensation much more simply and quickly than it had been possible before. Both treaties
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were amended in 1992 an again in 2000, to increase the limits of compensation payable to victims of pollution. A number
of other legal conventions have been developed since, most of which concern liability and compensation issues.
1970 saw the initiation of a global search and rescue operation, with the establishment of the International Mobile
Satellite Organization (IMSO), which has greatly improved the provision of radio and other messages to ships.
The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) was adopted in 1988 and began to be phased in from 1992. In
February 1999, the GMDSS became fully operational, so that now a ship that is in distress anywhere in the world can be
virtually guaranteed assistance, even if the ship’[s crew don’t have time to radio for help, as the message will be
transmitted automatically.
Two initiatives in the 1960’s are especially important as they relate to the human element in shipping. ON 1st July 1998
the International Safety Management Code entered into force and became applicable to passenger ships, oil and
chemical tankers, bulk carriers, gas carriers and cargo high speed craft of 500 gross tonnage and above. It became
applicable to other cargo ships and mobile offshore drilling units of 500 gross tonnage and above from the 1 st July 2002.
On the 1st of February 1997, the 1995 amendments to the International Convention on Standards of Training,
Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers, 1978 entered into force. They greatly improve seafarer standards and for
the first time, give IMO itself powers to check government actions with parties required to submit information to IMO
regarding their compliance with the Convention. A major revision of the STCW Convention and Code was completed in
2010 with the adoption of the “Manila Amendments to the STWC Convention and Code”.
New conventions relating to the marine environment were adopted in the 2000’s, including one on anti-fouling systems,
another on ballast water management to prevent the invasion of alien species and another on ship recycling. The 2000’s
also saw a focus on maritime security, with the introduction of a new comprehensive security regime for international
shipping in 2004, including International Ship and Port facility Security code, made mandatory under amendments to
SOLAS, adopted in 2002.
In 2005, IMO adopted amendments to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts (SUA) Against the Safety of
Maritime Navigation, 1988 and its related Protocol, which among other things, introduces the right of a State Party to
board a ship flying the flag of another State Party when the requesting Party has reasonable grounds to suspect that the
ship or a person on board the ship is, has been, or is about to be involved in the commission of an offence under the
rules of the convention.
As IMO instruments have entered into force and been implemented, developments in technology and lessons learned
from accidents have led to changes and amendments being adopted. The focus of implementation continues, with the
technical co operation program being a key strand of IMO’s work.
The IMO Member State Audit Scheme, which became mandatory under a number of key IMO instruments on the 1st of
January 2016, will increasingly play a key role in supporting effective implementation by providing an united Member
State with a comprehensive and objective assessment of how effectively it administers and implements those mandatory
IMO instruments which are covered by the scheme.
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IMO’s mission statement:
“The mission of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as a United Nations specialized agency is to promote safe,
secure, environmentally sound, efficient and sustainable shipping through co operation. This will be accomplished by
adopting the highest standards possible of maritime safety and security, efficiency of navigation and prevention of
control of pollution from ships, as well as through consideration of the related legal matters and effective
implementation of IMO’s instruments with a view to their universal and uniform application.”
Country responsible for asylum application (Dublin)
Every single asylum application lodged within EU territory needs to be examined – each EU country must be able to
determine if and when it is responsible for handling an asylum claim. The objective of the Dublin Regulation is to ensure
quick access to asylum procedures and the examination of an application on the merits by a single, clearly determined
Member State.
What is the Dublin Regulation?
The Dublin Regulation establishes the Member State responsible for the examination of the asylum application. The
criteria for establishing responsibility run, in hierarchical order, from family considerations, to recent possession of visa
or residence permit in a Member State, to whether the applicant has entered the EU irregularly, or regularly.
Key achievements.
The Dublin III entered into force in July 2013 and it contains sound procedures for the protection of asylum applicants
and improves the system’s efficiency through:
 An early warning, crisis management mechanism, geared to addressing the root dysfunctional causes of national
asylum systems or problems stemming from particular pressures.
 A series of provisions on protection of applicants, such as compulsory personal interview, guarantees for minors
and extended possibilities of reunifying them with relatives.
 The possibility for appeals for appeals to suspend the execution of the transfer for the period when the appeal
judged, together with the guarantee of the right for a person to remain on the territory pending the decision of
a court on the suspension of the transfer pending the appeal.
 An obligation to ensure legal assistance free of charge upon request.
 A single ground for detention in case of risk of absconding, strict limitation of the duration of detention.
 The possibility for asylum seekers that could in some cases be considered irregular migrants and returned under
the Return Directive, to be treated under the Dublin procedure – thus giving these people more protection than
the Return Directive.
 An obligation to guarantee right to appeal against transfer decision.
 More legal clarity of procedures between Member States – e.g. exhaustive and clearer deadlines. The entire
Dublin procedure can’t last longer than 11 months to take charge of a person, or 9 months to take him or her
back(except for absconding or where the person is imprisoned).
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Evaluation of Dublin III Regulation
In June 2015 the Commission committed studies on the external evaluation on the implementation of the Dublin III
Regulation and an evaluation report in view of the reform of the Dublin system as foreseen in the European Agenda on
Migration.
Towards a reform of the CEAS: Dublin IV Regulation Proposal
The large-scale uncontrolled arrival of migrants and asylum seekers has put a strain not only on many Member States’
asylum systems but also on Common European Asylum System as a whole. The volume and concentration of arrivals has
exposed in particular the weaknesses of the Dublin System, which establishes the Member State responsible for
examining an asylum application based primarily on the first point of irregular entry.
For these reasons, the Commission is proposing to revise and replace the current asylum instruments to better manage
migration flows and offer adequate protection to those in need, in line with the approach set out in the European Agenda
for Migration.
In May 2016, as part of its proposed reform of the Common European Asylum System, the Commission presented a draft
proposal to make the Dublin System more transparent and enhance its effectiveness, while providing a mechanism to
deal with situation of disproportionate pressure on Member States’ Asylum Systems.
The Commission proposal aims to :
 Enhance the system’s capacity to determine a single MS responsible for examining the application for
international protection by removing the cessation of responsibility clauses and shortening time limits for take-
charge requests and transfers.
 Ensure fair sharing of responsibility between MS by complementing the current system with a corrective
allocation mechanism in cases of disproportionate pressure.
 Discourage abuses and prevent secondary movements by requiring proportionate procedural and material
consequences in case of non-compliance.
 Protect asylum seekers’ best interests: with stronger guarantees for unaccompanied minors and a balanced
extension of the definition of family members.
 Finally, the proposals include a fairness mechanism based on solidarity which includes a corrective allocation
mechanism and which takes into account resettlement efforts made by a Member State to resettle those in
need of international protection direct from a third party. This will acknowledge the importance of efforts to
implement legal and safe pathways to Europe.
This new system would automatically establish when a country is handling a disproportionate number of asylum
applications. It would do so by reference to a country’s size and wealth. If one country receives disproportionate numbers
above and beyond that reference, all further new applicants in that country would (regardless of nationality) be
relocated, after an admissibility verification of their application, across the EU until the number of applicants is back
below that level. A Member State would also have the option to temporarily not take part in the reallocation. In that
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case, it would have to make a solidarity contribution of 250,000 Euro for each applicant for whom it would otherwise
have been responsible under the fairness mechanism, to the Member State that is reallocated the person instead.
Solas
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets minimum
safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The convention requires signatory flag
states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with at least three standards.
The current version of SOLAS is the 1974 version, known as SOLAS 74, which came into force on May 1980. SOLAS in its
successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties regarding the safety of
merchant ships.
Signatories
As of March 2016, SOLAS1974 had 162 contracting states, which flag about 99% of merchant ships around the world in
terms of gross tonnage. As of 2015, the non-parties to SOLAS 1974 include Bolivia, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka, all considered
flag of convenience states.
Provisions
SOLAS 1974 requires flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with the minimum safety standards in the
construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The treaty includes articles setting out general obligations,
followed by an annex divided into twelve chapters. The two new chapters were added in 2016 and 2017. Of these,
chapter five is the only one that applies to all vessels at sea, including private yachts and small craft on local trips as well
as to commercial vessels on international passages. Many countries have turned these international requirements into
national laws so that anybody on the sea who is in breach of SOLAS V requirements may find themselves subject to legal
proceedings.
Chapter I – General Provisions
Surveying the various types of ships and certifying that they meet the requirements of the convention.
Chapter II – Construction
Subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical installations. The subdivision of passenger ships into
watertight compartments so that after damage to its hull, a vessel will remain afloat and stable.
Chapter II – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction
Fire safety provisions for all ships with detailed measures for passenger ships, cargo ships and tankers.
Chapter III – Life saving appliances and arrangements
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Life saving appliances and arrangements, including requirements for life boats rescue boats and life jackets
according to the type of ship. The specific technical requirements are given in the International Life Saving
Appliance (LSA) Code.
Chapter IV – Radio Communication
The global Maritime Distress Safety System (GMDSS) requires passenger and cargo ships on international
voyages to carry radio equipment, including satellite Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons (EPIRB) and
Search and Rescue Transponders (SART)
Chapter V – Safety of Navigation
This chapter requires governments to ensure that all vessels are sufficiently and efficiently manned from a safety
point of view. It places requirements on all vessels regarding voyage and passage planning, expecting a careful
assessment of any proposed voyages by all who put to go to sea. Every mariner must take account of all potential
dangers to navigation., weather forecasts, tidal predictions, the competence of the crew, and all other relevant
factors. It also adds an obligation for all vessels masters to offer assistance to those in distress and controls
those of lifesaving signals with specific requirements regarding danger and distress messages. It is different from
the other chapters, which apply to certain classes of commercial shipping, in that these requirements apply to
all vessels and their crews, including yachts and private craft, on all voyages and trips including local ones.
Chapter VI – Carriage of Cargoes
Requirements for the stowage and securing of all types of cargo and cargo containers except liquids and gases
in bulk.
Chapter VII – Carriage of Dangerous Goods
Requires the carriage of all kinds of dangerous goods to be in compliance with the International Bulk Chemical
Code (IBC Code) and the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)
Chapter VIII – Nuclear Ships
Nuclear powered ships are required, particularly concerning radiation hazards, to conform to the Code of Safety
for Nuclear Merchant Ships.
Chapter IX – Management for the Safe Operation of Ships
Requires every ship owner and any person or company that has assumed responsibility for a ship to comply with
the International Safety Management Code (ISM)
Chapter X – Safety Measures for High Speed Craft
Makes mandatory the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (HSC Code).
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Chapter XI-1 – Safety Measures to Enhance Maritime Safety
Requirements relating to organizations responsible for carrying out surveys and inspections, enhanced surveys,
the ship identification number scheme, and operational requirements.
Chapter XI-2 – Special Measures to Enhance Maritime Security
Includes the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code). Confirms that the role of the Master
in maintaining the security of the ship is not, and cannot be, constrained by the Company, the charterer or any
other person. Port facilities must carry out security assessments and develop , implement and review port
facility security plans. Controls the delay, detention, restriction, or expulsion of a ship form a port. Requires that
ships must have a ship security alert system, as well as detailing other measures and requirements.
Chapter XII – Additional Safety Measures for Bulk Carriers
Specific structural requirements for bulk carriers over 150 metres in length.
Chapter XIII – Verification of Compliance
Makes mandatory from 1st January 2016 the IMO Member State Audit Scheme.
Chapter XIV – Safety Measures for Ships Operating in Polar Waters
The chapter makes mandatory, from 1st January 2017, the introduction and part I-A of the International Code
for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (the Polar Code).
History
Origin and Early Versions
The first version of the SOLAS Treaty was introduced in 1914 in response to the sinking of the RMS TITANIC, which
prescribed umbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures, including continuous
radio watches. The 1914 treaty never entered into force due to the outbreak of the First World War. Further versions
were adopted in 1929 and 1948.
1960 Version
The 1960 Convention was adopted on 17th June 1960 and entered into force on the 26TH May 1965. It was the fourth
SOLAS Convention and was the first major achievement for the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It
represented a considerable step forward in modernizing regulations and keeping up with technical developments in the
shipping industry.
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1974 Version
In 1974 a completely new Convention was adopted to allow SOLAS to be amended and implemented within a reasonable
timescale, instead of the previous procedure to incorporate amendments, which proved to be very slow. Under SOLAS
1960, it could take several years for amendments to come into force since countries had to give notice of acceptance to
IMO and there was a minimum threshold of countries and tonnage. Under SOLAS 1974, amendments enter into force
via a tacit acceptance procedure – this allows an amendment to enter into force on a specified date, unless objections
to an amendment are received from an agreed number of parties.
The 1974 SOLAS came into force on the 25th of May 1980, 12 months after its ratification by at least 50 countries with at
least 50% of gross tonnage. It has been updated and amended on numerous occasions since then and the Convention in
force today is sometimes referred to as SOLAS 1974, as amended. In 1975 the assembly of the IMO decided that the
1974 convention should in future use SI (metric) units only.
1988 Version
In particular, amendments in 1988 based on amendments of International Regulations in 1987 replaced the Morse Code
with the Global Maritime Distress Safety System and came into force starting the 1 st of February 1992.
Later Amendments
The up-to-date list of amendments to SOLAS is maintained by the IMO. Previous amendments were made in May 2011.
In 2015, in another later amendment in the SOLAS Container Weight Regulation VI/2. This regulation, implemented by
the IMO Maritime (MSC), requires that the full weight of loaded containers must be obtained prior to being loaded on
an ocean vessel. Communicating a weight value has called for the introduction of a new Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI) communication protocol called VGM (Verified Gross Mass) or VERMAS (Verification of Mass), and involves
cooperation between ocean carriers. freight forwarders EDI providers as well as exporters. The regulation states that
exporters (shippers) are ultimately responsible to obtain a verified container weigh. Originally scheduled for
implementation on the 1st of July 2016., the regulation allows for flexibility and practical refinement according to the
Maritime Safety Committee Memorandum.
Human Trafficking
Terminology
1. Smuggling - taking goods or people from one country to another illegally.

2. A stowaway - a person who hides on a ship in order to get a free journey.
3. A refugee - a person who has been forced to leave his/her country for political reasons, war or lack of food.
4. An immigrant – a person coming into a country from abroad to make their home there.
5. A migrant – a person, animal or bird that moves from one place to another to live or work for a limited period
of time.
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6. People smugglers – people who organize the trafficking of illegal immigrants.
7. An illegal immigrant – a person who travels with no identification/identity documents, no travel papers and no
work permits.
8. Exploitation – people who are taken advantage of due to their situation. Immigrants are often exploited by
people smugglers.
Exercises
1. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following phrases.
a. on marine life and water quality b. without the need for wind or fossil fuel for propulsion
c. in order to accomplish this mission d. committed to reducing or independence on fossil fuels
e. increased as a result f. as it depends less on foreign energy supplies
g. altering the environment
The US Navy serves as a global force, protecting our citizens at home and abroad, while keeping the seas free for all who
sail upon them. The Navy is also ______________________________________________ and setting standards for
environmental stewardship. The Energy, Environment and Climate Change programs of the Navy are developing and
implementing initiatives that will increase the use of alternative energy, conserve the world’s resources, and study the
effects of climate change.
As technology transitioned ships from sail to fossil fuels in the 19 th century and ship sizes
___________________________________________, the coal fired “Great White Fleet’s” 14 month circumnavigation of
the world was a key event for the US Navy. Later, the transition from coal to oil to nuclear power in the 20th century was
marked by a similar cruise: Operation Sea Orbit, the circumnavigation of the world in under 2 months by the all nuclear
Task Force ONE. Without an ounce of food, fuel or supplies replenished during the voyage, the three nuclear powered
ships sailed ______________________________________________. Now, faced with 21 st century challenges, the US
Navy has established several task forces to investigate more efficient and sustainable programs for its non-nuclear
powered ships and its aircraft and vehicles.
The Navy energy task force focuses on making energy production more efficient and sustainable
________________________________________ current operational techniques and energy consumption are evaluated
and improved. Alternative and renewable energies are researched, developed and tested in the field and at home.
Secretary of the Navy, Ray Mabus, has set a goal to provide 50% of the Nay’s power needs using alternative fuels by
2020. In July 2012, the Navy demonstrated this commitment by launching a “green” strike group which contained ships
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and aircraft running on biofuels and nuclear power. Investing in energy will give the Navy a strategic
advantage____________________________________________.
The Navy environmental stewardship task force focuses on minimizing the effect of the Navy operations on the
environment. Environmental policies are considered during the planning and execution of all operations to ensure that
environmental regulations are followed at sea and on shore. The Navy also works to monitor and study the effect of the
Navy’s ecological footprint ______________________________________________ One of the ongoing projects aimed
at protecting natural resources is the marine mammal research program. Navy researchers improve methods of
determining the locations, population size and effect of navy generated sounds on marine mammals.
The Navy climate change task force focuses examining how the Arctic and global environment will effect naval operations
including changing water resources, changing weather/storm patterns, the consequence of sea level rise on naval
installations and nations around the world, and humanitarian aid and disaster response. Since the United States is an
Arctic nation where climate change is increasingly ____________________________________ there is a need to gather
data and strengthen prediction models to develop strategic goals for the area.
2. Match the synonyms
a. Initiatives 1.achieve
b. Strengthen 2.currently in operation
c. Accomplish 3.regular sequence, scheme
d. Evaluate 4.measures, plans
e. Gather 5.collect
f. Ongoing 6.reinforce
g. Pattern 7.responsible, planning and management of resources
h. Stewardship 8.assess
3. Read the interview and answer the following questions:
In a 2007 report by the CAN Military Advisory Board, General Gordon R. Sullivan stated: “People are saying they want to
be perfectly convinced about climate science projections….But speaking as a soldier, we never have 100% certainty. If
you wait until you have 100% certainty, something bad is going to happen on the battlefield”
The national security establishment in the United States, including the US military the US intelligence community,
understand that climate change is a national security threat, and that we cannot wait for 100% certainty before acting
to mitigate and adapt to its effects. Not only do they understand it, they plan for it – considering its implications in
strategic documents like the Quadrennial Defense Review, and setting up an office within the CIA called the Centre for
Climate Change and National Security. But why? Why do those organs of government that the public normally associates
with fighting wars, devote time and effort to an issue that is branded as hogwash by many on the right of the political
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spectrum, and the exclusive domain of environmental activists on the left? The simple answer, climate change is,
actually, a national security threat. It’s not just about polar bears, rain forests, or “bugs and bunnies”. It is actually a
problem worthy of attention by those whose primary job it is to protect the United States from harm. The following is a
brief outline of how and why the US national security community treats climate change the way it does, starting with:
 The common definition of a national security threat, and how climate change fits into that definition;
 The actual national security implications of climate change;
 Why climate change is a national security threat at least as significant as other traditional threats, such as the
proliferation of nuclear weapons and materials.
The common definition of a national security threat, and how climate change fits into that definition
Unfortunately there is no accepted definition of a national security threat. However, put simply, the national security
community generally categorizes threats as either: direct, physical threats to the US homeland, or vital US assets and
personnel abroad; or indirect threats from regions of the world that are either of strategic interest to the United States.
In this context, the national security community considers climate change a “threat multiplier”. This means that climate
change exacerbates, or heightens other threats to the United States.
The actual national security implications of climate change
Climate change as a “threat multiplier” manifests itself through both direct and indirect threats to the United States.
Multiplying direct threats to the US homeland. Numerous climate projections highlight a future of increased extreme
weather events, such as droughts, floods, storms and sea level rise in North America, which could devastate coastal
communities, energy facilities and areas of the United States that rely on predictable patterns of rainfall. US domestic
military installations are also at risk. For example, The US Department of Defense is currently assessing how drought,
dust storms, forest fires and rising temperatures, due to climate change, could physically affect military bases across the
American Southwest. DOD is also examining the impact of sea level rise on its numerous coastal military installations.
Multiplying direct threats to US soldiers and US military installations abroad. Heightened droughts, or unpredictable
rainfall patterns due primarily or in part to climate change in areas of the world where the US military operates, can
leave soldiers, particularly special forces, vulnerable to being disconnected for portable water supplies. Protecting
convoys to transport available water is also one of the more dangerous and deadly missions soldiers engage in. That is
why the Department of Defense works to equip its soldiers with portable water filtration and water desalination devices
to deal with the problem, along with mobile hybrid and renewable energy systems. US military installations abroad are
also at serious risk. The US Navy’s Task Force Climate Change (TFCC), for example, is conducting assessments of the
future impacts of sea level rise on its numerous coastal naval installations across the globe.
Multiplying indirect threats in regions of the world that are either of strategic interest to the United States, or whose
instability could ultimately lead to indirect threats to the US. Just as much of the national security community’s concern
about climate change revolves around its capacity to multiply indirect threats to the United States or its interests,
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particularly in regions of the world that the US either sees as key, strategic environments or those whose instability could
constitute a threat to the US.
For example, climate change threatens to indirectly upset the balance of competing interests in thw South China Sea, as
area of critical geostrategic importance to the US, where according to a report from the Centre for a New American
Security (CNAS), ships carry $1.2 billion in US trade annually. On top of this, sovereignty over parts of the Sea is bitterly
contested by adjacent countries, and the US and China have perennially competed over its control. For instance, Will
Rogers at CNAS states that increased droughts in Asia as a result of climate change could result in reduced hydroelectric
fuels under the South China Sea floor, including in contested areas where the US may support competing claimants –
potentially leading to escalating tensions between the US and China.
Vital US commercial interests can also be threatened indirectly, impacting US economic health and long term security.
For example, the recent rainfall variability in Thailand, which contributed to some of the worst floods in the nation’s
history, has been linked to climate change. Well, it just so happens that a quarter of the world’s “sliders”, an essential
component of hard disk drives, are manufactured in one Thai plant in Bang Pa-In, which was completely submerged in
the flood waters, significantly impacting the US electronic industry’s supply chain. Another example may at first glance
seem silly, but it’s certainly not. A changing monsoon season, as a result of climate change, can make the movement of
pirates in the Indian Ocean very predictable, making it more difficult for the US Navy to protect vital shipping lanes from
those pirates – including ships carrying fuel to the world economy.
Lastly, climate change can exacerbate the social, economic and environmental stresses that plague fragile states, thus
heightening the probability of populations fleeing to other countries, or turning to terrorism and piracy. For example,
Somalia and the broader horn of Africa is in the grip of an extended drought that is likely attributable to climate change.
This drought, coupled with other factors such as poor or non existence governance, has in the past led to widespread
famine. As populations become more and more destitute, the probability that they flee en masse to other countries, or
join terrorist enterprises like the al-Qaeda affiliated al-Shahab, increases. In short, climate change threatens to make
fragile states even more fragile, which can lead to the potential for violence directed either at the United States, or its
partners and allies in these key regions. This concern is so acute that the US Department of Defense is investing
considerable resources to map the security implications of climate change in Africa.
Why climate change is a national security threat at least as significant as other traditional national security threats
But, you might ask, do these security threats really compare to other such threats, like the proliferation of nuclear
weapons and materials? From a security perspective, the answer is yes. Climate change is what risk analysts would call
“high probability, high impact” risk, meaning that it is very likely to occur and will have a very large and widespread
impact on security. On the other hand, a study commissioned in 2005 produced a median response of a 10% likelihood
of an “attack involving a nuclear explosion” in five years and a 20% likelihood in 10 years. Of course, in the case of a
nuclear detonation, the price of that 10 or 20 percent likelihood materializing is devastating and unacceptable, so it
makes all the sense in the world to prevent it, or adequately prepare for it. But the same goes for climate change,
especially given a relatively high degree of certainty about its occurrence, and the scale of its impact over time.
Conclusion
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In short, the US national security community doesn’t have the luxury of waiting for 100% certainty. There is a high
enough degree of certainty that climate change is, and has the capacity to be a multiplier of direct and indirect threats
to the United States. That is why US national security planners put time, personnel and resources into mitigating and
adapting to its effects. Climate change as a security threat is not just a narrative, or political ploy. It is a reality. The US
military and the US intelligence community understand this. Our policy makers should too. While a recent US Senate
hearing on the impacts of sea level rise are a welcome recognition of this risk, the US will need to go a lot further than
that.
1. Does Sullivan support the precautionary principle?

2. Is the US Security community taking the climate change threat seriously? How serious do they consider it?
3. What is a threat multiplier?
4. How will climate change impact on coastal communities?
5. Why is the Department of Defense equipping its soldiers with portable water filtration and water desalination
devices?
6. Why is the South China Sea considered an area of critical geostrategic importance to the United States?
7. What is the potential problem in Thailand?
8. Why does this other example at first seem “silly”?
9. What is the effect of climate change on fragile states?
10. Is the threat from climate change less serious than that of a nuclear detonation?
4. Express your opinion
1. This was written in 2007. Have things changed under Trumps administration?
2. Do you think the article is exaggerated? Are only America’s interests being safeguarded?
3. What measures are being taken in Italy? The EU? Which of the effects mentioned might impact on Europe?
5. Read the text and answer the following questions:
A broad distinction can be made between people smuggling and human trafficking. In general, the individuals who pay
a smuggler in order to gain illegal entry to a country do so voluntarily, and the relationship ends on arrival. People who
have been trafficked, on the other hand, are exploited on arrival and there are often elements of fraud, force or other
coercion present.
Clearly, both human trafficking and people smuggling are complex crimes, and it is important to recognize that there is
potential for overlap.
Irregular migration is not a new issue, but is one that has taken on new proportions in recent years. Thousands of people
are leaving their home countries to escape conflict and poverty, and taking desperate measures to try and reach
European countries, in search of a better life.
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Not all irregular migrants are smuggled. However, the reality is that transnational organized crime groups are taking
advantage of the current humanitarian crisis in order to make huge profits. They facilitate the passage of migrants across
borders in return for payment, with little or no regard for their safety and wellbeing.
Conditions of transport are inhumane and the journeys are hazardous. In many cases, people die on these journeys.
According to the International Organization for Migration, nearly 3,700 migrants are estimated to have lost their lives in
the Mediterranean Sea between 1 January and 23 October 2016.
A report published jointly by Europol and INTERPOL in May 2016 estimates that more than 90% of the migrants coming
to the EU are facilitated, mostly by members of a criminal network. These numbers are expected to increase in the future
in response to control measures taken by countries along the migratory routes.
Smuggling networks can be extensive and complex, and can include people who carry out a number of different criminal
activities, for example, recruiters, boat captains, middlemen, people who provide falsified travel documents, those who
rent out illegal apartments, scouts and money launderers.
INTERPOL is working with its member countries to identify the organized criminal networks that take advantage of
people’s desperation in order to make a profit. Our activities focus on identifying and arresting criminals involved in
smuggling, and not the migrants themselves.
There are clear links between people smuggling and other crimes such as human trafficking, illicit money flows,
corruption and the use of fraudulent travel documents.
Nearly every country in the world is affected by the smuggling of migrants in some way: either as country of source,
transit or destination.
People smuggling can occur by air, sea or land, often by complex routes which change rapidly and frequently.
While some migrants and smugglers make contact face-to-face at well-known meeting points, smart phones and social
media play an increasing role in the smuggling process. Organized smuggling networks use social media platforms in the
same way as a legitimate travel agency, to advertise their services and attract potential customers. Their operations are
organized, professionally run and follow an established business model. Technology also acts as a screen. Smugglers
often hide behind pseudonyms and change SIM cards, making it impossible for migrants to make contact if there is a
problem.
At the same time, technology acts as a lifeline for migrants. The GPS assists them in their journey, while social media
platforms allow them to post and consult real-time information about routes, opportunities and risks, for example border
guard movements and arrests. They also use social media to obtain information on destination countries and stay in
touch with family back home.
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1. What other crimes are linked to smuggling and human trafficking?
2. How has technology exacerbated the problem?
3. How has technology helped to combat the problem?
4. How can you describe the conditions of transport?
5. Are smugglers just trying to help desperate people escape terrible conditions?
6. What is the difference between people smuggling and human trafficking?
7. What is the official definition of people smuggling?
8. Who benefits the most from human trafficking and smuggling?
9. What are the most common smuggling routes?
10. What is INTERPOL’s role in combating the problem?
6. Match the message markers to their meanings.
a. Instructions 1. a reply a.
b. Advice 2. what somebody means or intends to do b.
c. Warning 3. knowledge or fact given c.
d. Information 4. suggestion d.
e. Question 5. critical importance to the safety of the vessel e.
f. Answer 6. a sentence that asks for an answer f.
g. Request 7. command g.
h. Intention 8. to ask for something h.
i. Reason 9. an explanation of what has happened i.
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7.Identify the function of these messages by assigning one of the words from the box to each
sentence.
question instruction advice request information
warning warning intention answer reason
1. “Stop the engines” ________________________

2. “keep your present course” ________________________
3. “I am maneuvering with difficulty” ________________________
4. “What is your draft” ________________________
5. “No vessels are at the anchorage” ________________________
6. “Negative, buoy number two-three is not in the correct position” ________________________
7. “Please send medical assistance” ________________________
8. “I expect to be underway within 2 hours” ________________________
9. “My steering gear is defective” ________________________
10. “A strong easterly wind is blowing at the berth” ________________________
11. “Are you loading or unloading?” ________________________
12. “Yes, fire under control” ________________________
13. “Tanker stopped in area brook band due to poor visibility” ________________________
14. “Keep clear of the approach channel, large vessel leaving” ________________________
15. “Buoy number two-six is unlit” ________________________
16. “Do not overtake” ________________________
17. “I require a tug” ________________________
18. “I will reduce my speed” ________________________
19. “Is buoy number two-three in the correct position? Over. ________________________
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CM – SUPPLY OFFICERS
Supply Department
The Supply Department is a staff department, therefore, the Supply Officer is not a line officer, he is a STAFF officer or a
restricted line officer.
The Supply Officer is head of the Supply Department and is senior to any supply corps officer serving on board the ship.
In general, the tasks of the Supply Department are: procurement, receipt, stowage, issue and accounting for equipment,
repair parts and supplies for the ship.
In particular, the duties and responsibilities of the Supply officer are:
1. disbursing of government funds assigned to the ship.

2. receiving, delivering and shipping of baggage and medical and dental supplies and equipment.
3. inspecting material received under orders or contracts.
4. the mess, galley, bakery, laundry and barber shop.
5. keeping commissary records.
6. storerooms.
7. the supervision of all commissary personnel.
8. the ship's store which has services and articles for the crew.
When there is an assistant for disbursing funds, assigned by the command, the supply officer just supervises and inspects
the accounts of the assistant. In this case, the assistant is responsible for procurement, custody, transfer, issuing and
accounting. These accounting duties also include allotment, cost, appropriation and property accounting and also the
preparation of civil pay rolls and stock records for the stores.
On ships where there are two or more commissioned supply officers, the duty of disbursing is performed by the junior,
who is responsible for maintaining records and for paying the ship's crew and other general disbursements.
When in battle, the supply officer and his assistants may be assigned to duties as directed by the commanding officer,
such as the preparation and distribution of rations or to duties not regarding the supply department, like stations in gun
batteries, damage control teams, etc....
Supply Officers
A supply officer oversees financial and management matters relating to stock supplied or received in an organization,
business or company. The job market for supply officers includes non-governmental organizations, companies, military
bases and businesses. Data from the Institute of Supply Management (ISM) reveals that professionals in the supply
management industry make roughly $ 103,664 a year. Professionals with advanced work experience and educational
qualifications, especially in technical engineering programs, receive higher salaries.
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Preparation of Supply Orders
A supply officer orders required goods and arranges for the appropriate transportation method. Upon receiving the
goods, he inspects them, facilitates proper inventory, and organizes their storage. The supply officer selects suppliers
who meet his budget requirements. He receives quotas from the suppliers and along with management’s input, chooses
the most appropriate supplier. The supply officer may settle on a number of suppliers for the organization.
Stock Management
The supply officer is in charge of incoming, current and outgoing stock. He keeps track of the amount of stock in storage
and releases any stock required in the business. He ensures that the stock is properly stored to avoid damages. In case
there is a need for relocation of supplies, he ensures safe transfer of stock. He also examines the goods to ensure no loss
or damage was experienced in the relocation. Where there is a surplus in storage, or in case of obsolete stock, the supply
officer arranges for its disposal.
Management of Supplies
A supply officer keeps track of the finances of the business in relation to incoming and outgoing supplies. This involves
preparation of purchase orders; coordinating the process of purchasing and distribution; and comparing purchase orders
with invoices to ensure accuracy. A supply officer sets the prices of outgoing supplies and accepts or rejects supply bids
offered to the company by prospective suppliers.
Budget Preparation
A supply officer prepares estimates for the supplies required in an organization. These include costs for services,
machinery, basic necessities such as food, and any require materials for the organization. The prepared estimates include
the budget for current and future expenses. Budget forecasts allow the business to plan for future expenses, and avoid
experiencing a supply shortage. Preparing a successful budget requires adequate research on the consumption levels of
the organization, market trends, and production and supply trends. In the event of inflation or reduction in production
and supply, a business will be well-equipped to survive.
Record Keeping
The supply manger keeps all records regarding supplies. These include records on the costs of transportation, supplies,
storage, damages and any contracts. These records should be regularly updated in the course of business. The supply
officer is responsible for preparing reports on inventory and stock management.
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The duties of supply officers
1. LOGISTIC/ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES:
- to ensure the supply of national/international spare parts: for weapons/machines/missiles/planes/ electronic

equipment
- to classify/catalogue/order spares
- to ensure supply of fuel/lubrificants for navigation
- to ensure supply of uniforms/clothing
- to ensure supply of food
- to change money in foreign ports
- to buy supplies in foreign ports
2. DISCIPLINARY DUTIES:
- to run the discipline office for naval personnel
3. LEGAL MATTERS :
- to draw up decrees/regulations
- to draw up invitations to take part in tenders
- to draw up contracts
- to evaluate tenders
- to act as legal consultants for naval personnel
- to study maritime legislation
4. PUBLIC RELATIONS:
- to take care of international public relations with foreign navies
- to take care of international public relations during missions/cruises
5. NAVAL PRESS:
- to take care of naval press releases
6. STATISTICS OFFICE:
- to provide important statistical data
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Logistics
Logistics in general is defined as business planning for the management of material, service, information and capital
flows.
According to the military definition, Logistics is the science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance
of forces.
Therefore, Military Logistics is the system established to create and sustain military capability.
The Principles of Logistics are:
 Responsiveness, which is providing the right support at the right time, at the right place. This is the most
important principle of logistics.
 Simplicity, when preparing, planning and conducting logistic operations is made as simple as possible.
 Flexibility, which is adapting logistic support to changing conditions, especially in war conditions.
 Economy, which is using logistic support assets efficiently in order to economize.
 Attainability, which is obtaining the minimum essential logistic support to begin combat operations.
 Survivability, which is to guarantee that the logistic infrastructure continues to exist, also in conditions of
degradation and damage.
The Functions of Logistics are: planning, procurement, transportation, supply, and maintenance.
1. Planning is the process of eventuating requirements, giving sufficient logistics support to reach these
requirements, and checking if there are any factors that can limit logistics support.
2. Procurement is the process of obtaining goods, services or facilities from suppliers in the right quantities and
quality.
3. Transportation is the movement of goods, supplies, equipment or people by road, water, air, rail, or pipeline.
4. Supply is putting together the resources based on requirements, storage, protection, and issue of these
resources to users. Supply can be wholesale or retail, and includes the processes of provisioning, distribution,
and reclamation.
a) Wholesale Supply generally refers to mass acquisition and centralized storage.

b) Retail Supply according to the military definition is the immediate support of mission units.
c) Provisioning is the process of marketing sure that the right materials and equipment are correctly
scheduled to be where and when they are needed in the right quantities.
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d) Distribution is the process of moving the people, resources, and services to where they are needed or will
be used.
e) Reclamation is the collection and disposal of excess material.
5. Maintenance is the process of keeping equipment in a useable condition or returning it to that condition when
it fails. Maintenance can be preventive, corrective or make modifications.
 General Maintenance (GM) is routine maintenance and usage.
 Intermediate Maintenance (IM) - includes activities which use specialized equipment and
people.
 Organizational Maintenance (OM) is generally routine maintenance but it includes important
activities for example inspecting, servicing, cleaning, and adjusting. Organizational
maintenance activities usually do not require highly specialized skills or equipment.
 Depot Maintenance. This type of maintenance includes all the extra activities which are not
part of the organizational or intermediate levels. Depot maintenance tasks include overhaul,
repair, major modification, and technical assistance.
Fully Mission Capable (FMC) is a system in which all supporting subsystems are fully functional.
When a system is Not Mission Capable (NMC) it means that some subsystems are not working correctly or that
one or more of the most important systems are not working at an acceptable level.
Business
Terminology
 A RECEIPT is a document stating that a certain sum has been paid.
 A CATALOGUE is a list of articles and their descriptions.
 An ADVICE OF DESPATCH is a letter informing a customer that goods have been sent to him.
 A STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT is a report listing the goods supplied and the payments effected.
 A QUOTATION is a special price based on market conditions or size of supply.
 SHIPPING DOCUMENTS are the documents that travel with the shipped goods.
 An INVOICE is a document issued by a seller when shipment is ready for delivery.
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 A CONTRACT OF SALE is when a supplier sells a quantity of goods at the price and time indicated and
customer agrees to pay.
 The STAGES OF A CONTRACT of sale are:
 the enquiry (the buyer requests general information and a quotation) or the voluntary offer (the seller offers
his goods to potential buyers)
 the order (the buyer places the order)
 the confirmation and execution of the order (the seller agrees to carry out the order and arranges for the
delivery)
 the payment (the buyer pays and acknowledges the arrival of the goods)
 FORWARDING AGENTS arrange for the transportation and obtain all the necessary documents that must
travel with the goods.
The Law
Terminology
When someone commits a crime (breaks the law/illegal/against the law), the police investigate (try to find out what
and who is responsible). If they find a suspect, they question the person. If they are sure the suspect committed the
crime, they arrest that person and charge him/her the crime. The suspect may go to court for trial.
In court, the prosecutor (the lawyer for government) must prove that the person charged with the crime, now called the
defendant, committed the crime; in other words, prove that the defendant is guilty. The defense attorney (the lawyer
for the defendant) presents evidence showing that the defendant is innocent (not guilty). The jury listens to all the
evidence (information about the crime) and then makes a decision.
If the defendant is convicted of the crime (the jury says "guilty") the judge will give the sentence (the punishment). For
example, if a person is convicted of murder, the sentence may be many years in prison. The defendant then becomes a
prisoner and lives in a cell.
For crimes that are not so serious (often called "minor offenses", the punishment is usually a fine (money you have to
pay).
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On the Phone
Greetings
Good morning/afternoon/evening
Hello!
Introducing yourself:
My name is ………………………………
This is Mr……./Tom speaking.
Asking to speak to someone:
I would like to speak to…….
Can/could I speak to …………………, please?
Can/could you put me through to Mr ……………….., please?
Ending the call:
I look forward to seeing you as soon as possible.
I look forward to speaking to you soon.
Goodbye!
Leaving a message:
Could you give Mr …………..a message, please?
Could you ask him to call me back?
I’ll call him/her later.
I’ll call back later.
Introducing yourself when you answer the phone:
Mr……./Tom speaking, can/may I help you?
Asking who is on the phone:
Who is calling/speaking, please?
How may I direct your call?
Explaining that someone is not available:
I’m afraid he/she’s not available at the moment.
I’m sorry he/she is out.
I’m sorry he/she is on the other line.
I’m sorry, his/ her line is busy/engaged, will you hold?
Would you like to leave a message?
Can I take a message?
Ending the call:

Thanks for calling.
Goodbye!
___________________________________________________
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Informal telephone conversation:
A: Hello?
B: Hi (Is this) Mary? (not “are you Mary?/ Is it Mary?)
A: Yes, it’s me!
A: It’s John/This is John (not I am John/Here is John)
Formal telephone conversations:

A: Good morning. This is Halls Electronics. How may I direct your call?/How can I help you?
B: Yes, can/could/may I speak to Mr. Smith, please?
A: I’m sorry but his line is busy at the moment. Do you want to hold?
B: Yes, OK.
A: Good morning. This is Halls Electronics. How may I direct your call/How can I help you?
B: Yes, can/could may I speak to Mr. Smith, please?
A: Yes, just a moment and I’ll put you through.
B: Thank you.
Person calling:
I’d like to speak to somebody about……….
Can you deliver them sooner than we agreed?
We’d like an earlier delivery if possible.
Person called:
What’s the order number?
Can you give the reference number?
When did you place the order?
Well, I’ll check with the workshop/production department.
Can I let you know tomorrow?
I’ll call you back if you like.
Telephone problems:
4.30 p.m. You try to call (telephone) your sister Mary but you get a wrong number (you have dialled the
number incorrectly and a stranger answers the phone).
4.35 p.m. You get through to Mary’s number (make contact) but she’s out (not at home). Her husband, John,
answers and says that Mary won’t be back (will not return) for two hours, so you leave a message.
“Could you ask her to call me when she gets back”? Bill takes the message (writes it down).
7.30 p.m. Mary calls you back, but now you are out. She leaves a message on your answering machine. Her
message is: “This is Mary. I’m just returning your call. I’ll give you a call tomorrow”.
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Useful telephone vocabulary:
A “collect call” is when the person you call agrees to pay for the phone call. In this case, you call collect. If you don’t
know someone’s telephone number, you can call Information or Directory Assistance to get the number or just look it
up in the telephone book. If you call another town or city, you need to dial the area code first. Everyone today has a cell
phone/mobile phone.
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Exercises
1. Match the nouns relating to the legal world with their definitions below.
A. Trial 01. money paid by an arrested person to be set free

B. Case 02. a person given legal authority to act on behalf of another person
C. Evidence 03. punishment received after being found guilty of a crime
D. Proof 04. a crime that is being investigated
E. Verdict 05. evidence that shows conclusively whether something is a cast or not
F. Judge 06. the legal process whereby an accused person is investigated or tried
6. Sentence 07. information used in a court of law to decide whether the accused is guilty or not
G. Jury 08. the decision guilty or not guilty
H. Bail 09. a group of twelve citizens who decide whether the accused is guilty or not
I. Attorney 10. the person who leads a trial and decides on the sentence
2. Complete the sentences below with the words in the box. Note the prepositions.
To commit a crime To charge someone of an offence
To accuse someone of a crime To fine someone a sum of money
To charge someone with (murder) To send someone to prison
To plead guilty or not guilty To release someone from prison
To defend/prosecute someone in court To be tried
To pass verdict on an accused person To be behind bars
To sentence someone to a punishment To be granted bail
To acquit an accused person of a charge To appeal
a. To argue for or against someone in a trail is ………………………………………………………………………. .

b. ……………………………………………………………………….is what the judge does after a verdict of guilty.
c. The request made to a higher court to reverse the decision of a lower court is
……………………………………………………………. .
d. If you………………………………………………………..............................you bring him to court.
e. If you say that someone is guilty, you…………………………………………………………………..of a crime.
f. To be behind bars is ………………………………………………………………………………… .
g. ………………………………………………………………...is permission for an arrested person to be released upon payment.
h. To accuse someone formally of having done something is ………………………………………………… .
i. ……………………………………………………………………is to decide whether a person is guilty or not.
j. To decide in court that someone is not guilty is ………………………………………………………………… .
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k. To have a case judged in court is …………………………………………………………………………………… .
l. …………………………………………………………….......is to punish by putting him in prison.
m. To swear in court that you are guilty or not is to ……………………………………………………………….. .
n. …………………………………………………………………………is to punish someone by making them pay.
o. To do something illegal is ……………………………………………………………………………..or an offence.
p. ……………………………………………………………………is to set someone free after a prison sentence.
3. Choose the best answer:
1. I’d like to speak to Mr Kelly, please.

a. Yes
b. I’m afraid he’s not here at the moment
c. Well, you can’t
2. Can I speak to Mr Smith, please?

a. Hold on, please
b. Don’t go away
c. All right
3. Could I speak to Mr Roberts, please?

a. Who’s calling?
b. Who are you?
c. What’s your name
4. Who’s speaking?
a. I am Frank Jackson
b. This is Frank Jackson
c. Frank Jackson speaking
5. Can I ring you back later?

a. Yes, ring me
b. Yes, please do
c. Of course, yes
6. When can I reach you?

a. One hour
b. When you want
c. I’ll be in all evening
106
4. Abbreviations in note taking. Match the abbreviations in the box with the words below:
etc. ETA SAE NB TLX p.a. CIF ASAP
esp. RE e.g. max. dep. GMT ATNN fob
1. note 9. as soon as possible

2. for example 10. cost, insurance and freight
3. per year 11. free on board
4. and so on 12. about
5. estimated time of arrival 13. maximum
6. Greenwich Mean Time 14. departure
7. telex 15. for the attention of
8. stamped addressed envelope 16. especially
How would you abbreviate this sentence?
Could you ask Mr Hall about the invoice as soon as you can?
........................................................................................................................................................................... .
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GN-NAVAL ENGINEERS
Reciprocating engines
Reciprocating engines burn a mixture of fuel and air in a closed cylinder. They are divided into spark-ignition engines and
compression-ignition engines, depending on how the fuel is ignited.
In spark-ignition engines, the fuel-air mixture is ignited by an electric spark. In compression-ignition engines, the is no
need for spark plugs since the fuel-air mixture ignites by itself. This happens because during the compression phase there
is such a great pressure increase in the cylinders that consequently, the temperature of the air contained in the cylinders
rises so high as to ignite the mixture.
Reciprocating engines are also known as either carburettor engines or injections engines, depending on how the fuel is
introduced into the system and how it is mixed with air. In the carburettor engine, air and petrol are mixed together and
vaporised in the carburettor, before entering the combustion chamber. IN the injection engine, vaporised fuel is sprayed
into the chamber by the fuel injectors. Carburettor engines make use of petrol, while injection engines use diesel oil,
which is a heavier distillate of petroleum.
The main parts of reciprocating engines
The main parts of a reciprocating engine are: the cylinder block, the cylinder head, the piston, the connecting rod, the
crankshaft, the flywheel, the camshaft. The cylinder block is a large piece of metal in which the cylinders are cut. A
number of pins on the top part of the cylinder block secure the cylinder head, which is attached to it. A series of openings
in the cylinder block between the cylinder jackets allow water to circulate and cool the system.
The cylinder head is a smaller piece placed on top of the cylinder block and closes off the cylinders. Here we find
the combustion chambers, with the holes or ports for the intake and exhaust valves, and either the spark-plugs or, in
the case of diesel engines, the fuel injectors.
The pistons reciprocate or move up and down within the cylinders and consequently must be made smaller than the
cylinders.
Pistons rings, which are flexible split metal rings, are used to fill the gap between the piston and the cylinder wall.
Pins placed halfway down each piston connect the piston the connecting rod. They are called the gudgeon pins. The
connecting rod is a metal rod that connects the pistons to the crankshaft.
The crankshaft receives movement of the pistons through the connecting rods and converts the reciprocating
movement of the pistons into a rotating movement.
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The flywheel is an extremely heavy disc which is mounted at one end of the crankshaft. It ensures that the crank
shaft rotates in a regular way, storing up the energy produced by the pistons during the combustion stroke, which is
called the power stroke, and returning this energy during the three idle strokes.
The camshaft is operated by the crankshaft and controls the opening of the valves.
In a petro engine we also find the carburettor, the spark plugs and the distributor. In injections engines, an injection
pump and injectors replace the carburettor and there are no spark plugs since the mixture ignites itself. The engine also
contains a number of the other auxiliary machine parts, the lubricating system, the cooling system, the electrical system,
etc.
The thermal cycle
A thermal cycle is the series of steps by which the thermal energy produced in the combustion process is converted into
mechanical work. The working cycle of reciprocating engines takes part over four successive phases: intake,
compression, combustion of fuel with expansion of hot gases, and exhaust of the waste gases.
This cycle was described in 1870, by the Frenchman Beau de Rochat. The engine power is provided during the
combustion/expansion phase. Both diesel and petrol engines can operate whether in a two-stroke or a four-stroke cycle.
Each up or down movement of the piston is called a stroke.
The piston reciprocates when it moves over two strokes. On every piston stroke the crankshaft rotates 180.
In a four-stroke engine, the energy conversion cycle takes place with four piston strokes and two revolutions of the
crankshaft. On the other hand, if the whole operation takes place with only two piston strokes and one revolution of the
crankshaft, the engine is known a two-stroke engine.
Four-stroke engines
Four-stroke engines are fitted with the inlet and exhaust valves in the cylinder head. The valves are connected to the
combustion chamber, where we also find a sparking plug for petrol engines and a fuel injector for diesel engines.
The chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted into mechanical energy by the combustion stroke.
In the four-stroke process, only the combustion stroke produces work; for this reason the combustion stroke is often
called the power stoke. During combustion, the pistons, which are pushed down by the expanding gases, have kinetic
energy and transfer some of this energy to the crankshaft.
This starts to rotate and the weight of the flywheel keeps the crankshaft in rotation, so that during the combustion stroke
the pistons move the crankshaft, but during the three idle strokes the turning crankshaft moves the pistons.
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The otto and diesel cycles are the main cycles involved in reciprocating engines. The former is typical of the petrol engine
while the latter is typical of the diesel engine.
However, the different phases of the working pattern are similar for both petrol and diesel engines, and are described
in the following table; any important operational differences for diesel engines are pointed out in the second column.
Petrol engines Diesel engines

1st STROKE – INTAKE
The piston moves down from the top-dead centre to the
While the piston moves downward from the top-dead
bottom-dead centre. As the piston goes down, the inlet
centre to the bottom-dead centre, the inlet valve opens
valve opens. In petrol engines, this valve connects the
and air is drawn from outside into the cylinder, where the
interior of the cylinder with the carburettor. In the
carburettor, air and petrol are mixed together and pressure is slightly lower than that of the atmosphere.
vaporised. Then the fuel-air mixture is drawn into the
cylinder through the inlet valve, under the effect of the
depression caused by the lowering of the piston. In petrol
engines the amount of mixture is regulated by a butterfly
valve, which is controlled by the accelerator.
2nd STROKE-COMPRESSION
In diesel engines, only air is compressed and brought to a
The piston rises from the bottom to the top of the pressure almost twice that of the pressure reached in
cylinder. The inlet valve closes and the fuel-air mixture is petrol engines. Consequently, it also reaches an
compressed in the combustion chamber. Under pressure, extremely high temperature.
the temperature of the mixture rises to about 300 C.
3rd STROKE – COMBUSTION

At about 10 degrees before the end of the compression Towards the end of the compression phase, when the
phase, the sparking plug sets off a spark and the fuel-air piston is near to the top-dead centre, vaporised oil is
mixture is set on fire. The combustion of the mixture sprayed into the combustion chamber by an injector. The
produces explosive gases that expand very quickly and sprayed oil mixes with the hot compressed air and burns
exert a strong pressure on the piston, pushing it at a temperature of over 500°C
downward for its third stroke. With this down-stroke the
piston, by means of the connecting rod, makes the
crankshaft rotate. This is the working phase of the cycle,
or power stroke.
4th STROKE – EXHAUST

As the piston is reaching the bottom-dead centre, the
exhaust valve opens and the burnt gases, still under a
pressure of about two or three atmospheres, are
spontaneously emitted. When the piston moves upwards
again, it completes the process of gas expulsion through
the exhaust valve, which remains open until the piston
has almost reached the top of the cylinder. As it sends off
110
the waste gases, the piston cleans the cylinder in an
action known as scavenging. When the exhaust valve
closes, the inlet valve opens and the cycle begins again.
The diesel engine
Unlike petrol engines, diesel engines intake only air. This is compressed in the cylinder under high pressure and is
consequently brought to a very high temperature. As soon as the piston has compressed the air, atomised fuel is
injected into the cylinder by the fuel injector. As the sprayed fuel meets the hot air, it immediately burns. Thus in diesel
engines, ignition is not caused by a spark, but self-ignition engines, since ignition occurs as a result of the air
compression; they are also called injection-engines, as regards to how the fuel is introduced into combustion chamber.
Furthermore, diesel engines are able to produce more power than petrol engines, because they release a greater
amount of the chemical energy stored in the fuel. In fact the combustion process takes longer than in petrol engines,
as the injectors to continue to spray more fuel when the pistons are already moving, pushed downwards by the
expanding gases generated in the first moments of the combustions process. The fuel that has filled the combustion
chamber becomes oxidised before burning slowly as the piston moves to the bottom of the cylinder. In a diesel engine,
therefore, we have both a short explosion and a gradual combustion process.
Two-stroke engines
In this kind of reciprocating engine, the intake and compression phases take place during the first piston stroke, while
the combustion and exhaust phases take place during the second piston stroke. These kinds of engines do not have
valves, but have inlet and outlet ports, which are housed in the cylinder walls and not in the combustion chamber. The
lower part of the cylinder in a two-stroke engine running on petrol or a fuel mixture is quite large and is called a fuel
sump. The fuel sump and the combustion chamber are connected together by a transfer port. (The pictures below are
of a two-stroke petrol engine).
The use of two-stroke petrol engines tends to be limited to small vehicles such as low-power motor-cycles. In fact, they
are far less efficient than four-stroke petrol engines, since a certain amount of unused fuel mixture is lost together with
the burnt gases when they are discharged though the exhaust port.
On the contrary, two-stroke diesel engines are widely used for industrial machinery and on board ship, since in the
scavenging process the burnt gases are expelled from the cylinder with compressed air which does not contain any fuel.
Turbine engines and ship propulsion
The main part of a turbine engine is a revolving rotor; this is a wheel mounted on a shaft and carrying several rows of
blades. The rotating blades can be driven by exhaust gases or steam. Thanks to their compact design, turbine engines
are able to provide a great power out put with a relatively small size and weight; far greater than the power output of a
diesel engine of the same size. Compared to diesel engines, turbines are smaller and nearly 50% lighter, need little
111
maintenance and consume less lubricating oil. In addition, gas turbines are suitable for complete automation, which
allows the size of the crew to be reduced. However, even though turbine engines are both efficient and reliable, using
them for ship propulsion generates a number of technical and economical problems.
Firstly, turbines are one-way engines and consequently a separate turbine is required to go astern. Secondly, turbines
run at very high speeds and are therefore connected to propeller shafts by double reduction gears which, until recent
improvements, were often as large and heavy as the turbine engine itself. Thirdly, turbines are usually more expensive
to build than reciprocating engines. The main components of a turbine – such as the combustion chamber for the gas
turbine, turbine rotors, the rotor blades and the casing – are made of special alloys, since they must resist high
temperatures and pressures and the centrifugal and bending stresses caused by the high revolutions of the engine. Gas
turbines have only been produced since the late 1950s, when technological developments in the steel industry provided
suitable high-stress and high temperature resistant materials, which were capable of satisfying building requirements at
a relatively economic cost.
The extensive application of steam turbines and, to a lesser extent, of gas turbines for ship propulsion dates back to the
60s and 70s of the 20th century. At that time, fuels derived from petroleum were at a low cost and ever-larger merchant
ships were being built that needed great propulsive power. The larger merchant ships built at the time were propelled
by steam turbines. Among these were the large and fast container ships, bulk carriers, LNG carriers, and huge oil tankers
– Ultra Large Crude carriers – with a dead-weight tonnage of 2-3 hundred thousand tons, requiring a power output over
40,000kW.
Some of these, like the LNG carriers and the ULCC, were new kinds of ship. Their appearance depended on the
development of the crude-oil trade. LNG carriers made their first appearance in the 60s, when natural gas began to be
employed as an industrial fuel.
Between 1976 and 1975, when the Suez Canal was closed for political reasons, the oil trading companies required huge
ships to transport crude oil and liquefied gas from the world’s richest oilfields in the Middle East along a route that went
around the African continent.
Fourthly, steam turbines unfortunately consume more fuel than diesel engines, and gas turbines need a more expensive
type of fuel (kerosene) than diesel engines.
The high cost of fuel ever since the energy crises of 1974, together with improvements in diesel engine design, have
progressively reduced the advantage of turbines over diesel engines; so that in the last decades most of the larger
merchant ships which were previously powered by steam turbines have been converted back to diesel engines. In some
cases, this power unit changeover has reduced fuel expenses by nearly 30% . Team and gas turbines still maintain a prime
position in the propulsion of naval vessels and fast passenger ships such as hydrofoil boats, where their small size and
great power can ensure high manoeuvrability and speed.
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Ship Construction
What is the main body or structure of a ship called?
 How does the shape and construction of the hull change according to the ship?
1. Ships designed for high speed operations (e.g. destroyers and cruisers) have long, narrow hulls with fine lines and
rounded bilges.
2. Aircraft carriers and auxiliary ships have hulls with square centre sections, vertical sides, and flat bottoms for greater
carrying capacity.
Submarines, designed to operate underwater, have hulls that are rounded, like an egg, because that shape withstands
great pressure.
Most ships have unarmored hulls. The hull consists only of the basic shell plating. Ships with amored hulls have a
waterline armor steel plates on one or more decks to protect against bombs and shells.
What is the strong, bottom-centre support of the ship’s structure called? keel
1. The keel usually looks like and I-beam running the full length of the ship, with heavy castings fore and aft called stem
and stern posts.
2. Frames fastened to the keel, run athwartships and support the watertight skin or shell plating. Most ships built for
the Navy also have longitudinal frames running fore and aft. The longitudinal and athwartships frames form an egg-
crate structure in the bottom of the ship called the double bottom.
 What are rooms on a ship called? Compartments

 What are the different compartments of a ship?
Some compartments are called rooms, such as wardroom, stateroom, and engine room, but generally speaking the
word room isn’t used. Eg. The space where you sleep is referred to as “berthing compartment” and the eating area “the
mess deck”.
Decks divide a ship into tiers or layers of compartments, the way floors of a building divide it into stories.
 What are the floors on board a ship called? Decks

 What different kinds of decks are there?
 What is the importance of wood covering the weather deck?
1. The weather deck is covered by wood to provide better footing in wet weather and insulate below deck space from
heat and cold. Decks above the waterline are usually cambered, or arched to provide greater strength and drain off
water.
2. The deck which runs the entire length of the ship from the bow to the stern is the Main deck
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3. The second, third, and fourth decks, continuous decks below the main deck are numbered in sequence from topside
down.
4. A partial deck above the main deck is named according to its position on the ship. At the bow it is called forecastle
deck, amidships it becomes an upper deck, and at the stern it is a poop deck.
 What is the stem on a ship?

The point of the hull at the bow, where port and starboard sides meet.
 What does endurance mean?

Maximum time a ship can steam at a given speed.
 What does habitability mean?

Refers to whatever makes the ship comfortable for the crew.
 What does armament mean?

All the weapons used to give battle to an enemy.
 What does protection mean?

Features that help a ship survive the effects of combat.
 What does speed enable a ship to do?

Gets the ship to the scene of action quickly and helps her overtake an enemy or avoid being overtaken.
 What does good manoeuvrability enable a ship to do?

To back down, move alongside another ship or evade enemy weapons.
6. A partial deck between two continuous decks is referred to as a half deck. A partial deck below the lowest
continuous deck is a platform deck.
7. Armor-plated decks, or those constructed of armor steel, are referred to as protective or splinter decks.
8. Any deck above the main, forecastle, or poop deck is a level. The first is the 01 level, the second 02, etc. The
top deck of an aircraft carrier is the flight deck. The deck below it, where aircraft are stored and serviced, is the
hanger deck.
 What is the quarterdeck?

The quarterdeck is not a true deck or a structural part of the ship, but rather a location designated by the
commanding officer as a place for ceremonies.
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 What is the bridge on a ship?
An elevated structure running across the front part of the superstructure. It is the captain’s duty station and is
where a navigator plots the ship’s course. Also where the ship’s log book is kept.
 What are the inner walls of a ship called? Bulkheads
 What does watertight integrity mean?
If a ship were built like a rowboat, one hole below the waterline could sink it. To prevent this from happening
Naval ships are built with bulkheads that divide the hull into a series of watertight compartments. Cargo ships
have widely spaced bulkheads serving as large hold areas. Ships designed to carry troops or passengers have
smaller holds. Naval vessels are divided into many compartments, so that in case of damage flooding can be
limited to as few compartments as possible.
 What are watertight doors and hatches used for?

Watertight doors and hatches allow access though all bulkheads and decks.
 What is the name of the forward part of the ship?

Bow
 What do we call the back part of the ship?

Stern
 What are the expressions used to indicate the directions to the different parts of the ship?
Go forward/go aft/go below/go above or go topside.
 What are the different functions of tanks?

Large ships have outer and inner double bottoms. These are divided athwartships and longitudinally
into tanks, which are used for fuel oil, boiler feedwater, fresh water or seawater ballast.
 What are the tanks at the extreme bow and stern called?
Forward peak (or forepeak) tank and the after peak (or aftpeak) tank.
115
Ship Construction
The hull is the main structure of a ship and its shape and construction changes according to the type of ship.
hips designed for high speed operations (e.g. destroyers and cruisers) have long, narrow hulls with fine lines or rounded
bilges.
Aircraft carriers and auxiliary ships have hulls with square centre sections, vertical sides and flat bottoms for greater
carrying capacity.
Submarines, designed to operate underwater, have hulls that are rounded, like an egg, because that shape withstands
great pressure.
Most ships have unarmored hulls. The hull consists only of the basic shell plating. Ships with armoured hulls have
waterline armor steel plates on one or more decks to protect them against bombs and shells.
The keel is the strong bottom-centre support of the ship’s structure and usually looks like an l-beam running the full
length of the ship, with heavy castings fore and aft called stem and stern posts. Frames fastened to the keel run
athwartshps and support the watertight skin or shell plating. Most ships built for the Navy also have longitudinal frames
running fore and aft. The longitudinal and athwartships frames form and egg-crate structure in the bottom of the ship
called the double bottom.
The rooms on a ship are called compartments and some compartments are called rooms (the wardroom, stateroom,
engine room). The space where you sleep is called the berthing compartment and the dining area is called the mess deck.
The bridge is an elevated structure running across the front part of the superstructure.
Bulkheads are the inner walls of a ship. If a ship were built like a rowboat, one hole below the waterline could sink her.
To prevent this from happening, naval ships are built with bulkheads that divide the hull into a series of watertight
compartments. Cargo ships have widely spaced bulkheads serving as large hold areas. Ships designed to carry troops or
passengers have smaller holds. Naval vessels are divided into many compartments, so that in case of damage, flooding
can be limited to as few compartments as possible.
Watertight doors and hatches allow access through all bulkheads and decks. Large ships have outer and inner double
bottoms. These are divided athwartships and longitudinally into tanks, which are used for fuel oil, boiler feedwater, fresh
water and seawater ballast. The tank at the bow is called forward peak (or forepeak) and at the stern is called after peak
(or aftpeak). The stem is the point of the hulls at the bow where port and starboard sides meet.
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Decks
They divide a ship into tiers or layers of compartments.
The weather deck is covered by wood to provide better footing in wet weather and to insulate below deck space from
heat and cold. Decks above the waterline are usually arched to provide greater strength and drain off water. The deck
that usually runs the entire length of a ship from bow to stern is called the main deck.
The second, third and fourth decks, continuous decks below the main deck, are numbered in sequence
from topside down.
A partial deck above the main deck is named according to its position on the ship. At the bow it is called forecastle deck,
amidships it becomes an upper deck, and at the stern it is a poop deck.
A partial deck between two continuous decks is referred to as a half deck and a partial deck below the lowest continuous
deck is a platform deck.
Armor-plated decks or those made of armor steel, are called protective or splinter decks.
Any decks above the main, forecastle or poop deck is a level. The first is the 01 level, the second 02, etc. The top deck of
an aircraft carrier is the flight deck and the deck below it, where aircraft are stored and serviced, is the hangar deck.
The most important features of a ship can be summarized as follows:
1. seaworthiness: features that enable a ship to operate in high winds and heavy seas
2. endurance: the maximum time a ship can continue operating at a given speed
3. habitability: refers to whatever makes the ship comfortable for the crew
4. armament all the weapons used to ight against an enemy
5. protection: features that help a ship survive the effects of combat
6. Speed: it enables a ship to get to the scene of action quickly and helps her overtake and enemy or
avoid being overtaken.
7. manoeuvrability: it enables a ship to back down, move alongside another ship or evade enemy
weapons.
Ship Motions
Terminology
Pitch – The oscillation about the transverse axis due to the bow and stern being raised or lowered on passing through
successive crests and through of waves.
Roll- the oscillation about the longitudinal axis.
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Heave – the oscillatory rise and fall due to the entire hull being lifted y the force of the sea.
Surge – the bodily motion forward and backward along the longitudinal axis caused by the force of the sea acting
alternately on the bow and stern.
Sway – the side to side bodily motion, independent of rolling, caused by uniform pressure being exerted all along one
side of the hull.
Yaw- the oscillation about a vertical axis approximately through the centre of gravity of the vessel.
List – inclination to one side. The terms list and heel are often used synonymously, but list generally implies a state of
equilibrium in an inclined condition, while heel may imply either a continuing or momentary inclination. The term roll
refers to the oscillatory motion fo a vessel rather than its inclined condition. a sudden roll to one side may be called a
lurch.
Draft – the depth to which a vessel is submerged. Draft is customarily indicated by numerals called draft marks at the
bow and stern.
Trim – the relation of the draft of a vessel at the bow and stern; out of I in trim
Down by the head – having greater draft at the bow than at the stern.
Down by the stern – having greater draft at the stern that at the bow.
Even keel – a ship is said to be on an even keel when she has no list and is in trim.
Ship Construction
Navy ships are highly complicated machines with their own propulsion plants, weapons, repair shops, supply spaces, and
facilities for living, sleeping, and eating. Although there are great differences in types and missions of ships ( see chapter
14), all ships have certain essential qualities.
Armament consists of all the weapons used to give battle to an enemy: missiles, guns, rockets, torpedoes, mines, depth
charges and aircraft.
Protection refers to those features that help a ship survive the effects of combat. Aside from weapons, a ship’s sturdy
steel construction is her best protection. Compartmentation, double bottoms, and other structural components all
provide protection.
Seaworthiness means those features that enable a ship to operate in high winds and heavy seas. A ship’s stability, or the
way she recovers from a roll, is an essential part of her seaworthiness.
Manoeuvrability is the way a ship handles-in turns, backing down, moving alongside another ship, or evading enemy
weapons.
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Speed gets a ship to the scene of action quickly and helps her overtake an enemy or avoid being overtaken. Key factors
are the power of her engines in relation to her size, and the shape of her underwater hull
Endurance is the maximum time a ship can steam at a given speed. Most oil-powered ships can steam for one to two
weeks without refuelling. The navy’s nuclear powered ships can cruise for years.
Habitability refers to whatever makes the ship comfortable for the crew. Adequate heads and washrooms, laundries,
air-conditioning, and well-lighted and roomy berthing and messing spaces are some habitability features.
How Submarines work
Diving and surfacing
A submarine or a ship can float because the weight of water that it displaces is equal to the weight of the ship. This
displacement of water creates an upward force called the buoyant force and acts opposite to gravity, which would pull
the ship down. Unlike a ship, a submarine can control its buoyancy, thus allowing it to sink and surface at will.
To control its buoyancy, the submarine has ballast tanks and auxiliary, or trim tanks, that can be alternately filled with
water or air. When the submarine is on the surface, the ballast tanks are filled with air and the submarine’s overall
density is less than that of the surrounding water. As the submarine dives, the ballast tanks are flooded with water and
the air in the ballast tanks is vented from the submarine until its overall density is greater than the surrounding water
and the submarine begins to sink (negative buoyancy). A supply of compressed air is maintained aboard the submarine
in air flasks for life support and for use with the ballast tanks. In addition, the submarine has movable sets of short
“wings” called hydroplanes on the stern (back) that help to control the angle of the dive. The hydroplanes are angled so
that water moves over the stern, which forces the stern upward; therefore, the submarine is angled downward.
To keep the submarine level at any set depth, the submarine maintains a balance of air and water in the trim tanks so
that its overall density is equal to the surrounding water ( neutral buoyancy). When the submarine reaches its cruising
depth, the hydroplanes are levelled so that the submarine travels level through the water. Water is also forced between
the bow and stern trim tanks to keep the sub level. The submarine can steer in the water by using the tail rudder to turn
starboard (right) or port (left) and the hydroplanes to control the for-aft angle of the submarine. In addition, some
submarines are equipped with a retractable secondary propulsion motor that can swivel 360 degrees.
When the submarine surfaces, compressed air flows from air flasks into the ballast tanks and the water is forced out of
the submarine until its overall density is less than the surrounding water (positive buoyancy) and the submarine rises.
The hydroplanes are angled so that water moves up overt the stern, which forces the stern downward; therefore, the
submarine is angled upward. In an emergency, the ballast tanks can be filled quickly with high-pressure air to take the
submarine to the surface very rapidly.
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Power supply
Nuclear submarines use nuclear reactors, steam turbines and reduction gearing to drive the main propeller shaft, which
provides the forward and reverse thrust in the water ( an electric motor drives the same shaft when docking or in an
emergency).
Submarines also need electric power to operate the equipment on board. To supply this power, submarines are equipped
with diesel engines that burn fuel and/or nuclear reactors that use nuclear fission. Submarines also have batteries to
supply electrical power. Electrical equipment is often run off batteries and power from the diesel engine or nuclear
reactor is used to charge the batteries. In cases of emergency, the batteries may be the only source of electrical power
to run the submarine.
A diesel submarine is a very good example of a hybrid vehicle. Most diesel have two or more diesel engines. The diesel
engines can run propellers or they can run generators that recharge a very large battery bank. Or they can work in
combination, one engine driving a propeller and the other driving a generator. The sub must surface ( or cruise just below
the surface using a snorkel) to run the diesel engines. Once the batteries are fully charged, the sub can head underwater.
The batteries power electric motors driving the propellers. Battery operation is the only way a diesel sub can actually
submerge. The limits of battery technology severely constrain the amount of time a diesel sub can stay underwater.
Because of these limitations of batteries, it was recognized that nuclear power in a submarine provided a huge benefit.
Nuclear generations need no oxygen, so a nuclear sub can stay underwater for weeks at a time. Also, because nuclear
fuel lasts much longer than diesel fuel (years), a nuclear submarine does not have to come to the surface or to a port to
refuel and can stay at sea longer.
Nuclear subs and aircraft carriers are powered by nuclear reactors that are nearly identical to the reactors used in
commercial power plants. The reactor produces heat to generate steam to drive a steam turbine. The turbine in a ship
directly drives the propellers, as well as electrical generators. The two major differences between commercial reactors
and reactors in nuclear ships are:
 The reactor in a nuclear ship is smaller.

 The reactor in a nuclear ship uses highly enriched fuel to allow it to deliver a large amount of energy
from a smaller reactor.
Navigation
Light does not penetrate very far into the ocean, so submarines must navigate through the water virtually blind.
However, submarines are equipped with navigational charts and sophisticated navigational equipment. When on the
surface, a sophisticated global positioning system (GPS) accurately determines latitude and longitude, but this system
cannot when the submarine is submerged. Underwater, the submarine uses inertial guidance systems ( electric,
mechanical) that keep track of the ship’s motion from a fixed starting point by using gyroscopes. The inertial guidance
systems are accurate to 150 hours of operation and must be realigned by other surface-dependent navigational systems
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(GPS, radio, radar, satellite). With these systems onboard, a submarine can be accurately navigated and be within a
hundred feet of its intended course.
To locate a target, a submarine uses active and passive SONAR ( sound navigation and ranging). Active sonar emits pulses
of sound waves that travel through the water, reflect off the target and return to the ship. By knowing the speed of
sound in water and the time for the sound wave to travel to the target and back, the computers can quickly calculate
distance between the submarine and the target. Whales, dolphins and bats use the same technique for locating prey
(echolocation). Passive sonar involves listening to sounds generated by the target. Sonar systems can also be used to
realign inertial navigation systems by identifying known ocean floor features.
Rescue
When a submarine goes down because of a collision with something ( such as another vessel, canyon wall or mine) or an
onboard explosion, the crew will radio a distress call or launch a buoy that will transmit a distress call and the submarine’s
location. Depending upon the circumstances of the disaster, the nuclear reactors will shut down and the submarine may
be on battery power alone.
If this is the case, then the crew of the submarine have four primary dangers facing them:
 Flooding of the submarine must be contained and minimized

 Oxygen use must be minimized so that the available oxygen supply can hold out long enough for possible rescue
attempts.
 Carbon dioxide levels will rise and could produce dangerous, toxic effects.
 If the batteries run out, then the heating systems will fail and the temperature of the submarine will fall.
Rescue attempts from the surface must occur quickly, usually within 48 hours of the accident. Attempts will typically
involve trying to get some type of rescue vehicle down to remove the crew, or to attach some type of device to raise the
submarine from the sea floor. Rescue vehicles include mini-submarines called Deep-Submergence Rescue Vehicles
(DSRV) and diving bells.
The DSRV can travel independently to the downed submarine, latch onto the submarine over a hatch ( escape trunk),
create an airtight seal so that the hatch can be opened, and load up to 24 crew members. A diving bell is typically lowered
form a support ship down to the submarine, where a similar operation occurs.
To raise the submarine, typically after the crew has been extracted, pontoons may be placed around the submarine and
inflated to float it to the surface. Important factors in the success of a rescue operation include the depth of the downed
submarine, the terrain of the sea floor, the currents in the vicinity of the downed submarine, the angle of the submarine,
and the sea and weather conditions at the surface.
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Exercises
1. Answer the following questions based on engines.
a. What are the 2 types of reciprocating engine?

b. How are they classified as regards fuel ignition?
c. Why are there no sparking plugs in diesel engines?
d. Is diesel fuel mixed with air before entering the combustion chamber?
e. What about petrol?
f. Which is the heavier petroleum distillate: petrol or diesel oil? Can you explain why?
2. Work with your partner and match the words and verbs on the left with their correct
definition on the right. Then write some o the definitions in your exercise book so that you can
remember them and use some of them as synonyms for the verbs on the left.
1) To reciprocate a) to spray liquid fuel into the cylinder
2) Reciprocating engine b) the part of a petrol engine in which petrol and air are mixed
3) Piston c) L-shaped arm and handle for transmitting rotary motion
4) Stroke d) Thin, straight metal bar
5) Cylinder e) sliding metal bar
6) Rod f) The up or down movement of the piston
7) Shaft g) A tube in which the pistons move up and down
8) Crank h) Hole or opening in the combustion chamber or in the cylinder wall
9) Crankshaft i) A shaft that is turned by cranks
10) Cam j) A device for firing the fuel mixture in a petrol engine by means of an electric spark
11) Camshaft k) a type of engine characterised by the reciprocating motion of pistons in a cylinder
12) Port l) shaft to which cams are attached
13) Sparkling plug m) round metallic element fitted around a shaft, which transforms circular motion
into up and down motion
14) Carburettor n) Bar or rod which joins parts of a machine or transmits power
15) to inject o) to cause something to move, to operate, to propel
16) to ignite p) to become greater
17) to rise q) to make something work and be in action
18) to descend r) to set on fire
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19) to decrease s) to go down
20) to increase t) to move up and down rapidly in a straight line
21) to drive u) to become smaller
22) to operate v) to go up
3. Cover the text and describe the parts of the engine to your partner. Ask and answer questions
like these.
a. What is the cylinder block?

b. What is the cylinder head?
c. What do the pistons do?
d. What are pistons rings needed for?
e. What is a connecting rod?
f. What is the function of a crankshaft?
g. What is the flywheel?
h. What does the camshaft control?
4. Say if the following statements are true or false and correct the false ones.
a. The cylinders are cut in the cylinder head

b. There is a gap between the pistons and the cylinder walls
c. The piston is connected to the crankshaft by the connecting rod
d. A stroke is the reciprocating movement of the piston
e. A piston reciprocates when it moves over two strokes
f. Each time the piston reciprocates, the crankshaft turns through 180
g. In a four-stroke engine, the piston reciprocates once to complete a cycle
h. Two-stroke engines convert fuel into motion each time the piston reciprocates
i. Piston engines convert thermal energy into useful work in a four-stage cycle
j. Only two of the four stages of the cycle provide useful work
5. Work with your partner and find the missing words to complete the text.
Four-stroke engines are the most popular type of petrol engine. In this type of engine the piston must……………………….
twice to produce……………………….fuel into motion. This process is ……………..the four-stroke process and……………………of
four stages: intake, compression, combustion and exhaust.
During the intake stroke the piston……………………….., the intake valve………………and the fuel-and-air………………………………
enters the combustion chamber. During the next stroke, the piston returns to the top of the …………………………… As the
piston goes up it…………………………..the fuel mixture into a small space, so that the volume of the mixture is…………………….
As the volume is reduced, the………………is increased and the temperature of the mixture…………………………to about 300°C.
Now, the mixture is ready for combustion.
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During the combustion stroke the fuel-air mixture is………………by a spark. Immediately the mixture explodes and the
hot……………….. gases which are produced in the combustion process push the piston……………………….. . Then the exhaust
valve opens in the combustion chamber and, as the piston moves up again, it pushes the ……………… gases out of the
cylinder. This is the exhaust stroke. Then the piston……………………… and the process starts again with the
………………..stroke.
6. Fill in the missing words to complete the text about the four-stroke diesel engine
temperature-power-stroke-valves-injected-up- out-two-push-goes up-burns-intakes
The four-stroke diesel engine has exhaust and air-intake……………………..
It needs…………………….. revolutions of the crankshaft to carry out a ……………………..stroke in all the cylinders. A cycle
begins with the intake stroke, when the piston moves down and …………………….. air into the cylinder. Then the
piston……………..and compresses the air. During the compression stroke, the ………………………. of the air rises to about
900°F(480°C). When the fuel oil is ……………..into the cylinder by the fuel-injector, it mixes with the hot air and
……………..explosively. The gases produced by the combustion of the fuel………………….the piston down for the
power……………. In the exhaust stroke, the piston moves………………….again, and forces the burden gases…………….of the
cylinder.
7. Answer the questions.
a. How many piston strokes are executed by a two-stroke engine to complete a thermal cycle?
b. Have two-stroke engines got valves?
c. What is the main disadvantage of two-stroke petrol engines?
d. What are the applications of two-stroke petrol engines?
e. What are the applications of two-stroke diesel engines?
8. Label the scrambled paragraphs and reorder the sequence of steps describing the two-stroke
process in a diesel engine.
a. Expansion beings while injection and combustion are still underway. It continues all the while that piston moves from
the top-dead centre to the bottom-dead centre and until the exhaust valve is uncovered.
b. At this point, the burnt gases are discharged under the effect of the remaining pressure in the cylinder. As the piston
descends towards the bottom-dead centre, the inlet valve opens and scavenging begins; in other words, fresh air is
pumped into the cylinder forcing the burnt gases out and thus cleansing the cylinder.
c. The piston closes the inlet port and continues to rise until it reaches the top dead centre. As the piston rises, it
compresses the air until it reaches a temperature of over 500°C.
d. At this point injection beings, but the fuel does not ignite straightway. At first it becomes oxidised and combustion
continues even after the injection phase is over, since the injected liquid droplets continue to be oxidised and to burn
slowly.
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1st Stroke 2nd Stroke
Air-intake …… Fuel-injection …… Expansion …… Scavenging……..
9. Check how much you have learned about the two types of piston engines, and decide which of
the following sentences refer to the petrol engine PE and which refer to the diesel engine. Discuss
your choice with your teacher and classmates.
a. 1. Fuel and air are mixed together before they enter the combustion chamber DE PE
b. 2. They only intake air DE PE
c. 3. They compress a fuel-air mixture DE PE
d. 4. The mixture is set on fire by an electric spark DE PE
e. 5. The fuel is sprayed directly into the combustion chamber DE PE
f. 6. The applications of the two-stroke types are limited to small motorcycles DE PE
g. 7. The fuel catches fire as soon as it mixes with the hot compressed air DE PE
h. At the end of the exhaust phase, all remaining burnt gases are pushed out by fresh air DE PE
i. 9. In the combustion phase the mixture burns immediately DE PE
j. In the combustion phase, the fuel droplets become oxidised before they burn out slowly DE PE
10. How much do you know about ship propelling? Test your knowledge and choose the correct
statements from the ones below.
1. a. rpm indicates the number of revolutions per minute of the engine shaft.
b. rpm indicates the rate of maximum power of the engine.
2. c. A propeller is more efficient the smaller it is and the faster it turns.
d. A propeller is more efficient the larger it is and the slower it turns.
3. e. Propellers are not effective above 200 rpm
f. Propellers are not effective below 200 rpm
4. g. Larger diesel engines turn at higher speeds.
h. Larger diesel engines turn at slower speeds.
5. i. Larger diesel engines have low fuel consumption.
j. Smaller diesel engines have low fuel consumption.
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6. Engine shafts and propeller shafts are connected together by reduction gears:
k. in case the engine turns too fast
l. in case the propeller turns too fast
11. Decide which of the following statements are true or false.
a) Turbine engines are smaller and lighter than diesel engines
b) Turbine engines consume less fuel than diesel engines
c) Turbine engines are less expensive to build than diesel engines
d) Turbines are one-way engines
e) Diesel engines are able to produce more power than turbine engines of the same size
f) Some thirty years ago, turbine engines were extensively used to propel larger and faster cargo ships
g) Turbine engines began to be used when fuel was more expensive than today
h) Nowadays, most cargo ships are propelled by diesel engines
12. Complete the table and discuss the advantages and disadvantages offered by turbines for ship
propelling in comparison to diesel engines.
Size and weight Fuel consumption Power output Building costs

Turbine engines Turbine engines are
smaller and lighter
than diesel engines
Diesel engines Diesel engines are
usually larger and
heavier than turbine
engines
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SM –UNRESTRICTED LINE OFFICERS
United Nations Peacekeeping
Principles of Peacekeeping
There are three basic principles that continue to set UN peacekeeping operations apart as a tool for maintaining
international peace and security.
These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing:
1. Consent of the parties

2. Impartiality
3. Non -use of force except self-defence and defence of the mandate
Approval of the Parties
UN peacekeeping operations are deployed with the consent of the main parties to the conflict. This requires a
commitment by the parties to a political process. Their acceptance of a peacekeeping operation provides the UN with
the necessary freedom of action, both political and physical, to carry out its mandated tasks.
In the absence of such consent, a peacekeeping operation risks becoming a party to the conflict; and being drawn
towards enforcement action, and away from its fundamental role of keeping the peace.
The fact that the main parties have given their consent to the deployment of a United Nations peacekeeping operation
does not necessarily imply or guarantee that there will also be consent at the local level, particularly if the main parties
are internally divided or have weak command and control systems. Universality of consent becomes even less probable
in volatile settings, characterized by the presence of armed groups not under the control of any of the parties, or by the
presence of other spoilers.
Impartiality
Impartiality is crucial to maintaining the consent and cooperation of the main parties, but should not be confused with
neutrality or inactivity. United Nations peacekeepers should be impartial in their dealings with the parties to the conflict,
but not neutral in the execution of their mandate.
Just as a good referee is impartial, but will penalize infractions, so a peacekeeping operation should not condone actions
by the parties that violate the undertakings of the peace process or the international norms and principles that a United
Nations peacekeeping operation upholds.
Notwithstanding the need to establish and maintain good relations with the parties , a peacekeeping operation must
scrupulously avoid activities that might compromise its image of impartiality. A mission should not shy away from a
rigorous application of the principle of impartiality for fear of misinterpretation or retaliation.
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Failure to do so many undermine the peacekeeping operation's credibility and legitimacy, and may lead to a withdrawal
of consent for its presence by one or more of the parties.
Non-use of force except self-defence and defence of the mandate
UN peacekeeping operations are not an enforcement tool. However, they may use force at the tactical level, with the
authorization of the Security Council, if acting in self-defence and defence of the mandate.
In certain volatile situations, the Security Council has given UN peacekeeping operations "robust" mandates authorizing
them to "use all necessary means" to deter forceful attempts to disrupt the political process, protect civilians under
imminent threat of physical attack, and/or assist the national authorities in maintaining law and order.
Although on the ground they may sometimes appear similar, robust peacekeeping should not be confused with peace
enforcement, as envisaged under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.
Robust peacekeeping involves the use of force at the tactical level with the authorization of the Security Council and
consent of the host nation and/or the main parties to the conflict.
By contrast, peace enforcement does not require the consent of the main parties and may involve the use of military
force at the strategic or international level, which is normally prohibited for Member States under Article 2(4) of the
Charter, unless authorized by the Security Council.
A UN peacekeeping operation should only use force as a measure of last resort. It should always be calibrated in a precise,
proportional and appropriate manner, within the principle of the minimum force necessary to achieve the desired effect,
while sustaining consent for the mission and its mandate. The use of force by a UN peacekeeping operation always has
political implications and can often give rise to unforeseen circumstances.
Judgments concerning its use need to be made at the appropriate level within a mission, based on a combination of
factors including mission capability; public perceptions; humanitarian impact; force protection; safety and security of
personnel; and, most importantly, the effect that such action will have on national and local consent for the mission.
The Security Council’s role in a new UN Peacekeeping Operation
Initial consultation
As a conflict develops, worsens, or approaches resolution, the UN is frequently involved in a number of consultations to
determine the best response by the international community. These consultations would likely involve:
 All relevant United Nations actors

 The potential host government and the parties on the ground
 Member States, including States that might contribute troops and police to a peacekeeping operation.
 Regional and other intergovernmental organizations
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 Other relevant key external partners
During this initial phase the UN Secretary-General may request a strategic assessment to identify all possible options for
UN engagement.
Technical field assessment
As soon as security conditions permit, the Secretary usually deploys a technical assessment mission to the country or
territory where the deployment of a UN Peacekeeping operation is envisaged. The assessment mission analyzes and
assesses the overall security, political, military, humanitarian and human rights situation on the ground, and its
implication for a possible operation. Based on the findings and recommendations of the assessment mission the UN
Secretary-General will issue a report to the Security Council. This report will present options for the establishment of a
peacekeeping operation as appropriate including its size and resources. The report will also include financial implications
and statement of preliminary estimated costs.
Security Council resolution
If the Security Council determines that deploying a UN Peacekeeping operation is the most appropriate step to take, it
will formally authorize this by adopting a resolution. The resolution sets out the operation's mandate and size, and details
the tasks it will be responsible for performing. The budget and resources are then subject to General Assembly approval.
Appointment of senior officials
The Secretary-General normally appoints a Head of Mission (usually a Special Representative) to direct the peacekeeping
operation. The Head of Mission reports to the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations at the UN
Headquarters.
The Secretary-General also appoints a peacekeeping operation's Force Commander and Police Commissioner, and senior
civilian staff. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the Department of Field Support (DFS) are then
responsible for staffing the civilian components of a peacekeeping operation.
Planning
In the meantime, The Head of Mission, DPKO and DFS lead the planning for the political, military, operational and support
(i.e., logistics and administration) aspects of the peacekeeping operation. The planning phase usually involves the
establishment of a Headquarters-based joint working group or integrated mission task force, with participation of all
relevant UN departments, fund and programmes.
Deployment
Deployment of an operation proceeds then as quickly as possible, taking into account the security and political conditions
on the ground. It often starts with an advance team to establish mission headquarters and leads to a gradual build-up to
encompass all components and regions, as required by the mandate.
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Who provides peacekeepers?
The UN has no standing army or police force of its own, and Member States are asked to contribute military and police
personnel required for each operation. Peacekeepers wear their countries' uniform and are identified as UN
Peacekeepers only by a UN blue helmet or beret and a badge. Civilian staff of peacekeeping operations are international
civil servants, recruited and deployed by the UN Secretariat.
Reporting to the Security Council
The Secretary-General will then provide regular reports to the Security Council on the implementation of the mission
mandate. The Security mandate reviews these reports and briefings, and renews and adjusts the mission mandate, as
required, until the missions is completed or closed.
Role of the Security Council
The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the United Nations Charter, for the maintenance of international
peace and security.
It is for the Security Council to determine when and where a UN Peacekeeping operation should be deployed.
The Security Council responds to crises around the world on a case-by-case basis and it has a range of options at its
disposal. It takes many different factors into account when considering the establishment of new peacekeeping
operation, including:
Whether there is a ceasefire in place and the parties have committed themselves to a peace process intended to reach
a political settlement;
Whether a clear political goal exists and whether it can be reflected in the mandate;
Whether a precise mandate for a UN operation can be formulated;
Whether the safety and security of UN personnel can be reasonably ensured, including in particular whether reasonable
guarantees can be obtained from the main parties or factions regarding the safety and security of UN personnel.
The Security Council establishes a peacekeeping operation by adopting a Security Council resolution. The resolution sets
out that mission's mandate and size.
The Security Council monitors the work of UN Peacekeeping operations on an ongoing basis, including through periodic
reports from the Secretary-General and by holding dedicated Security Council sessions to discuss the work of specific
operations.
The Security Council can vote to extend, amend or end mission mandates as it deems appropriate.
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Under Article 25 of the Charter, all UN members agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council.
While other organs of the UN make recommendations to Member States, the Council alone has the power to take
decisions which Member States are obligated to implement.
Underway Replenishment
To carry out the Navy's mission effectively, fleet units must be capable of remaining at sea for prolonged periods of time,
possibly in areas of the world where friendly resupply ports are not available, and remain fully ready to carry out any
assigned tasks. Military Sealift Command (MSC) ships are equipped to replenish combatants underway with fuel,
ammunition, provisions, and spare parts.
The first significant underway replenishment (UNREP) operation at sea was with the collier USS Marcellus and the Navy
warship USS Massachusetts in 1899. Since this first UNREP, many methods for transferring cargo have been tried. The
two major methods of transferring dry cargo used today are via vertical replenishment (VERTREP) and connected
replenishment (CONREP). These two methods may be used singly or at the same time.
VERTREP is carried out by helicopters with the ships in close proximity, or miles apart, depending on the tactical situation
and the amount of cargo to be transferred. The helicopters transfer cargo using a sling similar to a net that is suspended
from a hook on the underside of the copter. One or more helicopters continuously shuttle back and forth between the
delivery ship and the receiving ship. There may be more than one ship receiving cargo at one time.
CONREP involves two processes, refueling and re-supply. In fueling at sea (FAS), fuel is pumped from the delivering ship,
such as a fast combat support ship (AOE). Other replenishment ships such as the combat stores ship (AFS) and the
ammunition ship (AE) can deliver fuel, but their primary mission is the delivery of dry cargo by methods referred to
replenishment at sea (RAS).
CONREP used a wire highline between the delivering and receiving ships that uses a Standard Tensioned Replenishment
Alongside Method (STREAM) rig. The two ships steam side-by-side and the hoses and lines used to transfer fuel,
ammunition, supplies, and personnel connect the ships. The STREAM rig is preferred over other connected
replenishment methods since it permits greater ships separation. The delivery ship may have a receiving ship on both
sides at the same time.
Some navies conduct CONREP with the receiving ship steaming astern of the delivery ship. There are several factors in
favor of replenishment with the ships alongside each other instead of having the receiving ship astern. First, by
replenishing alongside, the delivery ship, can service two ships at once, with multiple replenishment stations to each
ship. Second, by replenishing alongside rather than astern, the whole formation of ships can maintain greater speed, up
to 16 knots instead of the 7-8 knot maximum for astern refueling. Lastly, by replenishing alongside both fuel and dry
cargo can be transferred, instead of being limited to fuel only. Astern fueling does have a place in the replenishment
plan, but it is generally limited to a tanker in convoy refueling the convoy escorts.
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When using the STREAM rig for FAS operations a tensioned span high wire is suspended between the two ships. A series
of hose saddles (devices used on hose rigs to keep the 7-inch hose from kinking) are attached to the span wire by trolleys.
The transfer hoses are then suspended in between the saddles.
During RAS the STREAM transfer rig utilizes a tensioned wire highline suspended between two ships. The exact type of
STREAM rig is dependent on the kind of cargo. In all rigs, cargo to be transferred is connected to a trolley, which rides on
the highline. The trolley is moved between the ships by inhaul and outhaul winches ( the primary source of power for
cargo handling and replenishment at sea rigs; it does all the inhaul/outhaul work [verricello]) located on the delivery
ship. A stream rig can handle loads up to 8,750 lbs. under ideal conditions.
An UNREP consists of two or more ships, one of which will be designated the "guide" ship, usually the ship delivering
cargo, but in a two-ship replenishment this may be changed. From the ship handling aspect, the responsibility of the
guide ship is to maintain steady course (by gyro) and speed ( by engine). The other ship(s) are referred to as "approach"
ship(s), and their job is to come to station alongside the guide and maintain the station throughout the replenishment.
The goal of the approach ship is to come alongside the guide, with sending and receiving stations aligned, at a lateral
separation of about 160 feet, and then maintain that station throughout the replenishment.
The first step is an UNREP, from the operations and ship handling standpoint, is to coordinate a rendezvous time and
position. While this is being done, additional information such as fuel quantities required and fueling stations and fittings
available will also be exchanged and coordinated. Selecting a good rendezvous position, one with plenty of open water
that is acceptable to all ships' operational requirements, often requires some compromise of less urgent requirements
in favor of more important considerations. If either ship has other pressing commitments, the replenishment course and
speed (Romeo Corpen) may also be a subject for discussion during the planning and coordination stages.
Once the receiving, also referred to as "customer", ship rendezvous with the delivery or "guide" ship, the next task, if
not already accomplished, is to agree on a Romeo Corpen ( the course and speed at which the replenishment is to take
place; it is prescribed by hoisting the letter flag ROMEO (R), and the CORPEN pennant). Normal speed for auxiliary ship
replenishment will be 12-14 knots. Selecting the replenishment course can be more of a challenge, depending on sea
state. Replenishments are routinely conducted in sea state 4; however, with highly skilled personnel on both ships, they
can successfully be conducted in sea state 5. A rule of thumb is that if the guide ship is able to remain within 1 degree of
base course, the replenishment is a definite "go". If the guide is yawing 1.5 degrees, it is a judgment call based on skill
and experience, as well as operational necessity. If the guide is yawing as much as 2 degrees on either side of base course,
it is probably not possible to conduct a replenishment safely. Replenishments will normally be conducted on a Romeo
Corpen that best satisfies both ships' follow-on commitments, but in extreme conditions, the sea state will determine
the course and whether the replenishment is even possible . Quartering (striking a ship's quarter at an angle of about 45
degrees to its heading) seas are the worst possible situation from a ship handling standpoint.
Once a Romeo Corpen is agreed upon and guide ship is steady on that course and speed, the receiving ship's next task is
to come to waiting station. The duty of the guide ship is to steer the agreed upon course and maintain a constant engine
speed. Both ships will have gear tested and stations manned to at least the same standard used for sea details at arrival
and departure from port.
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The purpose of waiting station is threefold. First, it improves the efficiency of the operation by having the approach ship
begin coming alongside from a fairly close station, shorter approach times mean less waiting around on deck. Secondly,
it provides the approach ship an opportunity to gauge the guide ship's course and speed accurately. Thirdly, it gives
everyone on the bridge, an opportunity to acclimate to being at such close proximity to another ship. All ship handling
on the approach ship side is relative to what the guide ship is doing, so matching course and speed is critical. A waiting
station is usually 600 yards astern the guide ship, just outside the guide ship's wake on the appropriate side, with about
100 feet of open water between the approach ship's side and the guide's wake. Ships normally spend at least ten minutes
in waiting station, and may spend 30 minutes to an hour if one arrives early.
When the guide ship is ready to receive the customer ship alongside, she'll indicate that by hauling up the Romeo flag
on the appropriate side. At that time or whenever ready, the customer ship will commerce her approach alongside the
guide. The approach ship indicates the commencement of her "approach" by also hauling up the Romeo flag on the
appropriate side.
An UNREP demands the very best of helmsmanship from both the guide and the approach ships since, as the two ships
close each other , the hydrodynamic forces will both change and increase noticeably. At a replenishment speed of 12
knots, a one-degree course variation will move the ship 20 feet sideways per minute. The best separation alongside
during the replenishment depends on a number of factors, but is controlled by wanting to ensure the safest separation
while keeping all the equipment in place. For surface combatants, 140-160 feet seems to work well. Larger ships seem
to favor 160-180 feet. Carriers are especially challenging because of the flight deck overhang, but by the time the
separation increases to 200 feet things can become somewhat unwieldy.
To commence the approach and begin closing the guide, all that is required of the approach ship is to increase engine
speed by 4-5 knots. While closing the distance to the guide ship, the lateral separation between ships deserves some
attention; however, if the approach ship has established good waiting station, it is likely that nothing more than minor
course corrections will be required until alongside.
When about one ship length astern of the guide, the approach ship reduces speed to 1-2 knots above base speed. From
this point until alongside and settled in position, matching speed will be the conning officer's primary concern. As the
approach ship's bow crosses the guide ship's stern, the approach ship gives an engine order to match base speed. Before
reducing to base speed the conning officer should ensure that there is enough momentum to pass through the pressure
wave generated by the guide ship and carry the approach into station. From this point forward, engine orders to bring
the ship into position and match speed are made almost entirely by eye, keeping in mind the base speed determined
while in waiting station.
As soon as the approach ship reaches adequate position, a shot line is sent for the phone and distance (P&D) line, which
is marked every 20 feet by a flag. Once the P&D line is across, the job of maintaining separation becomes much easier,
since constant "eyeballing" is no longer required. The P&D line also provides for bridge-to-bridge communications via
the sound powered phone line. One alongside, the shot lines for the replenishment stations can be sent over, the
messenger hauled across, with span wire and hoses following. The team on deck and in the pump room are then ready
to commence cargo transfer.
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Upon completion of cargo transfer, the team on deck will begin sending back or retrieving the replenishment rigs. At this
time, a prime concern from the ship handling standpoint is to maintain station and not begin drifting away from the
guide ship. Lines can become fouled, and the added distance will put more span wire in the water. Once all lines are clear
of the other ship, the approach ship can order a 2-3 degree course change away from the guide and increasing speed 2-
3 knots. As those changes begin to take effect, and with the ships a safe distance apart and opening gradually, the UNREP
process may be repeated with another ship as desired.
UNREP involves an extended period of time where two ships are in close proximity while at relatively high speeds. Any
problem at all, either external to the ships or internal to one or more of the ships, may require an immediate and timely
disengagement. The Captain of either ship can initiate an emergency breakaway procedure if there is a manoeuvring
problem or an unsafe situation is developing. An emergency breakaway follows the same procedures as a normal
breakaway, but all steps are expedited as much as possible.
Watchstanding
Watchstanding is the bane of a sailor's life. One must work a normal 8 to 12-hour day, and then clean up, put on a clean
uniform, and report for a four-hour watch, sometimes in the middle of the night. A normal daily routine and a normal
night's sleep become nonexistent.
Terminology
Watch - a watch is a vital job/position/station on a ship that must be constantly manned for the ship to operate
effectively, efficiently, and safely.
Watch stations - watch stations are located in major operational areas of ship, such as the bridge, engineering,
navigation, etc.. Some watch stations responds to emergencies, such as fire or flooding, be it on the ship or on other
nearby ships. Some watch stations patrol the ship to ensure security and good order and discipline, and to respond to
disorders or criminal acts. Some types of watches include engineering watches ( such as Engineering Officer of the Watch
or Damage Control Watch Officer), navigational watches (such as Officer of the Deck, Boatswain's Mate of the Watch, or
Helmsman), security watches ( such as Officer of the Deck, Master-at-Arms, Sounding and Security, or Pier Sentry), or
other types of watches (such as Anchor, Department Duty Officer, or Command Duty Officer).
Stand watch - to stand a watch is to man a watch station for specific period of time.
Watch stander - a watch stander is a person who has been trained and has been qualified to stand a particular watch
station.
Watch (or duty) sections - watch standers are assigned to watch/duty sections. Each section has duty for a length of
time, which may be a number of hours or one or more days. The number of sections and the number of watch standers
134
in each section depends upon the numbers of watches that must be stood and the number of qualified personnel
available to stand the watches. The highest number of duty sections is usually 6; the lowest is 2, and 3 is the usual
number.
Watch duration - the duration of watches will vary between commands due to the needs of the commands; however,
the usual duration of a watch is four hours stating at 0400. In the traditional watch system, left over from the days of
sail, the ships company is divided into three sections and the day divided into six watches, each of four hours duration.
Each day, a watch stander would stand a four-hour watch followed by eight hours off, followed by a four-hour watch,
etc. During the times off watch, the sailor would work at normal job duties, eat, have some recreation time, and sleep.
Dogging the watch - normally a watch is 4 hours long, which creates 6 watches per day, which is an even number of
watches. With an even number of watches, a watch section would be standing the same watches every day, such as the
mid-watch. To eliminate this, the 1600-2000 watch is split into two 2-hour watches to create a 7th watch; this process is
called dogging the watch. Each of these two split watches is called a dogwatch. Another reason for splitting this watch is
that both watches will be able to eat the evening meal during normal meal hours. The term dogwatch is said to derive
from Sirius, the "Dog Star" because Sirius is the first star to come into view on the first dog watch. However, the time of
the rising of Sirius varies with the time of year, so for much of the year Sirius is below the horizon at sunset. Additionally,
since the first dogwatch (1600-1800) is typically stood during daylight, the stars are not visible. Another derivation is that
someone standing one of these 'half' watches was said to be "dodging the watch", so the watch was named the "dodge
watch", which was shortened to dogwatch.
Ship's bell - the ship's bell is used to regulate the watches. The strikes of the bell (known as a "bell") do not indicate the
number of the hour; instead, there are eight bells, one for each half-hour of a four-hour watch. Bells are struck every
half-hour, in pairs to make counting easier, with any odd bells at the end of the sequence. For example, one bell would
be "ding", two bells would be "ding-ding", three bells would be "ding-ding...ding", and so on until eight bells would be
"ding-ding... ding-ding... ding-ding... ding-ding". Eight bells would indicate the end of a four-hour cycle and a new cycle
would begin.
Relieving the watch - when relieving a watch, the new watch stander reports 15 minutes prior to the start of the next
watch, reviews any information pertinent to the watch, receives a briefing about current and expected events of the
watch, and then relieves the watch. Watch changes are entered into the watch log.
Watch log -most watches have a log book in which entries are made about things that occur during the watch. Entries
include, changes of the watch, rounds being completed, course changes, gauge readings, etc..
Uniform for watch - the uniform required for a watch may vary from the working uniform to the full-dress uniform. In
any case, the watch stander should report to the watch properly groomed and wearing a clean, complete uniform that
is in good repair.
135
Surface Combatants
Surface Combatants are cruisers, destroyers and frigates.
Functions
In peacetime, they can carry out many day-to-day overseas missions. During a war, they can conduct combat operations
against enemy submarines, surface ships, aircraft, missiles and targets on land.
The new technological advances of the last decade which have expanded their tasks are the Aegis combat system, the
vertical launching system (VLS) and the capability to launch Tomahawk cruise missiles.
Surface combatants also have other functions. They can provide protection of sea and air routes, ports, coastal airfields
and important command, control and communications capabilities. They also provide initial capabilities before additional
forces arrive in the area. Lastly, they can immediately hit targets on land with Tomahawk cruise missiles and give naval
support to ground forces. In the future surface combatants will also provide defence against ballistic missiles.
At present surface combatants are part of carrier battle groups. As a major element of a carrier group, surface
combatants provide the primary defensive capabilities for the group.
Normally, one or more surface combatants are necessary to escort and protect an aircraft carrier. Without them, a carrier
could not safely deploy.
A carrier battle group has six surface combatants, an aircraft carrier and its airwing, two nuclear attack submarines and
a fast combat support ship (for logistics). This number may vary according to the needs of the command and the ships
available in the area.
Surface combatants can be deployed without a carrier either independently or as part of a surface action group. A surface
action group normally consists of two or more surface combatants and has the objective of increasing military coverage,
providing humanitarian assistance and conducting exercises with allied forces.
136
Exercises
1. What is a phrasal verb meaning conduct, execute?

2. Think of a synonym for extended?
3. Think of a word meaning supplied, provided with necessary items?
4. What does a collier carry?
5. What is the latin word meaning through/by means of?
6. Think of a synonym for quantity?
7. What is a sling?
8. What does shuttle mean?
9. What does forth mean in back and forth?
10. What is the difference between refueling and resupply?
11. What type of ship is normally used for delivering fuel?
12. Think of a synonym for device or piece of equipment?
13. What is a hose? Would firefighters use them?
14. What does "Behind" mean when referring to ships?
15. What are the two types of positioning for CONREP? Which is more favourable?
a.
b.
16. What is the meaning of the following words:
a. Inhaul
b. outhaul
17. In what other situations might winches be used?
18. Gyro is short for gyroc.............
19. Think of a synonym for aim/objective?
20. How would you characterize sea states 4 and 5?
21. What is a rule of thumb? What is a judgment call?
22. What movement is being described? "to twist or oscillate about a vertical axis"
23. How would you characterize quartering seas?
24. What does "steady" on a course mean?
a. slowing down
b. constant
c. accelerating
25. Which word refers to "Personnel aboard ship assigned special duties connected with leaving and entering port"?
It also refers to the procedures themselves. It is "set" and assigned to a highly skilled, experienced team.
26. To have gear tested, to have stations manned - "farsi fare qualcosa". Make up some sentences using this
construction, using the following words: deck/swab ship/tow missile/test engine/overhaul leave/cancel.
27. Which word means consisting of three parts?
28. Think of a synonym for each word.
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a. measure/assess G..........................
b. get used A.................................
c. fitting M.........................
d. nearness P.................................
29. What is a ship's wake?
30. Helmsmanship - can you think of other words like this, e.g. fellowship, leadership....?
31. Think of a synonym for each word.
a. laterally S........................................
b. problematic C.......................................
c. awkward, difficult to manage U......................................
32. What do these words mean?
a. deserve
b. likely
c. settled
33. The conning officer is an officer on a naval vessel responsible for instructing the helmsman on the course to
steer.
 true
 false
34. An expression that means to take into account/consideration?
35. What do you think "eyeballing" is?
36. Tightly stretched cable bridging two locations: S......................W..........................
37. Match the definitions in the above contexts:

1. retrieve a.worry
2. maintain b.entangled, caught ( e.g. ropes)
3. concern c.recover, get back
4. completion d.free of obstruction, removed
5. drift e.be carried away by currents
6. take effect f.keep
7. fouled g.conclusion
8. clear h.begin to function, produce a result
38. Explain the meaning of the following words.
a. report
b. manned
c. flooding
d. boatswain
e. master-at-arms
f. even
g. dodge
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h. relieve
i. gauge
j. entries (enter)
39. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word.
a. You are to................................ to the Commander at 0900 hours tomorrow.

b. 13 is not an........................ number. It's an odd number.
c. All incidents that occur are to be........................... in the log book.
d. The fuel ........................ needs to be checked to see if there's sufficient fuel.
e. The................................... is responsible for law enforcement, regulating duties, security and force protection.
f. He managed to ...................... national service by pretending he had problems with his eyesight.
g. Compartmentalization is used on ships to prevent........................................... and the spread of fire.
h. The.................................... supervised the deck crew to ensure they were doing their job properly.
i. You will be.................................... from watch at 2000 hours.
j. The ship was.............................. with predominantly Asian crewmembers.
40. Describe a watch duty you took part in to a partner.
41. Answer the following questions based on surface combatants.
a. Regarding surface combatants, can you name some large heavily armed multi-mission ships?
b. During a conflict, what would surface combatants do?
c. Can you name some of the technological advances that have been made over the last decade?
d. Over the last decade, what has significantly expanded the range of tasks that the newer more capable ships
entering the force can undertake?
e. What kind of protection do surface combatants provide?
f. What type of weapon could be used to provide naval fire support for ground forces?
g. In the future, what are surface combatant forces expected to do?
h. How many surface combatants does the Navy's notional carrier battle group have?
i. Can surface combatants be independent?
j. Primarily, what would they do?
139
Appendice
1. General Nomenclature – Nomenclatura Generale
Bow
Stern
Free Board
Dead Work Water Line
Quick Work
Draught
Rudder
INGLESE ITALIANO ITALIANO INGLESE

Beam Baglio Altezza Height
Breadth Larghezza Asse Shaft
Bridge Ponte di comando Baglio Beam
Deck Ponte Bottazzo Saddle Tank
Deck House Tuga Cassero di poppa Poop
Displacement Dislocamento Castello di Prua Forecastle
Draught Pescaggio Cima Rope
Engine Motore Costole Frames
Forecastle Castello di Prua Dislocamento Displacement
Frames Costole Fasciame Plating
Height Altezza Larghezza Breadth
Hull Scafo Motore Engine
Plating Fasciame Pescaggio Draught
Poop Cassero di poppa Ponte Deck
Rope Cima Ponte di comando Bridge
Saddle Tank Bottazzo Scafo Hull
Wheelhouse Timoneria Tuga Deck House
Net Tonnage Stazza Netta Stazza Netta Net Tonnage
Gross Tonnage Stazza Lorda Stazza Lorda Gross tonnage
Shaft Asse Stazza Tonnage
Tonnage Stazza Timoneria Wheelhouse
Height
Port Starboard
Extreme Breadth
140
1.1 Sailboat – Barca a Vela
Mast
Mast
Stay
Fore Stay
Cross-tree
Main Sail
Back Stay
Boom
Boom Shroud
Bow Sprit
Rudder Deep Keel - Finn

Back Stay Paterazzo Albero Mast
Batten Stecca Allunamento Roach
Boom Boma, Tangone Amantiglio Lift, Topping
Bow Sprit Bompresso Arridatoio Turn Buckle
Clew Bugna (di scotta) Balumina Leech
Cross-Tree Crocetta Barra del Timone Helmstock, Tiller
Droop Keel Deriva Boma Boom
Fin Deriva Bompresso Bow Sprit
Fore Stay Stralletto Bugna (di scotta) Clew
Gasket Gerlo Bugna di Mura Tack
Halyard Drizza Cazzare To Haul Aft
Helmstock Barra del Timone Crocetta Cross-Tree
Hoist Drizza, Inferitura Deriva Fin, Droop Keel
Jib Fiocco Drizza Halyard, Hoist
Jib Halyard Drizza Fiocco Drizza Fiocco Jib Halyard
Jumper Strut Pennaccino Fiocco Jib
Leech Balumina Garroccio Slide
Lift Amantiglio Gerlo Gasket
Luff Inferitura Inferitura Hoist, Luff
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Head
Batten
Roach
Hoist or Luff
Clew Base Tack

Main Sheet Scotta Randa Lascare To Ease
Mainsail Randa Mure a Dritta Starboard Tack
Mast Albero Mure a Sinistra Port Tack
Outhaul Tesabase Paranco Tackle
Port Tack Mure a Sinistra Paterazzo Back Stay
Roach Allunamento Pennaccino Jumper Strut
Running Back Stay Sartia Volante Randa Mainsail
Sheet Scotta Sartia Shroud
Shroud Sartia Sartia Volante Running Back
Slide Garroccio Scotta Sheet
Starboard Tack Mure a Dritta Scotta Randa Main Sheet
Stay Strallo Stecca Batten
Tack Bugna di Mura Stralletto Fore Stay
Tackle Paranco Strallo Stay
Tiller Bar Barra del Timone Tangone Boom
To Ease Lascare Tesabase Outhaul
To Haul Aft Cazzare Lascare To Ease
Topping Lift Amantiglio Mure a Dritta Starboard Tack
Turn Buckle Arridatoio Mure a Sinistra Port Tack
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2 Essential Qualities – Qualità Essenziali

Buoyancy Galleggiabilità Galleggiabilità Buoyancy
Impermeability Impermeabilità Impermeabilità Impermeability
Soundness Robustezza Robustezza Soundness
2.1 Nautical Qualities – Qualità Nautiche
Manoeuvrability Manovrabilità Manovrabilità Manoeuvrability

Rolling Stabilità Stabilità Rolling
Speed Velocità Stabilità Stability
Stability Stabilità Velocità Speed
3. Ship Types – Tipi di Navi
Cruise Ship Nave da Crociera Barca a vela Sailboat

Dredger Draga Draga Dredger
Merchant Ship Nave Mercantile Motoscafo Motorboat
Motorboat Motoscafo Nave Ship, Vessel
Oil Tanker Petroliera Nave da Crociera Cruise Ship
Sailboat Barca a vela Nave Mercantile Merchant Ship
Ship Nave Petroliera Oil Tanker
Tug Rimorchiatore Rimorchiatore Tug
Vessel Nave
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4. Boards and Riggings – Andature e Attrezzistica
Wind
Starboard Track Windward Port Track
To luff
To bear away – bearing away
Beam Reach
Broad Reach
Stern Wind

Bailer Sassola Addugliare To coil
Batten Stecca Andatura di poppa Down wind, Stern
wind
Bit Bitta Bitta Bit, Bollard
Blade Pala Bolina Close Hauled
Block Bozzello Bolina Larga Close Reach
Bollard Bitta Bozzello Block
Cam Jam Cleats Strozzascotte Galloccia Cleat
Cleat Galloccia Lasco (Lascato-libero) Free
Close Hauled Bolina Mataffione Reef Point
Close Reach Bolina Larga Orzare To Luff
Down Wind Andatura di Poppa Pagaia Paddle
Free Lasco (Lascato-libero) Pala Blade
Furling Line Matafione Pala dell'elica Propeller Blade
Leeward Sottovento Pastecca Snatch Block
Oar Remo Poggiare To Bear Away
Paddle Pagaia Remare To Row
Propeller Blade Pala dell'elica Remo Oar
Reef Terzarolo Sassola Scow, Bailer
Reef Point Mataffione Sopravento Windward
Scow Sassola Sottovento Leeward
Snatch Block Pastecca Stecca Batten
Stern Wind Andatura di poppa Strambare To Gybe
To Coil Addugliare Straorzare Yawing
To Reef Terzarolare Strozzascotte Cam Jam Cleats
To Row Remare Terzarolare To Reef
144
Windward Sopravento Terzarolo Reef
Yawing Straorzare Virare To Turn
To Turn Virare
To Gybe Strambare
To Luff Orzare
To Bear Away Poggiare
5. Wind- Vento
Beam Wind Vento al Traverso Raffica Gust of Wind, Puff
Fair Wind Vento Favorevole Vento al Giardinetto Wind on the Quarter
Following Wind Vento di Poppa Vento al Traverso Beam Wind
Foul Wind Vento Contrario Vento Contrario Foul Wind
Gust of Wind Raffica Vento di Poppa Following Wind
Head Wind Vento di Prua Vento di Prua Head Wind
Puff Raffica Vento Favorevole Fair Wind
Wind on the Quarter Vento al Giardinetto
6. Lights- Fanali
Light Fanale Fanale Light
Light House Faro Fanale di Coronamento Overtaking Light
Overtaking Lights Fanale di Coronamento Fanali di Navigazione Steaming Lights
Side Lights Fanali Laterali Fanali Laterali Side Lights
Steaming Lights Fanali di Navigazione Faro Light House
7. To Chart - Carteggio
Compass Bussola Bussola Compass
Great Circle Track Ortodromia Carta Nautica Nautical chart
Meridian Meridiano Compasso Pivot
Nautical Chart Carta Nautica Lossodromia Rhumb Line
Parallel Parallelo Meridiano Meridian
Pivot Compasso Ortodromia Great Circle Track
Rhumb Line Lossodromia Parallelo Parallel
Route Rotta Rotta Route
145
8. Other - Altro
INGLESE ITALIANO
Colreg Collision Regulation Regolamento Internazionale per Prevenire gli
Abbordi
in Mare
Gps Global Positioning System Sistema di Posizione Globale
Iala International Associazione Internazionale delle Autorità
Association of per i Fari
Lighthouse Authorities
Imo International Maritime Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale
Organization
Loran Long Range Navigation Navigazione a Lungo Raggio
Marpol Maritime Pollution Convenzione per Prevenire l'Inquinamento
Marittimo
Solas Safety Of Life At Sea Sicurezza della Vita Umana in Mare
GMDSS Global Maritime Sistema Globale di Sicurezza e Soccorso
Distress Safety Sytem Marittimo
INMARSAT International Maritime Sistema Marittimo Internazionale Satelliti
Satellite System
VTS Vessel Traffic System Sistema di Controllo del Traffico Marittimo
CIRM Centro Internazionale Radio-Medico
9. Knots - Nodi
Anchor Knot Nodo di Ancorotto Gassa d'Amante Thumb Knot
Clove Hitch Nodo Parlato Mezzo Collo Half Hitch
Double Sheet Bend Nodo Bandiera Doppio Nodo Bandiera Hawser Bend, Sheet
Bend
Eight Knot Nodo Savoia Nodo Bandiera Doppio Double Sheet Bend
Fisherman's Knot Nodo Margherita Nodo di Ancorotto Anchor Knot
Half Hitch Mezzo Collo Nodo Margherita Fisherman's Knot
Hawser Bend Nodo Bandiera Nodo Parlato Clove Hitch
Reefing Knot Nodo Piano Nodo Piano Reefing Knot
Running Knot Nodo Scorsoio Nodo Savoia Eight Knot
Sheet Bend Nodo bandiera Nodo Scorsoio Running Knot
Thumb Knot Gassa d'Amante
146
A
Abbrivio Headway Aft Poppavia
Acceleratore Speed control Abaft Poppavia
Accensione Ignition Abeam Traverso, Mezzonave
Accessorio Fitting Accident Infortunio
Acciaio Steel Advertisement of Race Bando di Regata
Acciaio Inossidabile Stainless Steel Aerial Cable Cavo Aereo
Accostare To Come Alongside Aft Peak Gavone di Poppa
Accostata Turn Ahead Avanti, Pruavia
Acqua Water Aid Assistenza
Acqua di Mare Salt Water Allotment Note Nota di Cessione
Acqua Dolce Fresh Water Alloy Lega
Addugliare To Coil Alternative Current A.C. Corrente Elettrica
Alternata
Affondare To Sink Aluminium Alluminio
Agghiaccio Tiller Gear Anchor Buoy Grippiale
Ago Magnetico Magnetic Needle Anchor Duty Tassa d'Ancoraggio
Agugliotto Pintle Anchor Knot Nodo d'Ancorotto
Ala di Rollio Bilge Keel Anchor Light Fanale di Fonda
Alaggio Hauling Anchoring Ormeggio
Alare To Haul Anemometer Anemometro
Albero Mast Angle Bar Angolare
Albero a Camme Camshaft Antifouling Paint Pittura Antivegetativa
Alesaggio Bore Apparatus Apparecchiatura
Alfabeto Morse Morse Code Area Area, Superficie
Alisei Trade Winds Arm Marra
Allievo Ufficiale di Deck Cadet Assurance Assicurazione
Coperta
Alluminio Aluminium Astronomical Ephemeris Effemeridi
Astronomiche
Alta Marea High Tide Astronomical Osservazione
Observation Astronomica
Altezza Height Attendance Assistenza
Altezza di Costruzione Depth Moulded Attention Attenzione
Altezza Metacentrica Metacentric Height Auxiliary Engine Motore Ausiliario
Amantiglio Topping Lift, Lift Average Avaria
Ammainare To Haul Down, To Average Speed Velocità Media
Lower
Ancora a Picco The Anchor is a Peak The Anchor is a Peak L'ancora è a Picco
147
Ancora che Ara The Anchor is Dragging The Anchor is L'ancora sta Arando
Dragging
Ancora che fa Presa The Anchor is Holding The Anchor is Holding L'ancora ha fatto
Presa
Ancora Galleggiante Floating Anchor
Andatura al Lasco Broad Reach
Andatura al Traverso Beam Reach
Andatura di Bolina Close-Hauled Anchor
Ring or Shackle
Andatura di Poppa Stern Wind
Anemometro Anemometer
Angolare Angle Bar Moveable Stock
Antivegetativa Antifouling Paint,
Copper Paint
Apparecchiatura Apparatus, Equipment
Argano Windlass, Capstan
Armamento Equipment, Rig
Shank
Armatore Shipowner
Bill
Arridatoio Turnbuckle
Arruolare To Engage
Assicurazione Insurance, Assurance
Assistenza Aid, Attendance
Asta di Bandiera Flag Pole
Astuccio Stern Gear, Stern Tube
Attenzione Attention, Mind, Arm
Beware
Attenzione alle Eliche Beware of the
Propellers Crown
Attrito Friction
Autogonfiabile Life Raft
Autosgottante Self Bailing, Self
Draining
Avamporto Outer Harbour
Avanti Ahead, Forward, Fore
Avanti a Mezza Forza Half Ahead
Avanti a Tutta Forza Full Ahead, Full Throttle
Ahead
Avanti Adagio Slow Ahead
Avaria Average, Damage
Avviamento Start, Starting
148
Avviamento a Mano Hand Starting
Avviamento Elettrico Electric Starting
Avviso Waring, Scout
Avviso di Cattivo Tempo Weather Waring
Avvistare To sight
Avvolgimento Winding
B
Bacino Basin Back Sail Vela a Collo
Bacino d'Allestimento Fitting Dock Backstay Paterazzo
Bacino di Carenaggio Dry Dock Backwash Risacca
Baderna Nipper, Gasket Bad Weather Tempo Cattivo
Baglio Beam Bag Sacco
Baleniera Whaler, Whale Boat Bailer Sassola
Balumina Leech, Roach Balanced Rudder Timone Compensato
Banchina Quay Ballast Zavorra
Bandiera Flag Bar Sbarra
Bandiera di Avaria Distress Flag Barnacle Dente di Cane
Bandiera di Protesta Protest Flag Barometer Barometro
Bandiera Ripetitrice Substitute Flag Barrel Barile
Bando di Regata Advertisement of Race Base Base
Barbetta Rope, Painter Basin Darsena, Bacino
Barca Boat Batten Stecca (di vela)
Barca a Motore Motorboat Battery Batteria
Barca a Remi Rowing Boat Battery Charger Carica Batterie,
Raddrizzatore
Barca da Crociera Cruising Boat, Cruiser Beacon Gavitello, Boa
Barca da Diporto Yacht, Pleasure Boat Beam Larghezza, Baglio
Barca da Pesca Fishing Boat Beam Overall Larghezza Massima
Barca da Regata Racing Boat, Racer Beam Reach Andatura al Traverso
Barca di Salvataggio Life Boat Beam Sea Mare al Traverso
Barca di Servizio Utility Boat Beam Wind Vento al Traverso
Barile Barrel Bearing Rilevamento,
Cuscinetto
Barometro Barometer Bearing Away Poggiare, Poggiata
Barra del Timone Tiller Bar Bearing Compass Bussola da
Rilevamento
Base Base Beating Bordeggiare
149
Base Misurata Measured Base Becalmed Bonaccia
Bassa Marea Low Tide Bell Campana
Bassofondo Shoal, Shallow Water Belt Cintura, Nastro
Battagliola Handrail Bench Vise Morsa da Banco
Batteria Battery Bend Nodo (cordame)
Bava di Vento Light Air Bermudian Sail Vela Marconi
Beccheggio Pitching Berth Ormeggio, Cuccetta
Benzina Petrol (inglese) Bevel Quartabuono
Benzina Gasoline (americano) Beware Attenzione
Biella Connecting Rod Beware of the Propellers Attenzione alle Eliche
Bifase Two-phase Bilge Sentina
Biscaglina Rope Ladder/Jack Bilge Keel Ala di Rollio
Ladder
Bitta Bitt, Bollard, Cleat Bilge Pump Pompa di Sentina
Boa Buoy Bill Unghia dell'Ancora,
Nota
Boa D'ormeggio Mooring Buoy Bitt Bitta
Boa di Allineamento Leading Buoy Blade Pala, Lama
Boa di Percorso Mark Blast Fischio
Boa Luminosa Light Buoy Blast of Wind Colpo di Vento
Bobina Coil Block Bozzello, Taccata
Boccaporto Hatch, Hatchway Blow Down Valve Valvola di Spurgo
Bollettino Meteorologico Weather Forecast Blower Compressore
Bompresso Bowsprit Boat Barca, Imbarcazione
Bompresso Mobile Running Bowsprit Boat Builder Maestro d'Ascia
Bonaccia Becalmed Boat Equipment Equipaggiamento
Nautico
Bordeggiare To Tack, Beating Boat Gripe Rizza
Bordeggio Tacking Boat Hook Gancio d'Accosto,
Mezzomarinaio
Bordo Libero Freeboard Boat Yard Cantiere Nautico
Borosa di Terzarolo Reef Earling Boatswain Nostromo
Bozzello Block Bollard Bitta
Brancarella Cringle Bolt Bullone
Brezza di Mare Sea Breeze Bolt Rope Ralinga, Gratile
Brezza di Terra Land Breeze Bolt With Nut Bullone con Dado
Bronzo Bronze Bonding Connection Collegamento a Massa
Bugliolo Water Bucket Boom Boma, Tangone
Bugna Clew Bore Alesaggio
150
Bullone Bolt Bottom Fondo (imbarcazione)
Bullone con Dado Bolt With Nut Bottom Cleaning Carenaggio
Burrasca Squall, Gale Bottom Dead Centre Punto Morto Inferiore
Bussola Compass Bow Prua, Mascone
Bussola da Rilevamento Bearing Compass Bowline Gassa
Bussola Giroscopica Gyrocompass Bowman Prodiere
Bowsprit Bompresso
Bracket Supporto
Brass Ottone
Bermudian Sail
Breadth Larghezza
Break Interruzione
Breaker Frangente,
Interruttore
Breaking Point Punto di Rottura
Breakwater Tagliamare,
Frangiflutti
Breakwater Paraspruzzi
Bridge Plancia
Bridge House Cassero Centrale
Broad Reach Andatura al Lasco
Broadcast Radiotelefonia
Bronze Bronzo
Brush Pennello (pittura)
Builder Costruttore
Building Slip Scalo di Costruzione
Bulb Lampadina, Bulbo
Bulkhead Paratia
Bulwark Murata (scafo tondo)
Bulwark Stood Scalmo
Buoy Boa
Buoy Rope Grippia
Buoyancy Galleggiabilità,
Riserva di
Galleggiamento
Burgee Guidone
Button Pulsante
Buttonhole Occhiello
To Bail Sgottare
To Bear Up Poggiare
151
To Belay Dar Volta
To Bit Ormeggiare
C
Cabina Cabin Cabin Cabina
Cabina dell'Armatore Owner's Cabin Cabin Planking Pagliolato
Calafataggio Caulking Cable Cima
Calafatare To Caulk Calm Calma
Calafato Caulker Cam Camma
Calma Calm Cam Jam Cleats Strozzascotte
Calore Heat Camshaft Albero a Camme
Calumo Scope of the Cable Cap Testa di Moro
Cambusa Pantry, Galley Capstan Argano
Cambusiere Storekeeper Captain Capitano,
Comandante
Camera di Combustione Combustion Chamber Captain's Report Rapporto del
Comandante
Cameriera Stewardess Carbon Carbonio
Cameriere Steward Carburetor Carburatore
Camicia Jacket Cardinal Point Punto Cardinale
Camma Cam Cargo Carico
Campana Bell Carpenter Carpentiere
Campionato Championship Carpentry Carpenteria
Canaletta Groove Cash Payment Pagamento in
Contanti
Candela Plug, Ignition Plug, Casing Involucro
Spark plug
Candeliere Stanchion Cast Iron Ghisa
Cantiere Yard Casting Fusione
Cantiere Nautico Boat yard Catamaran Catamarano
Cantiere Navale Ship Yard Caulker Calafato
Capitano Captain Caulking Calafataggio
Capo (estremità) Terminal Celestial Bearing Rilevamento
Astronomico
Caratteristiche Specifications Celestial Navigation Navigazione
Astronomica
Carbone Coal Celestial Observation Osservazione
Astronomica
Carbonio Carbon Center Centro
152
Carburatore Carburetor Centre Centro
Carburatore a Doppio Twin Bodied Carburetor Centre Board Deriva
Corpo
Carenaggio Bottom Cleaning Centre of Buoyancy Centro di
Galleggiamento
Carico Cargo Centre of Gravity Centro di Gravità
Carpenteria Carpentry Centreboard Case Cassa della Deriva
Carpentiere Carpenter Centreboard Plan Centro di Deriva
Carrello Traveler Centreboard Trunk Cassa della deriva
Carta Nautica Nautical Chart, Chart Certificate Certificato
Carta Vetrata Sandpaper Certificate of Certificato di
Seaworthiness Navigazione
Carteggiare (nautica) To Chart Certificate of Tonnage Certificato di Stazza
Carteggiatrice Sanding Machine Chain Catena
Cassa della Deriva Centreboard Case Chain Cable Catena dell'Ancora
Cassa Nafta Fuel Tank Chain Hoist Paranco con
Differenziale
Cassero Quarterdeck Chain Locker Pozzo della Catena
Cassero Centrale Bridge House Chain Plate Landa
Cassero di Prua Forecastle Chain Sag Catenaria
Catamarano Catamaran Chain Well Pozzo della Catena
Catena Chain, Chain Cable Championship Campionato
Catena dell'Ancora Chain Cable Chandler Fornitore
Catenaria Chain Sag Character Book Registro di
Classificazione
Caviglia per Impiombare Spike Charge Diritto
Cavo Rope, Cable, Line Chart Carta Nautica
Cavo a Bassa Tensione Low Tension Cable Chart Room Sala Nautica
Cavo ad Alta Tensione High Tension Cable Chart Table Tavolo a Carteggiare
Cavo Aereo Aerial Cable Charter Noleggio,
Noleggiatore
Cavo Coassiale Coaxial Cable Charter by the Run Noleggio a Viaggio
Cavo d'Ormeggio Mooring Rope Chartering Noleggio
Cavo di Rimorchio Tow line, Tow Rope Chief Engineer Direttore di Macchina
Cavo Telefonico Telephone Cable Choppy Sea Maretta Viva
Cazzare To Haul Aft Chronometer Cronometro
Centro Centre, Center Clamp Morsetto
Centro di Galleggiamento Centre of Buoyancy Class Officer Ufficiale di Classe
Centro di Gravità Centre of Gravity Clear Abreast Libero di Fianco
153
Ceppo dell'Ancora Moveable Stock Clear Ahead Libero a Prua
Certificato Certificate, Note Clear Astern Libero di Poppa
Certificato di Bordo Load Line Certificate Clearance Gioco (meccanica),
Libero Permesso
Certificato di Navigabilità Certificate of Cleat Galloccia
Seaworthiness
Certificato di Stazza Certificate of Tonnage Clew Bugna
Certificato Doganale Debenture Clipper Veliero Veloce
Chiave Key Close-Hauled Bolina
Chiglia Keel Cloth Tela, Tessuto
Chiglia Piatta Flat Keel Cloudy Weather Tempo Nuvoloso
Chiodatura (legno) Fastening Clove Hitch Nodo Parlato
Chiodatura (metallo) Riveting Clutch Frizione, Innesto
Chiodo Nail Coachroof Tuga
Ciclo a Due Tempi Two Stroke Cycle Coal Carbone
Ciclo a Quattro Four Stroke Cycle Coastal Navigation Navigazione Costiera
Tempi
Ciclone Cyclone Coaxial Cable Cavo Coassiale
Cilindrata Displacement Cock Rubinetto
Cima Rope, Cable, Line Cockpit Pozzetto
Cintura Belt Coil Bobina
Cintura di Safe belt Cold Front Fronte Freddo
Salvataggio
Circolo Velico Sailing Club Cold Working Lavorazione a Freddo
Circuito Elettrico Electric Circuit Collision Collisione
Circuito in Parallelo Parallel Circuit Collision Bulkhead Paratia di Collisione
Circuito in Serie Series Circuit Combustion Combustione
Circuito Regata Race Course Combustion Chamber Camera di
Combustione
Circuito Heating Circuit Commission Provvigione
Riscaldamento
Classe di Monotipi One Design Class Companion Tambuccio
Classifica Generale Final Results Compass Bussola
Coffa Top Compass Bearing Rilevamento Bussola
Colla Glue Compass Error Variazione della
Bussola
154
Collegamento Connection Compensation Ratio Rapporto di
Compensazione
Collegamento a Bonding Connection Competition Competizione
Massa
Collegamento a Terra Ground Connection Compression Compressione
Collettore Manifold Compression Ratio Rapporto di
Compressione
Collisione Collision Connecting Rod Biella
Colpo di Vento Blast of Wind Connection Collegamento
Comando a Distanza Remote Control Connection Rod Biella
Comando Elettrico Electric Control Cooling Raffreddamento
Comando Idraulico Hydraulic Control Copper Rame
Combustione Combustion Copper Paint Antivegetativa
Compasso Divider Corrected Time Tempo Corretto
Compensato (legno) Plywood Corrugated Plate Lamiera Ondulata
Competizione Race, Competition, Coupling Giunto
Regatta
Compressione Compression Course Rotta, Marcia
Compressore Blower, Supercharged Cradle Sella, Invasatura
Corpo Morto Mooring Post Crane Gru (di banchina),
Mancina
Corrente (marina) Stream Craneman Gruista
Corrente Elettrica Current Crank Manovella
Corrente Elettrica Alternative Current Crew Equipaggio
Alternata A.C.
Corrente Elettrica Direct Current Crew Quarter Locale Equipaggio
Continua D.C.
Corsa del Pistone Stroke Cringle Brancarella
Corto Circuito Short Circuit Cross Bar Traversino
Costruttore Builder Cross-Tree Crocetta
Crocetta Cross-Tree Crossed Waves Onde Incrociate
Crociera Cruise Crown Diamante dell'Ancora
Cronometro Chronometer Cruise Crociera
Cuccetta Berth Cruiser Barca da Crociera
Cuccetta Doppia Double Berth Cruiser Boat Imbarcazione da
Crociera
155
Cucina Galley Cruising Boat Barca da Crociera
Cuscinetto Bearing Current Corrente Elettrica
Cuscinetto Reggispinta Thrust Bearing Custom Dogana
Cut of Sail Taglio di una Vela
Cutter Mill Fresa
Cutwater Tagliamare
Cyclone Ciclone
To Capsize Rovesciarsi
To Cast Mollare
To Caulk Calafatare
To Chart Carteggiare (carta
nautica)
To Charter Noleggiare
To Cleat Dar Volta
To Coil Addugliare
To Come Alongside Accostare
To Cross the Finishing Tagliare il Traguardo
Line
D
Dar Acqua Keeping Out of Dagger Board Deriva a
the Way Baionetta
Dar Fondo all'Ancora To Drop the Damage Avaria
Anchor
Dar Volta To Belay, To Cleat, Dash (morse code) Tratto
To Secure
Darsena Inner Harbour, Dashboard Quadro, Quadro

Dock, Basin Strumenti
Deformazione Strain Davit Gru (di bordo)
Dente di Cane Barnacle Dead Centre Punto Morto
Deposito Catene Chain Locker Dead Point Dormiente
Deposito Vele Sail Locker Dead Reckoning Punto Stimato
Deriva Centre Board, Dead Reckoning Latitudine Stimata
Drop Keel, Fin Latitude
Deriva a Baionetta Dagger Board Dead Reckoning Sailing Navigazione Stimata
156
Deriva a Bulbo Fin Keel Deadwork Opera Morta, Bordo
Libero
Deriva Zavorrata Deep Keel Debenture Certificato Doganale
Destra Starboard Deck Ponte, Pontatura
Deviazione Bussola Deviation Deck Boy Mozzo
Diagramma Diagram Deck Cadet Allievo Ufficiale di
Coperta
Diagramma Metacentrico Metacentric Diagram Deck House Tuga
Diamante dell'Ancora Crown Deep Keel Deriva Zavorrata
Dielettrico Dielectric Department Reparto
Differenziale Differential Depth Profondità, Puntale
(altezza)
Differimento di Regata Postponement of the Depth Moulded Altezza di Costruzione
Race
Diga Embankment Depth of Sea Fondale
Dinamo Dynamo Design Progetto
Direttore Manager Designer Disegnatore,
Progettista
Direttore di Macchina Chief Engineer Deviation Deviazione della
Bussola
Direzione Direction Diagram Diagramma
Direzione del Vento Direction of the Wind Dial Quadrante
Dirigersi To Steer For Dielectric Dielettrico
Diritti Portuali Port Charges Diesel Engine Motore Diesel
Diritto Fee, Due, Duty, Charge Differential Differenziale
Diritto di Rotta Right of Way Dining Room Sala da Pranzo
Disalberare To Unship Direct Current D.C. Corrente Continua
Disarmare To Lay Up Direct Injection Iniezione Diretta
Disarmo (in) Laid Up Direction Direzione
Disegnatore (progettista) Designer Direction of the Wind Direzione del Vento
Disincagliare To Float Displacement Cilindrata,
Dislocamento
Dislocamento Displacement Distress Flag Bandiera d'Avaria
Disormeggiare To Unmoor Distress Signal Segnale di Soccorso
Distributore Distributor Distributor Distributore
Dogana Custom Divider Compasso
157
Doppiare To Round, To Double Dock Darsena
Dormiente Dead Point, Shelf Dock Entrance Entrata del Bacino
Draga Dredger Dot (morse code) Punto
Dritta Starboard Double Berth Cuccetta Doppia
Dritto di Prua Right Ahead Double Sheet Bend Nodo bandiera
Doppio
Drizza Halyard, Hoist Downpour Piovasco Forte
Draft Immersione,
Pescaggio
Draining Valve Valvola di Spurgo
Draught Pescaggio
Dredger Draga
Drilling Machine Trapano
Drop Keel Deriva
Dry Dock Bacino di Carenaggio
Duck Tela, Tessuto
Due Diritto
Duty Diritto, Tassa
Dynamo Dinamo
To Discharge the Crew Licenziare
l'Equipaggio
To Drop the Anchor Dar Fondo all'Ancora
E
Ebollizione Ebullition Ebb Tide Marea Discendente
Eco Echo Ebullition Ebollizione
Effemeride Astronomica Astronomical Echo Eco
Ephemeris
Elettricista Electrician Effective Horsepower Potenza Effettiva
Elettrico Electric Eight Knot Nodo Savoia
Elettrocalamita Electro Magnet Elapsed Time Tempo Reale
Elevatore Elevator Elastic Limit Limite di Elasticità
Elica Propeller Electric Elettrico
158
Elica a Tre Pale Three Blades Propeller Electric Arc Welding Saldatura ad Arco
Voltaico
Entrata Entrance Electric Circuit Circuito Elettrico
Entrata del Bacino Dock Entrance Electric Control Comando Elettrico
Entrata del Porto Harbour Entrance Electric Equipment Impianto Elettrico
Entrobordo Inboard Electric Generator Generatore
Equipaggiamento Boat Equipment, Naval Electric Motor Motore Elettrico
Nautico Outfitting
Equipaggio Crew Electric Potential Potenziale Elettrico
Esercitazione Practice, Training Electric Starting Avviamento Elettrico
Esplosione Explosion Electric Welding Saldatura Elettrica,
Elettrosaldatura
Estintore Fire Extinguisher Electrician Elettricista
Estrattore Remover Electro Magnet Elettrocalamita
Estrattore per Volani Flywheel Remover Electromagnetic Wave Onda
Elettromagnetica
Ecoscandaglio Echo Sounder Elevator Elevatore
Embankment Diga
Engine Motore, Macchina
Eight Knot Engine Book Giornale di Macchina
Engine Room Locale Motore, Sala
Macchine
Engineer Macchinista
Entrance Entrata
Entry Iscrizione
Equipment Apparecchiatura,
Armamento
Exhaust Scarico
Exhaust Port Luce di Scarico
Exhaust Valve Valvola di Scarico
Explosion Esplosione
Extreme Breadth Larghezza Massima
Eye Occhiello
Eye Bolt Golfare
Eyelet Occhiello
159
To Ease Lascare
To Ease Out Filare
To Embark Imbarcare
To Engage Arruolato
Echo Sounder Ecoscandaglio
Entry Fee Tassa d'Iscrizione
F
Falchetta Wale, Gunwale, Fair Sea Mare Calmo
Coaming, Toerail
Falla Leak Fair Wind Vento a Favore
Fanale Light Fairlead Passacavo, Punto di
Scotta
Fanale di Fonda Anchor Light Falling Tide Mare Discendente
Fanale di Poppa Stern Light Fastening Chiodatura (metallo)
Fanale di Testa d'Albero Mast Head Light Faucet Rubinetto
Fanale Rosso Red Light Fee Diritto, Tassa
Fanale Verde Green Light Fender Parabordo
Fanali di Via Navigation Lights Fiber Fibra (americano)
Faro Lighthouse Fibre Fibra (inglese)
Faro a Luce Fissa Fixed Light Figure Head Polena
Fascia Elastica Piston Rig File Lima
Fasciame Plating, Skin, Shell Filler Stucco
Fasciame Saldato Welded Plating Filter Filtro
Fasciatura Serving Fin Deriva
Fase Phase Fin Keel Deriva a Bulbo
Fattore di Correzione del Time Correction Factor Final Results Classifica Generale
Tempo (Tcf)
Femminella Gudgeon, Rudder Fine Weather Tempo Buono
Gudgeon
Ferro Iron Finish Line Linea d'Arrivo
Fiamma Flame Finishing Position Ordine di Arrivo
Fiancata Topside Fire Fuoco
Fibra (americano) Fiber Fire Extinguisher Estintore
Fibra (inglese) Fibre Fisherman's Knot Nodo Margherita
160
Filare To Slip, To Ease Out Fishing Boat Barca da Pesca
Fileggiare To Shiver, To Flap Fishing Craft Naviglio da Pesca
Filettatura Thread Fitting Accessorio
Filtro Filter, Strainer Fitting Dock Bacino di
Allestimento
Fiocco Jib Fix Punto Nave
Fischio Whistle Fixed Light Faro a Luce Fissa
Fischio Blast Flag Bandiera
Fischio Breve Short Blast Flag Pole Asta di Bandiera
Fischio Lungo Long Blast Flag Signal Segnale a Bandiera
Flotta Fleet Flame Fiamma
Flusso Flow Flashing Signal Segnale Luminoso
Folle (Meccanismo) Neutral Flat File Lima Piatta
Fondale Ground, Depth of Sea Flat Head Screw Vite a Testa Piana
Fonderia Foundry Flat Keel Chiglia Piatta
Fondo (imbarcazione) Bottom Fleet Flotta
Fondo (marino) Ground Floating Anchor Ancora Galleggiante
Formaggetta Mast Head Truck Floor Pagliolato, Madiere
Fornitore Chandler Flooring Pagliolo
Fornitore Navale Ship Chandler Flow Flusso
Forno Furnace Flywheel Volano
Foro Hole Flywheel Remover Estrattore per Volani
Foro di Ispezione Inspection Hole Fog Nebbia
Fortunale Storm, Gale Fog Signal Segnale da Nebbia
Foschia Mist Folding Table Tavolo Pieghevole
Foschia Leggera Haze Following Sea Mare di Poppa
Frangente Breaker, Surf Following Wind Vento di Poppa
Frangiflutti Breakwater Foot Piede (misura)
Freccia Segnavento Windex Fore Avanti
Frenello Tiller Rope, Tiller Rod Fore and Aft Sail Vela Aurica
Frequenza Frequency Fore and Aft Bulkhead Paratia Longitudinale
Fresa Cutter Mill Fore Peak Gavone di Prua
Frizione Clutch, Friction Fore Stay Stralletto
Fronte Front Fore Stay Sail Trinchettina
161
Fronte Caldo Warm Front Forecastle Cassero di Prua
Fronte Freddo Cold Front Forward Pruavia, Avanti
Fulmine Lighting Foul Wind Vento Contrario
Fumaiolo Funnel, Stack, Smoke Foundry Fonderia
Stack
Fumata Smoke Signal Four Stroke Cycle Ciclo a Quattro Tempi
Fumo Smoke Four Stroke Engine Motore a Quattro
Tempi
Fuoco Fire Frame Ossatura, Ordinata,
Quinto
Fuori Bordo Overboard Framework Ossatura
Fuori Tutto Overall Framing Ossatura, Telaio
Fuoribordo Outboard Free Lasco (andatura)
Fusibile Fuse Freeboard Opera Morta, Bordo
Libero
Fusione Casting Freeboard Marking Marca di Bordo Libero
Fuso dell'Ancora Shank Freeboard Rules Regolamento di
Bordo Libero
Freighter Noleggiatore
Frequency Frequenza
Fresh Water Acqua Dolce
Frictional Resistance Resistenza d'Attrito
Front Fronte
Froude's Tank Vasca Navale
Fuel Oil Olio Combustibile
Fuel Tank Serbatoio Carburante
Full Ahead Avanti a Tutta Forza
Full Dress Gran pavese
Full Throttle Ahead Avanti a Tutta Forza
Fun Ventilatore
Funnel Fumaiolo
Furling Line Mataffione
Furnace Forno
Fuse Fusibile
To Fill Gonfiare (le vele)
162
To Flap Fileggiare
To Float Galleggiare
To Float Disincagliare
To Foul a Mark Toccare una Boa
Friction Attrito
Fresh Weather Tempo Fresco
G
Galleggiabilità Buoyancy Gaff Picco
Galleggiamento Water Line Gale Burrasca
Galleggiare To Float Galley Cucina, Cambusa
Galloccia Cleat Gangboard Passerella
Gancio Hook Gas Welding Saldatura a Gas
Garroccio Slide Gasket Gerlo, Guarnizione,
Baderna
Gassa Thumb, Bowline Gasoline Benzina (americano)
Gavitello Beacon, Buoy Gasoline Engine Motore a Benzina
Gavone Peak, Locker Gear Ingranaggio
Gavone di Poppa Aft Peak Gear Ratio Rapporto di
Trasmissione
Gavone di Prua Fore Peak Glass Vetro
Generatore Electric Generator Glue Colla
Gente di Mare Seafaring Goods Merce
Gerlo Gasket Grasp Presa (impugnatura),
Afferrare
Ghiera Sleeve Grating Pagliolo
Ghisa Cast Iron Grease Grasso
Giardinetto Quarter Greaser Ingrassatore
Ginocchio Knee Great Circle Course Rotta Ortodromica
Ginocchio (chiglia) Turn of the Bilge, Great Circle Sailing Navigazione
Round of the Bilge Ortodromica
Gioco (meccanico) Clearance Green Light Fanale Verde
Gioco (serie) Set Groove Canaletta
Gioco di Vele Set of Sail Gross Tonnage Stazza Lorda,
Tonnellaggio Lordo
163
Giornale di Boccaporto Hold Book Ground Fondo (marino), Terra
Giornale di Bordo Log Book Ground Connection Collegamento a Terra
Giornale di Macchina Engine Book Grounding Incaglio
Giorno di Riposo Rest Day Gust Refola
Girante Impeller Gust of Wind Raffica
Girobussola Gyrocompass Gusty Ventoso
Giubbotto di Salvataggio Lifejacket Gyrocompass Girobussola
Giunto Coupling, Joint To Gybe Strambare
Giuria Sailing
Committee Jury
Giusta Andatura Proper Way
Giusta Rotta Proper Course
Goletta Shooner
Golfare Eye Bolt, Clavis
Gomena Tow Rope
Gonfiare (le vele) To Fill
Governare To Steer, Steering
Gradino Step
Gran Pavese Full Dress
Grasso Grease
Gratile Bolt Rope, Luff Cord
Grecale North – East Wind
Grippia Buoy Rope, Trip Line
Grippiale Anchor Buoy
Groppo Squall
Gru (di banchina) Crane
Gru (di bordo) Davit
Gruista Craneman
Guardacoste Patrol Boat
Guardia Watch
Guardia (in rada) Watchkeeping
Guardia di Servizio Watch on Deck,
Watch on Duty
Guardiano Watchman
164
Guarnizione Packing,
Jointing, Gasket
Guidone Pennant, Burgee
H
Half Ahead Avanti a Mezza Forza
Half Hitch Mezzo Collo
Halyard Drizza
Hawser Bend
Hammer Martello
Hand Lead Scandaglio a Mano
Hand Pump Pompa a Mano
Hand Starting Avviamento a Mano
Handgrip Manopola
Handrail Battagliola, Parapetto
Harbour Porto
Harbour Entrance Entrata del Porto
Hatch Tambuccio,
Boccaporto
Hatchway Boccaporto
Hauling Alaggio
Hawse Hole Occhio di Cubia
Hawser Bend Nodo Bandiera
Head Testa, Testata, Penna
(vela)
Head Sea Mare di Prua
Head to Wind Prua al Vento
Head Wind Vento di Prua
Head-Rope Inferitura
Headroom Interponte, Puntale
(altezza)
Headway Abbrivio
Heart Terra
Heat Calore
Heat Exchanger Scambiatore di
Calore, Radiatore
165
Heating Riscaldamento
Heating Circuit Circuito
Riscaldamento
Heavy Sea Mare Grosso,
Mareggiata
Height Altezza
Hell of the Mast Piede d'Albero
Helm Port Losca
Rudder
Helmsman Timoniere
High Tension Cable Cavo ad Alta Tensione
Hiking Stick
High Tide Alta Marea
High Water Marea Alta
Hiking Stick Prolunga della Barra
del Timone
Hitch Nodo (cordame),
Volta
Tiller Hoist Inferitura, Drizza
Hold Stiva, Presa
(impugnatura)
Hold Book Giornale di
Boccaporto
Hole Luce, Foro
Hole Port Luce (foro)
Hollow Incavo
Honing Machine Levigatrice
Hook Rampin
Horsepower Potenza,(Motore)
Hot Working Lavorazione a Caldo
Hull Scafo, Opera Viva
Hydraulic Control Comando Idraulico
Hydroplane Idroplano
Hygrometer Igrometro
Kook Gancio
To Haul Alare
To Haul Aft Cazzare
166
To Haul Down Ammainare
To Heel Ingavonarsi
To Heel Over Sbandarsi
To Hoist Issare
To Hook Incocciare
I
Idroplano Hydroplane Ignition Accensione
Igrometro Hygrometer Ignition Plug Candela
Imbando Slack Impeller Girante
Imbarcare To Embark Inboard Entrobordo
Imbarcazione Boat Inboard Engine Motore Entrobordo
Imbarcazione a Motore Motor Boat Inclination Inclinazione
Imbarcazione a Remi Rowing Boat Injection Iniezione
Imbarcazione a Vela Sail Boat Injection Engine Motore a Iniezione
Imbarcazione Self-righting Boat Inner Harbour Darsena
Autoraddrizzante
Imbarcazione Self-bailing Boat Instable Instabile
Autosvuotante
Imbarcazione da Crociera Cruiser Boat Instruments Panel Quadro Strumenti
Imbarcazione da Regata Racing Boat, Racer Insulating Tape Nastro Isolante
Imbarcazione di Lifeboat Insulator Isolatore
Salvataggio
Imbragare To Sling Insurance Assicurazione
Immersione (scafo) Draft Insurance Policy Polizza Assicurativa
Impianto Elettrico Electric Equipment Intake Port Luce d'Aspirazione
Impianto Radar Radar Installation Intake Valve Valvola di Aspirazione
Impianto Radio Radio Set Intercostal Floor Madiere Intercostale
Impiombatura Splice Internal Combustion Motore a
Engine Combustione Interna
Impoppata Running Iron Ferro
Incagliare To Strand Island Isola
Incaglio Grounding Isle Isola
Incappellaggio Strap, Tang
Incattivarsi To Jam
167
Incavo Hollow
Inclinazione Rake, Inclination
Incocciare To Hook
Ignition Plug
Inferire To ride
Inferitura Head-Rope, Hoist, Luff
Infermiere Nurse
Infortunio Accident
Ingaggio Overlap
Ingavonarsi To Heel
Ingranaggio Gear
Ingrassatore Greaser, Oiler
Iniezione Injection
Iniezione Diretta Direct Injection
Innesto Clutch
Insellamento Sagging
(deformazione)
Instabile Instable, Unstable
Interponte Headroom
Interruttore Switch, Breaker
Interruttore a Pulsante Push Button, Switch
Interruttore Tripolare Three Pole Switch
Interruzione Break
Invasatura Cradle
Invasatura per il Varo Launching Cradle
Involucro Shell, Casing
Iscrizione Entry
Isola Island, Isle
Isolatore Insulator
Ispettore Surveyor
Issare To Hoist
168
J
Jack Ladder Scala Biscaglina
Jacket Camicia
Jib Fiocco
Jib Netting Rete da Bompresso
Jib Sheet Scotta Fiocco
Joint Giunto
Jointing Guarnizione
Jumper Strut Pennaccino
Jury Rudder Timone di Fortuna
To Jam Incattivarsi
K
Keel Chiglia
Keeping Out of the Way Dar Acqua
Key Chiave
Knee Ginocchio
Knob Manopola
Knot Nodo (velocità,
cordame)
L
Lama Blade Lacing Legatura
Lambardata Yawing Ladder Scala
Lamiera Plate Laid Up Disarmo (in)
Lamiera Liscia Plain Plate Laminating Laminazione (del
legno)
Lamiera Ondulata Corrugated Plate Lamp Lampadina
Laminazione (legno) Laminating Land Breeze Brezza di Terra
Laminazione (metallo) Rolling Lashing Legatura
Lampadina Bulb, Lamp Lateen Sail Vela Latina
Lancia Launch Lathe Tornio
Lancia a Motore Motor Launch Latitude Latitudine
Landa Chain Plate Launch Varo, Lancia
Larghezza Beam, Breadth Launching Varo
169
Lascare To Ease Launching Cradle Invasatura per il Varo
Lasco (andatura) Free Lead Scandaglio
Latitudine Latitude Leading Buoy Boa di Allineamento
Latitudine Stimata Dead Reckoning Lean Mixture Miscela Magra
Latitude
Lato d'Inferitura Head Rope Leech Balumina
Lavandino Sink Leeward Sottovento
Lavorazione a Caldo Hot Working Leeway Scarroccio
Lavorazione a Freddo Cold Working Length Lunghezza
Lavorazione del Legno Wood Working Length Between Lunghezza tra le
Perpendiculars Perpendicolari
Lavoro Work Length Overall (LOA) Lunghezza Fuori Tutto
Lega Alloy Length Water Line Lunghezza al
(LWL) Galleggiamento
Legatura Lacing, Lashing Lever Leva
Legno Wood License Patente
Legno Compensato Plywood Life Belt Cintura di Salvataggio
Legnolo Strand Life Jacket Giubbotto di
Salvataggio
Leva Lever Life Raft Zattera di Salvataggio,
Autogonfiabile
Levigatrice Honing Machine Lifeboat Imbarcazione di
Salvataggio
Libeccio South-West Wind Lifebuoy Salvagente Anulare
Libero di Fianco Clear Abreast Lifeline Parapetto, Linea Vita
Libero di Poppa Clear Astern Lift Amantiglio
Libero di Prua Clear Ahead Light Luce
Libretto di Navigazione Seaman's Book Light Air Bava di Vento
Libretto di Navigazione Sailor's Book Light Breeze Vento Leggero
Licenza di Navigazione Navigation Permission Light Buoy Boa Luminosa
Licenziare l'Equipaggio To Discharge the Crew Lighting Fulmine
Lima File Limit Limitazione, Limite
Lima a Triangolo Triangular File Line Linea, Sagola, Cima
Lima per Sgrossare Rasp Line of Position Retta d'Altezza
Lima Piatta Flat File Link Settore, Maglia di
Catena
Lima Tonda Round File List Ruolo, Sbandamento
170
Limitazione Limit Lizard Stroppo, Maniglia
Limite Limit, Record Load Line Certificate Certificato di Bordo
Libero
Limite di Elasticità Elastic Limit Locker Locale, Gavone
Linea Line Log Book Giornale di Bordo
Linea d'Acqua Water Line Long Sea Mare Lungo
Linea d'Arrivo Finish Line Long Wave Onda Lunga
Linea di Fede Lubber's Line Longitude Longitudine
Linea di Partenza Starting Line Loof Mascone
Locale Locker, Room Loss Perdita
Locale Catene Chain Locker Low Tension Cable Cavo a Bassa
Tensione
Locale Equipaggio Crew Quarter Low Tide Bassa Marea
Locale Motore Engine Room Low Water Marea Bassa
Longitudine Longitude Loxodrome Course Rotta Lossodromica
Losca Rudder Mole, Helm Loxodrome Navigation Navigazione
Port Lossodromica
Lubrificante Lubricant Lubber's Line Linea di Fede
Luce (elettrica) Light Lubricant Lubrificante
Luce (foro) Hole, Port Lubricant Oil Olio Lubrificante
Luce d'Aspirazione Intake Port Luff Inferitura, Ralinga
Luce di Lavaggio Scavenging Port Luff Cord Gratile
Luce di Scarico Exhaust Port Luffing Orziera
Lunghezza Length Lug Sail Vela al Terzo
Lunghezza al Length Water Line To Lay Up Disarmare
Galleggiamento (LWL)
Lunghezza di Stazza Measured Length To Let go the Mooring Mollare gli Ormeggi
Lunghezza Fuori Tutto Length Overall (LOA) To Lower Ammainare
Lunghezza Massima Extreme Breadth, To Luff Orzare
Beam Overall
Lunghezza tra le Length Between
Perpendicolari Perpendiculars
M
Macchina Machine, Engine Machine Macchina
Macchinario Machinery Machine Shop Officina Meccanica
171
Macchinista Engineer Machinery Macchinario
Madiere Floor Magnetic Magnetico
Madiere Intercostale Intercostal Floor Magnetic Bearing Rilevamento
Magnetico
Maestrale North-West Wind Magnetic Needle Ago Magnetico
Magazziniere Storekeeper Magnetic Pole Polo Magnetico
Magazzino Store, Warehouse Magnetic Potential Potenziale Magnetico
Maglia di Catena Link Magneto Magnete
Magnete Magneto Main Randa
Magnetico Magnetic Main Deck Ponte di Coperta
Mal di Mare Sea-Sickness Main Sheet Scotta Randa
Mancina Crane Mainsail Randa, Vela Maestra
Manica a Vento Ventilator Man Overboard Uomo a Mare
Manicotto Seal Manager Direttore
Maniglia Shackle, Lizard Manifold Collettore
Mano di terzarolo Reefing Manpower Manodopera
Manodopera Manpower Mark Segnale, Boa di
Percorso
Manometro Pressure Gauge Mast Albero
Manopola Handgrip, Knob Mast Foot Piede d'Albero
Manovella Crank Mast Head Testa d'Albero
Manovre Correnti Running Rigging Mast Head Light Fanale di Testa
d'Albero
Manovre Fisse Standing Rigging Mast Head Truck Formaggetta
Mantiglio Lift Mast Hole Mastra
Marca di Bordo Libero Free Board Marking Mast-Step Scassa
Marcia Run, Course Material Materiale
Marcia Indietro Reverse Run Mean Time Tempo Medio
Marconista Wireless Operator Measured Base Base Misurata
Mare Sea Measured Length Lunghezza di Stazza
Mare Agitato Rough Sea Measurement Rating Stazza (regata)
Mare al Traverso Beam Sea Measurer Stazzatore
Mare Calmo Smooth Sea, Fair Sea Mercator's Course Rotta Lossodromica
Mare Corto Short Sea Mercator's Sailing Navigazione
Lossodromica
Mare di Fianco Sea Athwartship Merchant Navy Marina Mercantile
172
Mare di Prua Head Sea Metacentric Diagram Diagramma
Metacentrico
Mare Grosso Heavy Sea Metacentric Height Altezza Metacentrica
Mare in Poppa Following Sea Midship Mezzonave
Mare Lungo Long sea Midship Section Ordinata Maestra,
Sezione Maestra
Mare Mosso Slight Sea Mind Attenzione
Marea Tide Misty Weather Tempo Foschioso
Marea Ata High Water Mixture Miscela
Marea Bassa Low Water Mizzen Sail Vela di Mezzana
Marea delle Sigizie Spring Tide Moderate Gale Vento Forte
Marea di Quadratura Neap Tide Mole Molo
Marea Discendente Falling Tide, Ebb Tide Monsoon Monsone
Marea in Aumento Rising Tide Mooring Ormeggio
Marea Stanca Slack Water Mooring Buoy Boa d'Ormeggio
Mareggiata Heavy Sea Mooring Place Posto d'Ormeggio
Maretta Viva Choppy Sea Mooring Post Corpo Morto
Marina (da diporto) Yachting Mooring Rope Cima d'Ormeggio
Marina (mercantile) Merchant Navy Morse Code Alfabeto Morse
Marinaio Sailor, Seaman Motor Motore
Marino Seaworthy Motor Launch Lancia a Motore
Marittimo Seaman Motorboat Barca a Motore,
Motoscafo
Marmitta Silencer Motorboat Imbarcazione a
Motore, Motoscafo
Marra Arm Motorman Motorista
Martello Hammer Motorsailer Motoveliero
Mascone Loof, Bow Moulding Box Staffa
Mastra Mast Hole Moveable Stock Ceppo dell'Ancora
Mastro d'Ascia Boat Builder Multihull Multiscafo, Pluriscafo
Mataffione Reef Point, Furling Line To Moor Ormeggiare
Materiale Material
Merce Goods
Mezzo Collo Half Hitch
Mezzomarinaio Boat Hook
Mezzonave Midship, Abeam
173
Miglio Marino Nautical Mile
Miraglio Top Mark
Miscela Mixture
Miscela Grassa Rich Mixture
Miscela Magra Lean Mixture
Molla Spring
Mollare To Cast
Multihull
Mollare gli Ormeggi To Let Go the Mooring
Molo Pier, Mole, Wharf,
Quay
Monotipo One Design
Monsone Monsoon
Morsa da Banco Bench Vise
Morsettiera (elettrica) Terminal Box
Morsetto Clamp
Moschettone Snap Shackle, Spring
Hook
Mostravento Telltale
Motore Engine, Motor
Motore a Benzina Gasoline Engine
Motore a Combustione Internal Combustion
Interna Engine
Motore a Due Tempi Two Stroke Engine
Motore a Iniezione Injection Engine
Motore a Quattro Tempi Four Stroke Engine
Motore Ausiliario Auxiliary Engine Mark:(Cardinal Marks)
Motore d'Avviamento Starting Motor
Motore Diesel Diesel Engine
Motore Elettrico Electric Motor
Motore Entrobordo Inboard Engine
Motore Fuoribordo Outboard Motor
Motore Sovralimentato Supercharged Engine
Motorista Motorman
Motoveliero Motorsailer
Mozzo Deck Boy
174
Mulinello Windlass, Swivel
Mura Tack
Murata (scafo a spigolo) Topside
Murata (scafo tondo) Side, Bulwark
Mure a Dritta Starboard Tack
Mure a Sinistra Port Tack
N
Nastro Tape, Belt Nail Chiodo
Nastro Isolante Insulating Tape Nautical Chart Carta Nautica
Nastro Metrico Tape Nautical Mile Miglio Marino
Naufragio Shipwreck Naval Expert Perito
Nave Ship, Vessel Naval Outfitting Equipaggiamento
Nautico
Navigabilità Seaworthiness Navigation Navigazione
Navigare To Sail, To Navigate Navigation Lights Fanali di Via
Navigazione Navigation, Sailing Navigation Permission Licenza di
Navigazione
Navigazione Astronomica Celestial Navigation Neap Tide Marea di Quadratura
Navigazione Costiera Pilotage, Coastal Net Rete
Navigation
Navigazione d'Altura Offshore Navigation Net Tonnage Stazza Netta,
Tonnellaggio
Netto
Navigazione da Diporto Yachting Nipper Baderna
Navigazione Loxodrome Navigation, North Wind Tramontana
Lossodromica Mercator's Sailing
Navigazione Ortodromica Great Circle Sailing North-East Wind Grecale
Navigazione Piana Plane Sailing North-West Wind Maestrale
Navigazione Stimata Dead Reckoning Note Certificato, Nota
Sailing
Naviglio da Diporto Yachting Craft, Numeral Signal Segnale Numerico
Pleasure Craft
Naviglio da Pesca Fishing Craft Numerical Flag Pennello Numerico
Nebbia Fog Nurse Infermiere
Nodo (cordame) Knot, Hitch, Bend To Navigate Navigare
Nodo (velocità) Knot
175
Nodo a Gassa Thumb Knot
Nodo Bandiera Hawser Bend, Sheet
Bend
Nodo Bandiera Doppio Double Sheet Bend
Nodo di Ancorotto Anchor Knot
Nodo Margherita Fisherman's Knot
Nodo Parlato Clove Hitch
Nodo Piano Reefing Knot
Nodo Savoia Eight Knot
Nodo Scorrevole Running Knot
Noleggiare To Charter
Noleggiatore Charter, Freighter
Noleggiatore di Yacht Yacht Charter
Noleggio Charter, Chartering
Noleggio a Tempo Time Charter
Noleggio a Viaggio Voyage Charter,
Charter by the
Run
Nominativo (yacht) Yacht's Number
Nostromo Boatswain
Nota Note, Bill, Order
Nota di Cessione Allotment Note
Numero di Richiamo Recall Number
(regata)
Numero Velico Sail Number
O
Oblò Portlight,Sidelight, Oar Remo
Porthole
Occhiello Eye, Buttonhole, Oar Blade Pala del Remo
Eyelet
Occhio di Cubia Hawse Hole Oarlock Scalmiera
Occidente West, Occident Oarsman Rematore
Oceano Ocean Observation Osservazione
Officina Shop Observer Osservatore
Officina Meccanica Machine Shop Occident Ovest
176
Ogiva Ogive Ocean Oceano
Oliatore Oil Can, Oiler Ocean Going Tug Rimorchiatore
d'Alto Mare
Olio Oil Office Ufficio
Olio Combustibile Fuel Oil Officer Ufficiale
Olio Lubrificane Lubricant Oil Offshore Navigazione
Navigation d'Altura
Ombrinale Scupper Offshore Racing Regata d'Altura
Onda Wave Ogive Ogiva
Onda di Marea Tidal Wave Oil Olio
Onda Electromagnetic Oil Can Oliatore
Elettromagnetica Wave
Onda Lunga Long Wave Oil Tank Serbatoio Olio
Onde Incrociate Crossed Waves Oiler Ingrassatore,
Oliatore
Opera Morta Deadwork, One Design Monotipo
Freeboard
Opera Viva Quickwork, Hull One Design Class Classe Monotipo
Operaio Worker Order Nota
Ordinata Frame Outboard Motor Motore
Fuoribordo
Ordinata di Maestra Midship Section Outer Harbour Avamporto
Ordinata Rinforzata Web Frame Outhaul Tesabase
Ordine di Arrivo Finishing Position Output Potenza,
Rendimento
Ormeggiare To Moor, To Bitt Overlap Ingaggio
Ormeggio Mooring, Overload Sovraccarico
Anchoring, Berth
Orzare To Luff Overvoltage Sovratensione
Orziera Luffing Owner Proprietario
Ossatura Frame, Framing, Owner's Cabin Cabina
Framework dell'Armatore
Osservatore Observer Oxyacetilene Saldatura
Welding Ossiacetilenica
Osservazione Observation
Osservazione Astronomical
Astronomica Observation,
Celestial
Observation
177
Osteriggio Skylight
Ottone Brass
Ovest West
P
Pagaia Paddle Packing Guarnizione
Pagaia Doppia Twin Blade Paddle Paddle Pagaia
Pagamento Anticipato Payment in Advance Paint Pittura
Pagamento in Contanti Cash Payment Painter Barbetta
Pagliolato Floor, Cabin Planking Painting Pitturazione
Pagliolo Flooring, Grating Panel Pannello, Quadro
Pala Blade Pantry Cambusa
Pala del Remo Oar Blade Parallel Circuit Circuito in Parallelo
Pala dell'Elica Propeller Blade Patrol Boat Guardacoste
Pannello Elettrico Switch Panel, Panel Payment in Advance Pagamento Anticipato
Parabordo Fender Peak Gavone
Paranco Tackle, Traveler Penality Penalità
Paranco con Differenziale Chain Hoist Pennant Guidone
Parapetto Handrail, Lifeline Petrol Benzina (inglese)
Paraspruzzi Breakwater Phase Fase
Paratia Bulkhead Pier Pennello (molo),
Pontile, Molo
Paratia di Collisione Collision Bulkhead Pillar Puntale (strutturale)
Paratia Longitudinale Fore and Aft Bulkhead Pilot's Boat Pilotina
Paratia Stagna Watertight Bulkhead Pilotage Pilotaggio
Paratia Trasversale Transverse Bulkhead Pin Spina (meccanica)
Partenza (in regata) Start Pintle Agugliotto
Parti di Rispetto Spare Parts Pipe Tubo
Passacavo Fairlead, Rope Fairlead Piping Tubazione
Passascotta Sheet Fairlead Piston Pistone
Passerella Gangboard Piston Rig Fascia Elastica
Passo dell'Elica Pitch Pitch Passo dell'Elica
Passo Variabile Variable Pitch Pitching Beccheggio
Pastecca Snatch-Block Pivot Perno (gen.),
Compasso
178
Patente License Plain Plate Lamiera Liscia
Paterazzo Backstay Plan of Construction Piano di Costruzione
Paternostro Thruck Plane Sailing Navigazione Piana
Penalità Penality Planing Hull Scafo Planante
Pendenza (albero, slanci) Rake Plank Tavola di Fasciame
Penna (vela) Head Plate Lamiera, Piastra
Pennaccino Jumper Strut Pleasure Boat Barca da Diporto
Pennello (molo) Pier Pleasure Craft Imbarcazione da
Diporto
Pennello (pittura) Brush Plug Candela, Spina
Elettrica
Pennello Numerico Numerical Flag Plunger Stantuffo
Pennone Yard Plywood Legno Compensato
Percorso al Vento Windward Course Point Punto
(regata)
Percorso di Regata Race Course Pole Polo
Percorso Triangolare Triangular Course Pontoon Pontone
Perdita Loss Port Porto
Perito Surveyor, Naval Expert Port Charges Diritti Portuali
Perizia Report, Survey Port of Armament Porto d'Armamento
Permesso Clearance Port of Loading Porto d'Imbarco
Perno (generale) Pivot Port of Registry Porto d'Iscrizione
Pesatura Weighting Port Tack Mure a Sinistra
Pescaggio Draught Porthole Oblò
Piano di Costruzione Plan of Construction Portlight Oblò
Piano di Deriva Centreboard Plan Position Posizione
Piano Velico Sail Plan Postponement of the Differimento di
Race Regata
Piastra Plate Potentiometer Potenziometro
Picco Gaff Power Potenza
Picco della Randa Spanker Practice Esercitazione, Pratica
Piede (misura) Foot Pressure Pressione
Piede dell'Albero Hell of the Mast, Mast Pressure Gauge Manometro
Foot
Pilotina Pilot's Boat Profile Profilo
Piovasco Shower, Thick Squall Propeller Elica
179
Piovasco Forte Downpour Propeller Blade Pala dell'Elica
Pistone Piston Propeller Bracket Supporto Asse Elica
Pittura Paint Propeller Shaft Bracket Supporto Asse Elica
Pittura Antivigetativa Antifouling Paint, Proper Course Giusta Rotta
Copper Paint
Pitturazione Painting Proper Way Giusta Andatura
Planare To Surf Propulsion Propulsione
Plancia Bridge Protection Protezione
Pluriscafo Multihull Protest Flag Bandiera di Protesta
Poggiare To Bear Up, Bearing Provisions Provviste (viveri)
Away
Poggiata Bearing Away Puff Raffica
Polena Figurehead Pulley Puleggia
Polizza di Assicurazione Insurance Policy Pump Pompa
Polo Pole Push Pulsante
Polo Magnetico Magnetic Pole Push Button Interruttore a
Pulsante
Pompa Pump
Pompa a Mano Hand Pump
Pompa di Sentina Bilge Pump
Pontatura Deck
Ponte Deck, Bridge
Ponte di Coperta Main Deck
Pontile Wharf, Pier
Pontone Pontoon
Poppa Stern
Poppa a Specchio Transom
Poppavia Abaft, Aft
Portata Radar Radar Range
Porto Harbour, Port
Porto d'Armamento Port of Armament
Porto d'Imbarco Port of Loading
Porto d'Iscrizione Port of Registry
Porto Sicuro Safe Port
Portolano Sailing Directions
180
Posizione Position
Posto d'Ormeggio Mooring Place, Berth
Potenza Power,Horsepower,
Output
Potenza all'Asse Shaft Horsepower
Potenza di Punta Top Power
Potenza Effettiva Effective Horsepower
Potenziale Elettrico Electric Potential
Potenziale Magnetico Magnetic Potential
Potenziometro Potentiometer
Pozzetto Cockpit
Pozzetto Autosvuotante Self Bailing Cockpit
Pozzetto Stagno Watertight Cockpit
Pozzo Well, Looker
Pozzo Catene Chain Looker, Chain
Well
Pratica Practice
Presa Hold, Seizing, Grasp
Presa a Mare Seacock
Presa di Corrente Socket
Pressatrecce Stuffing Box
Pressione Pressure
Prigioniero (perno) Stud
Prodiere Bowman
Profilato Section Bar
Profilo Profile
Progettista Designer
Progetto Design
Proiettore Searchlight
Prolunga (della barra del Hiking Stick
timone)
Proprietario Owner, Yachtowner
Propulsione Propulsion
Protezione Protection
Prova Test, Trial
181
Prova di Trazione Tensile Test
Prova in Vasca Tank Testing
Provvigione Commission
Provviste (generiche) Stores
Provviste (viveri) Provisions
Prua Bow
Prua al Vento Head to Wind
Pruavia Ahead, Forward
Puleggia Pulley
Pulsante Push, Button
Puntale (altezza) Depth, Headroom
Puntale(strutt.) Pillar, Shoore Stood
Punto Point
Punto (cod. morse) Dot
Punto Cardinale Cardinal Point
Punto di Rottura Breaking Point
Punto di Scotta Sheet Lead, Fairlead
Punto Morto Dead Centre
Punto Morto Inferiore Bottom Dead Centre
Punto Morto Superiore Top Dead Centre
Punto Nave Fix, Ship's Position
Punto Stimato Dead Reckoning
Q
Quadrante Dial Quadrant Settore
Quadro Panel, Dashboard, Quarter Giardinetto
Switchboard
Quadro Strumenti Dashboard, Quay Banchina, Molo
Instruments Panel
Qualifica Rating Quickwork Opera Viva
Quartabuono Bevel
Quinto Frame
182
R
Radar Radar Race Competizione, Regata
Raddrizzatore Battery Charger Race Course Percorso di Regata
Radiatore Radiator, Heat Race Officer Ufficiale di Regata
Exchanger
Radio Radio Racer Imbarcazione da
Regata
Radio - Navigazione Radio Navigation Racing Boat Imbarcazione da
Regata
Radio Comunicazioni Radio Communication Racing Hull Scafo da Corsa
Radio Goniometro Radio Direction Finder Radar Radar
Radio-Bussola Radio Compass Radar Installation Impianto Radar
Radiofaro Radio Beacon Radar Range Portata Radar
Radiotelefonia Broadcast Radar Slip Segnale Radar
Radiotelefono Radiotelephone Radiator Radiatore
Radiotelegrafista Wireless Operator Radio Radio
Raffica Gust of Wind, Puff Radio Beacon Radiofaro
Raffreddamento Cooling Radio Bearing Rilevamento Radio
Raffreddamento ad Water Cooling Radio Compass Radio-Bussola
Acqua
Ralinga Luff, Bolt Rope Radio Communications Radio Comunicazioni
Rame Copper Radio Direction Finder Radio Goniometro
Rampino Hook Radio Navigation Radio-Navigazione
Randa Main Sail, Main, Radio Set Impianto Radio
Spanker
Randa di Cappa Storm Trysail Radiotelephone Radiotelefono
Rapporto (letterario) Report Raft Zattera
Rapporto (matem.) Ratio Rainy Weather Tempo Piovoso
Rapporto del Captain's Report Rake Inclinazione,
Comandante Pendenza (albero,
slanci)
Rapporto di Compensation Ratio Rasp Lima
Compensazione
Rapporto di Compression Ratio Rating Qualifica
Compressione
Rapporto di Sorveglianza Survey Report Ratio Rapporto
(matematico)
Rapporto di Trasmissione Gear Ratio Ration Razione
183
Razione Ration Recall Number Numero di Richiamo
(regata)
Recupero Salvage Record Limite
Redancia Ring, Thimble Eye Red Light Fanale Rosso
Refola Gust Reef Terzarolo
Regata Race, Regatta Reef Earing Borosa
Regata d'Altura Offshore Racing Reef Point Mataffione
Registro di Character Book Reefing Mano di Terzarolo
Classificazione
Regolamento di Bordo Freeboard Rules Reefing Knot Nodo Piano
Libero
Regresso dell'Elica Slip Regatta Regata, Competizione
Remare To Row Remote Control Controllo a Distanza
Rematore Rower, Oarsman Remover Estrattore
Remo Oar Repair Riparazione
Reostato Rheostat Report Perizia, Rapporto
(letterario)
Reparto Department Reserve Riserva
Resistenza Resistance Resistance Resistenza
Resistenza al Moto Water Resistance Resistivity Resistività
Resistenza d'Attrito Frictional Resistance Resistor Resistore
Resistenza d'Onda Wave Resistance Rest Day Giorno di Riposo
Resistività Resistivity Reverse Run Marcia Indietro
Resistore Resistor Rheostat Reostato
Rete Net Rich Mixture Miscela Grassa
Rete da Bompresso Jib Netting Rig Armamento
Retta Straight Line Rigging Screw Tenditore,
Tornichetto
Retta d'Altezza Line of Position Right Ahead Dritto di Prua
Ricevuta Tally Right of Way Diritto di Rotta
Ridosso Shelter Ring Redancia
Riduttore Speed Reduction Gear Rising Tide Marea in Aumento
Rilevamento Bearing Riveting Chiodatura (metallo)
Rilevamento Celestial Bearing Roach Balumina
Astronomico
Rilevamento Bussola Compass Bearing Roar Rombo (rumore)
184
Rilevamento Magnetico Magnetic Bearing Rock Scoglio
Rimorchiatore Tug, Tug Boat, Tow Room Sala, Locale
Boat
Rimorchiatore d'Altura Ocean Going Tug Rope Barbetta, Cima
Rinvio a V V – Drive Gear Rope Fairlead Passacavo
Riparazione Repair Rope Ladder Scala Biscaglina
Riparo Shelter Rough Sea Mare Agitato
Ripostiglio Vele Sail Locker Round File Lima Tonda
Risacca Surf, Backwash Round Head Screw Vite a Testa Tonda
Riscaldamento Heating Round of the Bilge Ginocchio (chiglia)
Riserva Reserve Rower Vogatore, Rematore
Riserva di Buoyancy Rowing Boat Imbarcazione a Remi
Galleggiamento
Rispetto (parti di..) Spare Parts Rowlock Scalmiera
Rizza Boat Gripe Rudder Timone
Rollio Rolling Rudder Head Testa del Timone
Rombo (rumore) Roar Rudder Mole Losca
Rotta Course, Way Rudder Wheel Ruota del Timone
Rotta Lossodromica Loxodrome Course, Run Marcia
Mercator's Course
Rotta Ortodromica Great Circle Course Running Impoppata
Rovesciarsi To Capsize Running Backstay Sartia Volante
Rubinetto Cock, Faucet, Tap Running Bowsprit Bompresso Mobile
Ruolo List Running Knot Nodo Scorrevole
Ruota Wheel Running Rigging Manovre Correnti
Ruota del Timone Rudder Wheel, To Reef Terzarolare
Steering Wheel
To Ride Inferire
To Round Doppiare
To Row Vogare, Remare
S
Sacco Bag Safe Belt Cintura di Salvataggio
Sagola Line Safe Port Porto Sicuro
Sala Room Safety Sicurezza
185
Sala da Pranzo Dining Room Sagging Insellamento
(deformazione)
Sala Macchine Engine Room Sail Vela
Sala Nautica Chart Room Sail Area Superficie Velica
Saldare To Weld Sail Boat Imbarcazione a Vela
Saldatore Welder Sail Duck Tessuto da Vela
Saldatrice Welding Machine Sail Locker Deposito Vele, Cala
Vele, Ripostiglio Vele
Saldatura Welding Sail Number Numero Velico
Saldatura a Gas Gas Welding Sail Plan Piano Velico
Saldatura ad Arco Electric Arc Welding Sailer Veliero
Saldatura Elettrica Electric Welding Sailing Navigazione
Saldatura Ossiacetilenica Oxyacetilene Welding Sailing Club Circolo Velico
Salvagente a Cintura Life Belt Sailing Committee Jury Giuria
Salvagente Anulare Lifebuoy Sailing Directions Portolano
Sartia Shroud Sailing Vessel Veliero
Sartia Volante Running Backstay Sailmaker Velaio
Sartiame Shrouds Sailor Marinaio
Sartiame Fisso Standing Rigging Sailor's Book Libretto di
Navigazione
Sassola Bailer, Scow Salt Water Acqua di Mare
Sbandamento List Salvage Recupero
Sbandarsi To Heel Over Sanding Machine Carteggiatrice,
Scartatrice
Sbarra Bar Sandpaper Carta Vetrata
Scafo Hull Saw Sega
Scafo a Gradino Step Bottom Hull Scavenging Port Luce di Lavaggio
Scafo da Corsa Racing Hull Scope of the Cable Calumo
Scafo Planante Planing Hull Scout Avviso
Scala Ladder Scow Sassola
Scala Biscaglina Jack Ladder, Rope Screen Schermo
Ladder
Scalmiera Rowlock, Oarlock Screw Vite
Scalmiera a Caviglia Tholepin Scupper Ombrinale
Scalmo Bulwark Stood, Sea Mare
Stanchion
186
Scalo d'Alaggio Slipway Sea Athwartship Mare di Fianco
Scalo di Costruzione Building Slip Sea Breeze Brezza di Mare
Scambiatore di Calore Heat Exchanger Sea-Sickness Mal di Mare
Scandaglio Lead Seacock Presa a Mare
Scandaglio a Mano Hand Lead Seafaring Gente di Mare
Scarico Exhaust Seal Manicotto
Scarroccio Leeway, Sideslipping Seam Compound Stucco
Scassa Mast-Step Seaman Marinaio, Marittimo
Schermo Screen Seaman's Book Libretto di
Navigazione
Scia Wake Searchlight Proiettore
Scirocco Sirocco, South-East Seaworthiness Navigabilità
Wind
Scivolo Slipway Seaworthy Marino
Scoglio Rock Section Sezione
Scotta Sheet Section Bar Profilato
Scotta Fiocco Jib Sheet Seizing Presa (impugnatura)
Scotta Randa Main Sheet Self Bailing Autosgottante
Secca Shoal, Shallow Water Self Bailing Boat Imbarcazione
Autosvuotante
Secchio Waterbucket Self Bailing Cockpit Pozzetto
Autosvuotante
Sega Saw Self Draining Autosgottante
Segnalazione Signaling Self Righting Boat Imbarcazione
Autoraddrizzante
Segnale Signal, Mark Series Circuit Circuito in Serie
Segnale a Bandiera Flag Signal Serving Fasciatura
Segnale a Razzo Rocket Signal Set Gioco (serie)
Segnale Acustico Sound Signal Set of Sail Gioco di Vele
Segnale da Nebbia Fog Signal Sextant Sestante
Segnale di Partenza Start Shackle Maniglia
Segnale di Soccorso Distress Signal Shaft Horsepower Potenza all'Asse
Segnale Luminoso Flashing Signal Shallow Water Secca, Bassofondo
Segnale Numerico Numeral Signal Shearing Taglio
Segnale Radar Radar Slip Sheet Scotta
Sella (invasatura) Cradle Sheet Bend Nodo Bandiera
187
Sentina Bilge Sheet Fairlead Passascotta
Serbatoio Tank Sheet Lead Punto di Scotta
Serbatoio Acqua Water Tank Shelf Dormiente
Serbatoio Carburante Fuel Tank Shell Involucro
Serbatoio Olio Oil Tank Shelter Riparo, Ridosso
Sestante Sextant Ship Nave
Settore Link, Quadrant Ship's Position Punto Nave
Sezione Section Shipowner Armatore
Sgottare To Bail Shipwreck Naufragio
Sicurezza Safety Shipyard Cantiere Navale
Silenziatore Silencer Shoal Secca, Bassofondo
Solvente Solvent Shooner Goletta
Sopravvento Windward Shop Officina
Sottovento Leeward Shore Stood Puntale (strutturale)
Sovraccarico Overload Short Circuit Corto Circuito
Sovrastruttura Superstructure Short Sea Mare Corto
Sovratensione Overvoltage Shower Piovasco
Spago Twine Shroud Sartia
Specchio di Poppa Transom Shrouds Sartiame
Spina (meccanica) Pin Side Murata, Lato
Spina Elettrica Plug Sidelight Oblò
Spinta Thrust Sideslipping Scarroccio
Stabilità Stability Signal Segnale
Staffa Moulding Box Signaling Segnalazione
Stagno Tin Silencer Marmitta,
Silenziatore
Stantuffo Plunger Sink Lavandino
Stazza Tonnage Sirocco Scirocco
Stazza (di regata) Measurement Rating Skylight Osteriggio
Stazzatore Measurer Slack Imbando
Stecca (di vela) Batten Sleeve Ghiera
Stiva Hold Slide Garroccio
Stivaggio Stowage Slight Sea Mare Mosso
Stralletto Fore Stay Slip Regresso dell'Elica
188
Strallo Stay Slipway Scalo d'Alaggio,
Scivolo
Strambare To Gybe Slow Ahead Avanti a Mezza Forza
Straorzare Yawing Smoke Fumo
Stringere il Vento To Sail Close to the Smoke Signal Fumata
Wind
Stroppo Strop, Lizard Smoke Stack Fumaiolo
Strozzascotte Cam Jam Cleats Smooth Sea Mare Calmo
Stucco Seam Compound, Filler Snap Shackle Moschettone
Superficie Surface, Area Snatch-Block Pastecca
Superficie Bagnata Wetted Surface Socket Presa di Corrente
Superficie Velica Sail Area Solvent Solvente
Supporto Bracket Sound Signal Segnale Acustico
Supporto Asse Elica Propeller Shaft South-East Wind Scirocco
Bracket, Propeller
Bracket
South-West Wind Libeccio
Spanker Randa, Picco della
Randa
Spare Parts Parti di Rispetto
Spare Sail Vela di Rispetto
Spark Plug Candela
Specification Caratteristica
Speed Velocità
Speed Control Acceleratore
Speed Reduction Gear Riduttore
Spike Caviglia per
Impiombare
Splice Impiombatura
Spring Molla
Spring Hook Moschettone
Spring Tide Marea delle Sigizie
Squall Groppo, Burrasca
Square Sail Vela Quadra
Stability Stabilità
Stack Fumaiolo
189
Stainless Steel Acciaio Inossidabile
Stanchion Candeliere, Scalmo
Standing Rigging Manovre Fisse,
Sartiame Fisso
Starboard Dritta, Destra
Starboard Tack Mure a Dritta
Start Partenza,
Avviamento, Segnale
di Partenza
Starting Avviamento
Starting Line Linea di Partenza
Starting Motor Motore d'Avviamento
Stay Strallo, Tirante
Stay Sail Vela di Strallo
Steam Vapore
Steel Acciaio
Steering Governare, Timonare
Steering Wheel Ruota del Timone
Step Gradino
Step Bottom Hull Scafo a Gradino
Stern Poppa
Stern Gear Astuccio
Stern Light Fanale di Poppa
Stern Tube Astuccio
Stern Wind Andatura di Poppa
Steward Cameriere
Stewardess Cameriera
Store Magazzino
Storekeeper Magazziniere,
Cambusiere
Stores Provviste (generiche)
Storm Tempesta
Storm Trysail Randa di Cappa
Stormy Weather Tempo Burrascoso
Stowage Stivaggio
Straight Line Retta
190
Strain Deformazione
Strand Legnolo
Strap Incappellaggio
Stream Corrente (marina)
Stroke Corsa del Pistone
Strop Stroppo
Stud Traversino,
Prigioniero (perno)
Stuffing Box Pressatrecce
Substitute Flag Bandiera Ripetitrice
Suction Valve Valvola di Aspirazione
Supercharged Engine Motore
Sovralimentato
Supercharger Compressore
Superstructure Sovrastruttura
Surf Risacca
Surface Superficie
Survey Perizia
Survey Report Rapporto di
Sorveglianza
Surveyor Perito, Ispettore
Switch Interruttore
Switch Panel Pannello Elettrico
Switchboard Quadro
Swivel Mulinello
To Sail Navigare
To Sail Close to the Stringere il Vento
Wind
To Secure Dar Volta
To Sight Avvistare
To Sink Affondare
To Sling Imbragare
To Steer Governare, Timonare
To Steer For Dirigersi
To Strand Incagliare
To Surf Planare
191
T
Taccata Block Tack Mura
Tagliamare Cutwater, Breakwater Tacking Virata, Bordeggio
Tagliare il Traguardo To Cross the Finishing Tackle Paranco
Line
Taglio Shearing Tally Ricevuta
Taglio di una Vela Cut of a Sail Tang Incappellaggio
Tambuccio Hatch Tank Serbatoio
Tangone Boom Tank Testing Prova in Vasca
Tassa Duty, Fee Tap Rubinetto
Tassa d'Iscrizione Entry Fee Tape Nastro, Nastro
Metrico
Tassa di Ancoraggio Anchor Duty Telephone Cable Cavo Telefonico
Tavola di Fasciame Plank Telltale Mostravento
Tavolo a Carteggiare Chart Table Tensile Test Prova di Trazione
Tavolo Pieghevole Folding Table Tension Tensione, Voltaggio
Tela Cloth, Duck Terminal Capo (estremità)
Tela da Vela Sail Duck Terminal Box Morsettiera (elettrica)
Telaio Framing Test Prova
Tempesta Storm The Anchor is a Peak Ancora a Picco
Tempo Buono Fine Weather The Anchor is Dragging Ancora che sta
Arando
Tempo Burrascoso Stormy Weather The Anchor is Holding Ancora che ha Fatto
Presa
Tempo Cattivo Bad Weather Thick Squall Piovasco
Tempo Corretto Corrected Time Thimble Eye Redancia
Tempo Foschioso Misty Weather Tholepin Scalmiera a Caviglia
Tempo Fresco Fresh Weather Three Blades Propeller Elica a Tre Pale
Tempo Massimo Time Limit Three Pole Switch Interruttore Tripolare
Tempo Medio Mean Time Three-phase Trifase
Tempo Nuvoloso Cloudy Weather Thruck Paternostro
Tempo Piovoso Rainy Weather Thrust Spinta
Tempo Reale Elapsed Time Thrust Bearing Cuscinetto
Reggispinta
Tenditore Rigging Screw Thumb Gassa
192
Tensione Voltage, Tension Thumb Knot Nodo a Gassa
Terra Heart, Ground Tidal Wave Onda di Marea
Terzarolare To Reef Tide Marea
Terzarolo Reef Tiller Barra del Timone
Tesabase Outhaul Tiller Bar Barra del Timone
Tessuto Cloth, Duck Tiller Gear Agghiaccio
Tessuto da Vela Sail Duck Time Charter Noleggio a Tempo
Testa Head Time Limit Tempo Massimo
Testa d'Albero Mast Head Tin Stagno
Testa del Timone Rudder Head To Tack Bordeggiare
Testa di Moro Cap To Turn Virare
Testata Head Tonnage Tonnellaggio, Stazza
Timone Rudder Top Coffa
Timone Compensato Balanced Rudder Top Dead Centre Punto Morto
Superiore
Timone di Fortuna Jury Rudder Top Mark Miraglio
Timoneria Wheelhouse Top Power Potenza Massima
Timoniere Helmsman Topping Lift Amantiglio
Tirante Stay Topside Murata, Fiancata
Toccare una Boa To Foul a Mark Tow Boat Rimorchiatore
Tonnellaggio Tonnage Tow Line Cima di Rimorchio
Tonnellaggio Lordo Gross Tonnage Tow Rope Cima di Rimorchio,
Gomena
Tonnellaggio Netto Net Tonnage Trade Winds Alisei
Tornichetto Turnbuckle, Rigging Training Esercitazione
Screw
Tornio Lathe Transmitter Trasmettitore
Tornitura Turning Transom Specchio di Poppa
Tramontana North Wind Transverse Bulkhead Paratia Trasversale
Trapano Drilling Machine Traveler Paranco, Carrello
Trasmettitore Transmitter Trial Prova
Tratto (cod. morse) Dash Triangular Course Percorso Triangolare
Traversino Stud, Cross Bar Triangular File Lima Triangolare
Traverso Abeam Trip Line Grippia
Trifase Three-Phase True Bearing Rilevamento Vero
193
Trinchettina Fore Stay Sail Tube Tubo
Tubazione Pipe, Piping Tug Rimorchiatore
Tubo Pipe, Tube Tug Boat Rimorchiatore
Tuga Deck House, Coachroof Turbine Turbina
Turbina Turbine Turn Accostata
Turn of the Bilge Ginocchio (chiglia)
Turnbuckle Arridatoio,
Tornichetto
Turning Tornitura
Twin Blade Paddle Pagaia Doppia
Twin Bodied Carburetor Carburatore a Doppio
Corpo
Twine Spago
Two Stroke Cycle Ciclo a Due Tempi
Two Stroke Engine Motore a Due Tempi
Two-Phase Bifase
U
Ufficiale Officer To Unmoor Disormeggiare
Ufficiale di Classe Class Officer To Unship Disalberare
Ufficiale di Regata Race Officer Unstable Instabile
Ufficio Office Utility Boat Barca di servizio
Unghia dell'Ancora Bill
Uomo a Mare Man Overboard
V
Valvola (meccanica) Valve V-Drive Gear Rinvio a V
Valvola di Aspirazione Intake Valve, Suction Valve Valvola
Valve
Valvola di Scarico Exhaust Valve Variable Pitch Passo Variabile (elica)
Valvola di Spurgo Draining Valve, Blow Ventilator Manica a Vento
Down Valve
Vapore Steam Vessel Nave
Varea Yard Arm Voltage Voltaggio, Tensione
Variazione della Bussola Compass Error Voltmeter Voltmetro
Varo Launch, Launching Voyage Charter Noleggio a Viaggio
194
Vasca Navale Froude's Tank
Vela Sail
Vela a Collo Back Sail
Vela al Terzo Lug Sail
Vela Aurica Fore and Aft Sail
Vela di Maestra Main Sail
Vela di Mezzana Mizzen Sail
Vela di Rispetto Spare Sail
Vela di Strallo Stay Sail
Vela Latina Lateen Sail
Vela Marconi Bermudian Sail
Vela Quadra Square Sail
Velaio Sailmaker
Veliero Sailing Vessel, Sailer
Veliero Veloce Clipper
Velocità Speed
Velocità Media Average Speed
Ventilatore Fun
Vento Wind
Vento al Giardinetto Wind on the Quarter
Vento al Traverso Beam Wind
Vento Contrario Foul Wind
Vento di Prora Head Wind
Vento Favorevole Fair Wind
Vento Forte Moderate Gale
Vento in Poppa Following Wind
Vento Leggero Light Breeze
Ventoso Gusty
Verricello Winch
Vetro Glass
Virare To Turn
Virare (cazzare) To Weer
Virata Tacking
Vite Screw
195
Vite a Testa Piana Flat Head Screw
Vite a Testa Tonda Round Head Screw
Vogare To Row
Vogatore Rower
Volano Flywheel
Volta Hitch
Voltaggio Voltage, Tension
Voltmetro Voltmeter
W
To Weer Virare (cazzare)
To Weld Saldare
Wake Scia
Warehouse Magazzino
Waring Avviso
Warm Front Fronte Caldo
Watch Guardia
Watch on Deck Guardia di Servizio
Watch on Duty Guardia di Servizio
Watchkeeping Guardia in Rada
Watchman Guardiano
Water Acqua
Water Bucket Secchio, Bugliolo
Water Bucket Bugliolo
Water Cooling Raffreddamento ad
Acqua
Water Line Galleggiamento, Linea
di Galleggiamento
Water Line Linea d'Acqua, Linea
di Galleggiamento
Water Resistance Resistenza al Moto
Water Tank Serbatoio Acqua
Watertight Bulkhead Paratia Stagna
Watertight Cockpit Pozzetto Stagno
Wave Onda
196
Wave Resistance Resistenza d'Onda
Way Rotta
Weather Forecast Bollettino
Meteorologico
Weather Waring Avviso Cattivo Tempo
Web Frame Ordinata Rinforzata
Weighting Pesatura
Welded Plating Fasciame Saldato
Welder Saldatore
Welding Saldatura
Welding Machine Saldatrice
Well Pozzo
West Ovest, Occidente
Wetted Surface Superficie Bagnata
Whale Boat Baleniera
Whaler Baleniera
Wharf Molo, Pontile
Wheel Ruota
Wheelhouse Timoneria
Whistle Fischio
Winch Verricello
Wind Vento
Wind on the Quarter Vento al Giardinetto
Windex Freccia Segnavento
Winding Avvolgimento
Windlass Argano, Mulinello
Windward Sopravvento
Windward Course Percorso al Vento
(regata)
Wireless Operator Marconista
Wireless Operator Radiotelegrafista
Wood Legno
Wood Working Lavorazione del Legno
Work Lavoro
Worker Operaio
197
Y
Yacht Barca da Diporto
Yacht-Owner Proprietario,
Armatore
Yacht's Number Nominativo
Yachting Marina (da diporto),
Navigazione
daDiporto
Yachting Charter Noleggiatore di Yacht
Yachting Craft Imbarcazione da
Diporto
Yard Cantiere, Pennone
Yard Arm Varea
Yawing Lambardata,
Straorzare
Z
Zattera Raft Zenith Zenith
Zattera di Salvataggio Life Raft Zinc Zinco
Zavorra Ballast Zinc Plate Zinco di protezione
Zenith Zenith
Zinco Zinc
Zinco di Protezione Zinc Plate
198
Flags
199
Douglas Scale – Scala Douglas
Termine Descrittivo Altezza Media delle Onde Height State of the Sea
0 Calmo - Calm (Glassy)
1 Quasi Calmo 0 – 0,10 m Calm (Rippled)
2 Poco Mosso 0,10 – 0,50 m Smooth
3 Mosso 0,50 – 1,25 m Slight
4 Molto Mosso 1,25 – 2,50 m Moderate
5 Agitato 2,50 – 4,00 m Rough
6 Molto Agitato 4–6m Very Rough
7 Grosso 6–9m High
8 Molto Grosso 9 – 14 m Very High
9 Tempestoso + 14 m Phenomenal
Scala Beaufort – Beaufort Scale

Termine Velocità Condizioni del Mare Condizioni a Terra
Descrittivo del Vento
0 Calma 0 Nodi Piatto Il fumo sale
verticalmente
1 Bava di Vento 1 – 3 Nodi Leggere increspature sulla superficie Movimento del vento
somiglianti a squame di pesce. Ancora visibile dal fumo.
non si formano creste bianche di
schiuma.
2 Brezza Leggera 4 – 6 Nodi Onde minute, ancora molto corte ma Si sente il vento sulla
ben evidenziate. Le creste non si pelle nuda. Le foglie
rompono ancora, ma hanno aspetto frusciano.
vitreo
3 Brezza Tesa 7 – 10 Onde con creste che cominciano a Foglie e rami più piccoli
rompersi con schiuma di aspetto vitreo. in movimento costante.
Si notano alcune "ochette" con la cresta
bianca di schiuma.
4 Vento 11 – 16 Onde con tendenza ad allungarsi. Sollevamento di polvere
Moderato Le "ochette" sono più frequenti e carta. I rami sono
agitati.
5 Vento Teso 17 – 21 Onde moderate dalla forma che si Oscillano gli arbusti con
allunga. Le ochette sono abbondanti e foglie. Si formano piccole
c'è possibilità di spruzzi. onde nelle acque interne.
6 Vento Fresco 22 – 27 Onde grosse (cavalloni) dalle creste Movimento di grossi rami.
imbiancate di schiuma. Gli spruzzi Difficoltà ad usare
sono probabili. l'ombrello.
7 Vento Forte 28 – 33 I cavalloni si ingrossano. La schiuma Interi alberi agitati.
formata dal rompersi delle onde Difficoltà a camminare
viene "soffiata" in strisce nella contro vento.
direzione del vento.
200
8 Burrasca 34 – 40 Onde alte. Le creste si rompono e Ramoscelli strappati
formano spruzzi vorticosi che dagli alberi.
vengono risucchiati dal vento. Generalmente è
impossibile camminare
contro vento.
9 Burrasca Forte 41 – 47 Onde alte con le creste che iniziano Leggeri danni alle
ad arrotolarsi. Strisce di schiuma strutture (camini e
che si fanno più dense. tegole asportati).
10 Tempesta 48 – 55 Onde molto alte sormontate da creste Sradicamento di alberi.
(marosi) molto lunghe. Le strisce di Considerevoli danni
schiuma tendono a compattarsi e il strutturali.
mare ha un aspetto biancastro. I
frangenti sono molto più intensi e la
visibilità è ridotta.
11 Tempesta 56 – 63 Onde enormi che potrebbero anche Vasti danni strutturali.
Violenta o nascondere alla vista navi di media
Fortunale stazza. Il mare è tutto coperto da banchi
di schiuma. Il vento nebulizza la sommità
delle creste e la visibilità è ridotta.
12 Uragano >63 Onde altissime; aria piena di schiuma Danni ingenti ed estesi alle
e spruzzi, mare completamente strutture.
bianco.
Description Wind Speed Sea Condition Land Condition

0 Calm 0 kts Flat Calm. Smoke rises
vertically.
1 Light Air 1 – 3 kts Ripples without crests Smoke drift indicates wind
direction. Leaves and wind
vanes are stationary.
2 Light Breeze 4 – 6 kts Small wavelets. Crests of Wind felt on exposed
glassy appearance, not skin. Leaves rustle. Wind
breaking vanes begin to move.
3 Gentle Breeze 7 – 10 Large wavelets. Crests begin to Leaves and small twigs
break; scattered whitecaps constantly moving, light
flags extended.
4 Moderate Breeze 11 – 16 Small waves with breaking crests. Dust and loose paper
Fairly frequent whitecaps. raised. Small branches
begin to move.
5 Fresh Breeze 17 – 21 Moderate waves of some length. Branches of a moderate
Many whitecaps. Small amounts size move. Small trees in
of spray. leaf begin to sway.
6 Strong Breeze 22 – 27 Long waves begin to form. White Large branches in motion.
foam crests are very frequent. Whistling heard in overhead
Some airborne spray is present. wires.
Umbrella use becomes
difficult. Empty plastic bins
tip over.
7 High wind, 28 – 33 Sea heaps up. Some foam from Whole trees in motion.
Moderate gale, breaking waves is blown into Effort needed to walk
Near gale streaks along wind direction. against the wind.
Moderate amounts of airborne
spray.
201
8 Gale, Fresh gale 34 – 40 Moderately high waves with Some twigs broken from
breaking crests forming spindrift. trees. Cars veer on road.
Well-marked streaks of foam are Progress on foot is seriously
blown along wind direction. impeded.
Considerable airborne spray.
9 Strong gale 41 – 47 High waves whose crests Some branches break off
sometimes roll over. Dense foam is trees, and some small trees
blown along wind direction. Large blow over.
amounts of airborne spray may Construction/temporary
begin to reduce visibility. signs and barricades blow
over.
10 Strom Whole Gale 48 – 55 Very high waves with overhanging Trees are broken off or
crests. Large patches of foam from uprooted, saplings bent and
wave crests give the sea a white deformed. Poorly attached
appearance. asphalt shingles and
Considerable tumbling of waves shingles in poor condition
with heavy impact. Large amounts peel off roofs.
of airborne spray reduce visibility.
11 Violent Storm 56 – 63 Exceptionally high waves. Very large Widespread damage to
patches of foam, driven before the vegetation. Many roofing
wind, cover much of the sea surface. surfaces are damaged;
Very large amounts of airborne spray asphalt tiles that have
severely reduce visibility. curled up and/or fractured
due to age may break
away completely.
12 Hurricane >63 Huge waves. Sea is completely white Very widespread damage
with foam and spray. Air is filled with to vegetation. Some
driving spray, greatly reducing windows may break;
visibility. mobile homes and poorly
constructed sheds and
barns are damaged. Debris
and unsecured objects are
hurled about.
202

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Contents

Parts of a ship ...................................................................................................................... 3

Types of military boat and ship ......................................................................................... 10

Port terminology ............................................................................................................... 12

Functions of ships and boats ............................................................................................ 19

Types of merchant ships ................................................................................................... 21

Navy Jobs ........................................................................................................................... 23

Classification of naval vessels ........................................................................................... 30

The Italian Navy................................................................................................................. 37

Standard ship organisation ............................................................................................... 43

Navigational Lights ............................................................................................................ 46

AN – WEAPONS OFFICERS ................................................................................................. 60

CP –COAST GUARDS .......................................................................................................... 78

CM – SUPPLY OFFICERS ..................................................................................................... 96

GN-NAVAL ENGINEERS .................................................................................................... 108

SM –UNRESTRICTED LINE OFFICERS ............................................................................... 127

Appendice ....................................................................................................................... 140

1. Aboard is the opposite to .

Write the definitions

ship is the . The bridge is usually located on the .

Match the pairs

1. Minesweeper a. a large group of warships

Detached break water

Outer break water

container terminal bulk cargo terminal oil terminal

ferry terminal cruise terminal LPG terminal

LNG terminal product tanker terminal

Comprehension & vocabulary

tide port access light houses entrance miles harbour approach

transtainers discharge traffic facilities quay portainers

Pier 7 - Port of Trieste

advanced integrated ship-to-shore system relying on 4. , i.e container cranes in the

Read the following text and answer the questions

Port environmental issues

Answer the following questions based on the article above.

Complete the sentences using the correct term.

1. It protects the entrance of the port

Passenger Car Ferry

Deep Sea Liners

Short Sea Liners

Ro Ro Ferry Passenger ship Ro Ro Ship

Tanker Container Ship Bulk Carrier

ABF Aviation Boatswain's Mate - Fuels

ABH Aviation Boatswain's Mate - Handling

AC Air Traffic Controlman

AD Aviation Machinist Mate

AE Aviation Electronics Mate

AG Aviation Aerographer's Mate

AME Aviation Structural Mechanic - Equipment

AMH Aviation Structural Mechanic - Hydraulics

AMS Aviation Structural Mechanic - Structures

AS Aviation Support Equipment Technician

AT Aviation Electronics Technician

AW Aviation Antisubmarine Warfare Technician

AZ Aviation Maintenance Administrationman

CTA Cryptologic Technician - Administration

CTI Cryptologic Technician - Interperative

CTM Cryptologic Technician - Maintenance