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History of Architecture: Modern Architecture
History of Architecture: Modern Architecture
ARCHITECTURE :
MODERN
ARCHITECTURE
SEM.: 5TH
Characteristics of modern architecture
• A rejection of historical styles as a source of
architectural form (historicism)
• An adoption of the principle that the materials
and functional requirements determine the result
• An adoption of the machine aesthetic
• A rejection of ornament
• A simplification of form and elimination of
"unnecessary detail"
• An adoption of expressed structure
• Form follows function
Modern concepts of architecture
The great 19th century architect of To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art
for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a
skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an
purposeless quest for perfection or originality which
overriding precept to architectural design: degrades form into a mere instrumentality“.
"Form follows function". Ivar Holm points out that the values and attitudes which
While the notion that structural and underly modern architecture differ both between the
schools of thought which influence architecture and
aesthetic considerations should be entirely
between individual practising architects.
subject to functionality was met with both
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern
popularity and scepticism, it had the effect architects and their approach to building design are
of introducing the concept of "function" in rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism,
place of Vitruvius "utility". and phenomenology.
"Function" came to be seen as In the late 20th century a new concept was added to
those included in the compass of both structure and
encompassing all criteria of the use, function, the consideration of sustainability.
perception and enjoyment of a building,
To satisfy the modern ethos a building should be
not only practical but also aesthetic, constructed in a manner which is environmentally
psychological and cultural. friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its
impact upon the natural and built environment of its
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon
aesthetic dimension architecture goes non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling,
beyond the functional aspects that it has in water and waste management and lighting.
common with other human sciences. There is also a concept among architects that although
architecture does not exist in a vacuum, architectural
Through its own particular way of form cannot be merely a compilation of historical
expressing values, architecture can precedent, functional necessities, and socially aware
stimulate and influence social life without concerns, but that to achieve significance, a work of
presuming that, in and of itself, it will architecture must be a transcendent synthesis of all of
the former and a creation of worth in and of itself.
promote social development.
Chicago Schools: Beginning of
Skyscrapers
• "Chicago School" can refer to either the Architects in Chicago, Illinois, were the
architects who were working in Chicago first to exploit the possibilities offered by
from about 1875 to 1910, or the the elevator in combination with the new
buildings constructed during that time. steel and concrete technologies.
• Beginning in 1885, it flourished until the Chicago architecture has influenced and
reflected the history of American
First World War.
architecture.
• Following a disastrous fire in 1871,
This new form of architecture, by Jenney,
Chicago experienced a massive boom in Burnham, Sullivan, and others, became
new housing, warehouses, and known as the "Commercial Style," but it
commercial buildings. The collective was called the "Chicago School" by later
response of a diverse group of architects historians.
to the reconstruction of the city led to the Since most buildings within the downtown
development of the skyscraper. area were destroyed (the most famous
• the Chicago School emphasized exception being the Water Tower) by the
simplicity of design and became the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, Chicago
forerunner of modernism. buildings are noted for their originality
rather than their antiquity.
• The construction of buildings taller than
Perret’s was made possible by the One of the element of Chicago School
safety elevator. was the ‘Chicago Window.’ The "Chicago
window" is one in which a wide fixed
central pane has narrower movable sash
windows on either side.
Home Insurance Building CHICAGO WINDOW
Van gogh