Quartiles, Deciles,and Percentiles:

UNGROUPED
Quartiles
- Are natural extension of the median idea in that they are values
which divide a set of data into equal parts.
- While the median divides the distribution into two parts, the
quartiles divide into four, or ten for deciles, and hundred for
percentiles. The quantiles that divide the distribution into four equal
part s are called quartiles. These values are denoted by Q1 ,Q2 , and
Q3 .Twenty five percent fall below the first quantile ( Q 1 ) ,
50 % arebelow the second quantile ( Q 2 ) ,∧75 % are less
than the third quantile (Q3 ). Those which divide the distribution into
ten parts are called deciles. The data set has nine deciles which are
denoted by D 1 , D2 , … … . D 9 . D1 is the number that∣thebutton 10% of the data
from the top 90%and so on. Those which divide the distribution into
100 equal parts are called Percentiles. A data has 99
percentiles which is denoted by P1 , P2 , … … .. P99 .

Quartiles

x
Formula: Q x = ( n+1 ) ;
4
n=number of data set .
x=the required quartile / position .

Example:
Given: 12, 14, 16, 21,31,36, 44, n=7
 X1 = 12, x2 = 14, x3 = 16, x4 = 21, x5=31, x6 = 36, and x7 = 44
Required: a) Q1 b ¿Q 2 c ¿Q 3
x
Solution: Q x = ( n+1 ) ;
4

a) Q1

1
Q1= (n+1)
4
1
Q1= ( 7+1 )
4
1
Q1= (8)
4

Q1=2; (pwesto) X2 means data number 2 or position number 2 ;

Q 1=14 Answer - 25% Below of blabla……..

2
b) Q2= (n+1)
4
1
Q2= ( n+1 )
2
1
Q2= (7+1)
2
1
Q2= (8)
2
8
Q 2=
2
Q2=4 means position number X 4 , which is
Q2=21 Answer , same as Median.; 50%

c) Q3
3
Q3= ( n+ 1 )
4
3
Q3= (7+1)
4
3
Q3= (8)
4
 Q3=.75 ( 8 )=X 6 ;means( pwesto) ;Q3=36 Answer
Q4 = 4/4(n+1)
Q4 = 1(7+1) = 8 , none ; Q2 = d5 = P50 = Median

DECILES(10) = 10/10(n+1)
Formula:
x
D x= ( n+1 )
10

Where: x = the position of deciles.

n=number of dataset .

Examples: 12,16,22,31,22,19,35
Required: a ¿ D ¿2 b ¿ D 5 c ¿ D8

Solution: First arrange the data set into order: 12,16,19,22,22,31,35

2
a) D 2=
10
( 7+ 1 )
1
D 2= ( 8 )
5
D2=1.6 == 1.5 = Use simple ave. (12+16)/2 =28/2 = 14
Means that the D2 value is in position between 1 and 2.
D2=.6 ( 16−12 )=0.6∗4=2.4
D2=12+2.4=14.4 Answer .

5
b) D 5=
10
(n+1)
5
D5= ( 7+ 1 )
10
1
D 5= ( 8 )
2
D5=4
Means position X4 , remember D5=Median ;
D5=22 .
 8
c) D 8=
10
( n+1 ) ; 12,16,19,22,22,31,35
8
D8= (7+1)
10
8
D8= (8)
10
64
D 8=
10
D8=6.4 ; position data 6 and 7, therefore.
D8=31+.4∗(35−31 )
D8=31+ 0.4∗4
D8=31+1.6
D8=32.6 Answer

PERCENTILE☹100
Formula:
x
P x= ( n+1 )
100

Example:
Given: 20,30,40,50,60,70
Required: a ¿ P ¿20 b ¿ P50 c ¿ P75

Solution:
20
a ¿ P ¿20= ( 6+1 )
100

Given: 20,30,40,50,60,70
 20
P20 = ( 7)
100
140
P20 =
100
P20 =1.4=20+0.4 ( 30−20 )
P20 =20+ 4=24 Answer

50
b) P50 =
100
( 6+1 )
50
P50= ( 7)
100

P50=.50 ( 7 )

P50 =3.5

P50=40+.5 (50−40 )or (40+50)/2 = 45

P50 =40+.5(10)

P50 =40+5=P50=45 Answer .

Given: 20,30,40,50,60,70

75
c) P75=
100
( n+1 )

75
P75= ( 6+1 )
100
75
P75= ( 7)
100
P75=5.25

P75=60+ 0.25(70−60)
 P75=60+2.5

P75=62.5 Answer . 75% below , 25% above

MEASURE OF VARIABILITY
Descriptive measures that are used to indicate the amount of variation in a data set are
called measures of variability, dispersion, or spread. When descriptive statistics are presented,
there is usually at least one measure of central tendency and at least one measure of variability
reported. The measure of dispersion are as follows:

1. RANGE
- The range of a data set is defined to be the difference between the highest and
lowest values in the data set.
Range ( R )=Highest value−Lowest value
1.a The characteristics of the Range
It is easy to compute and understand. It emphasizes the extreme values.
However, it is the most unstable or unreliable measure because its value easily
changes or fluctuates with the change in the extreme values.
1.b Some Uses of the Range
The range is used to report the movement of stock prices over a time
period and the weather reports typically state the high and low temperature
readings for 24 hours period.
Example:
Find the range in sets A, B, and C
Set A: 13,19,22,30,40
Set B: 1, ½, 3, 5, 4, 6
Set C: 12,102,2,70,80,35
 Solution:
Set A: 13,19,22,30,40
Range ( R )=Highest value−Lowest value
Range ( R )=40−13
Range ( R )=27 Answer

Set B: 1, ½, 3, 5, 4, 6
Range ( R )=Highest value−Lowest value
1
Range ( R )=6−
2
1
Range ( R )=5 Answer
2

Set C: 12,102,2,70,80,35
Range ( R )=Highest value−Lowest value
Range ( R )=1 0 2−2
Range ( R )=100 Answer

Based on the computed range for set A, B, and C, it can be concluded that C
has greater variability as compared to A and B

2. MEAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION

- The Mean deviation measures the average deviation of the values from the
arithmetic mean. It gives equal weight to the deviation of every observation.
Formula :

MAD=
∑|x −x|
n
where : MAD=Mean Absolute Deviation
x=a particular data
x=sample mean−Simple
n=total number of observations .
||=absolute value .
EXAMPLE:
Consider the hourly rate of the randomly selected teachers in three
different Universities in Metro Manila.

Find the MAD

 University of the East: 300,350,400,450,500; n = 5
Far Eastern University: 300,350,450,500,600
CIIT : 250,275,300,350,400
Solution:
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST
X X −X |x−x|
(1) 300 300 – 400= -100 100
(2) 350 350 – 400 = -50 50
(3) 400 400 – 400 = 0 0
(4) 450 450 – 400 = 50 50
(5) 500 500 – 400 = 100 100
∑ X=2000 0 ∑|x−x|=¿ 300 ¿

X=
∑ X = 2000 =400 ;
n 5

MAD=
∑|x −x| 300
= 5 =60
n
The MAD for these data of five items is 60. This mean that, on the average, the
values deviated from the mean value of 400 by 60.

FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

X X −X |x−x|
300 300 – 440= -140 140
350 350 – 440 = -90 90
450 450 – 440 =10 10
500 500 – 440 = 60 60
600 600 – 440 = 160 160
∑ X=2,200 0 ∑| x−x|=¿ 460¿

X=
∑ X = 2,200 =440 ;
n 5

MAD=
∑|x −x| 460
= 5 =92
n
 The MAD for these data of five items is 92. This mean that, on the average,
the values deviated from the mean value of 440 by 92.

CIIT
X X −X |x−x|
250 250 – 315= -65 65
275 275 – 315 = -40 40
300 300 – 315=-15 15
350 350 – 315 = 35 35
400 400 – 315 = 85 85
∑ X=1575 0 ∑|x−x|=¿ 240 ¿

X=
∑ X = 1575 =315;
n 5

MAD=
∑|x −x| 240
= 5 =48
n
The MAD for these data of five items is 48. This mean that, on the average,
the values deviated from the mean value of 315 by 48.
Based on the computed MAD for schools UE, FEU, and CIIT, it can be concluded that
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY has a greater variability as compared to UNIVERSITY
OF THE EAST, and CIIT.

3. INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR) AND QUARTILE DEVIATION

The quartile deviation ((QD) is a measure that describe the existing dispersion
in terms of the distance between selected observation points. The smaller the
quartile deviation the greater concentration in the middle half of the observation
in the data set.

Formulas:
Q3−Q1
QD=
2
IQR=Q3 −Q1 ; Includes approximately the middle 50 % of the
values arranged ∈array .
Example:
Given :
4, 8, 10, 12, 16
X 1 ¿ 4 , X 2=8 , X 3=10 , X 4=12 , X 5=16
Required: IQR, QD
Solution:
Q 1= X 1 ; Q1 =X 1
(n +1) (5+1)
4 4

Q 1= X 1
(6 )
4
Q 1= X 6
4
Q1= X 1.5

Therefore, the data is between X 1 ∧X 2 then get the mean.

X 1 + X 2 4 +8 12
Q 1= = = =6
2 2 2
Q1=4+.5 ( 8−4 )=4+0.5 ( 4 )=4+ 2=6

To solve for Q3= X 3 (n +1)

4
Q 3= X 3
(5 +1)
4
Q 3= X 3
(6 )
4
Q3= X 18
4

Q 3= X 4.5 therefore the value of Q 3 isbetween data X 4∧X 5 so , we

Take the ∑ ¿ divideby 2¿ Get the mean).

Q X 4+ X 5 12+16 28
3= = = =14
2 2 2
Q 12+16
3=
2

28
Q 3=
2
Q3=14 Answer

Q3−Q1
QD=
2
IQR=Q3 −Q1
 Q3−Q1
QD=
2
IQR=14−6
IQR=8 Answer
Q3−Q1
QD=
2

14−6
QD=
2
8
QD=
2
QD=4 Answer

That means middle 50% of the data lies between 4 and 14.

VARIANCE and STANDARD DEVIATION:

The variance of the population is equal to the sum of the squared deviations about
the mean divided by the number of scores. The standard deviation is equal to the
square root of the variance. They are used when the mean is the preferred measure of
central tendency. They show whether the score and grouped closely around the mean
of the distribution. Variance is frequently discussed by the researchers as indicator of
how much variability there is in an entire distribution of scores. The standard deviation is
used to determine how far the data values are from the mean.
If the values are clustered tightly about their mean the standard deviation is small
and if the values become more and more scattered about their means, the standard
deviation for these sets is large. Standard deviation is the most important and useful
measure of dispersion, It is widely used in research and is used indrawing inferences
from samples to populations. It cannot be computed from an open-ended distribution
because of the absence of additional information.
 Formulas:

S =∑ ¿ ¿¿ ; S= √∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿
2

where
2
S =variance of a population

S= population standard deviation

µ = population mean
x=values of observation

N = total number of observations in the population.

For Ungrouped Formula:

S =∑ ¿ ¿¿ ; S= √∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿
2

2
S =variance of a population

S= population standard deviation

x = mean sample
x=values of observation

n = total number of observations in the sample.

Example:
Let us use our previous example the University of the East for their hourly
rate.
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST
 X X −X ¿
300 300 – 400= -100 10000
350 350 – 400 = -50 2500
400 400 – 400 = 0 0
450 450 – 400 = 50 2500
500 500 – 400 = 100 10000
∑ X=2000 ∑ ¿¿25,000

X=
∑ X = 2000 =400 ;
n 5

S =∑ ¿ ¿¿ ;
2

25000
S2 = ;
5−1
2 25,000
S=
4 ; S2=6250 ;

S= √∑ ¿¿ ¿ ¿

S=
√ 25000
5−1

S=
√ 25000
4
S=79.06 Answer

SHORT-CUT FORMULA:
S =n ∑ x −¿¿ ¿ ;
2 2

S= √ n ∑ x 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿

EXAMPLE: Find the variance and standard deviation.

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

X 2
x
300 90000
350 122500
400 160000
450 202500
500 250000
∑ X=2000 ∑ x 2=825000

VARIANCE:

S =n ∑ x −¿¿ ¿
2 2

2
S =5 ( 825000 )−¿ ¿

125000
S2 =
20
2
S =6250 Answer
STANDARD DEVIATION:

S =n ∑ x −¿¿ ¿
2 2

S= √ n ∑ x −¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

√
S= n ∑ x −¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

S= √5 ( 825000 ) −¿ ¿ ¿

S=¿
√ 125000
20
S=¿ √ 6250

S=79.06 Standard deviation .

Assignment :
Given: Ungrouped.
10,12,34,36,45,50,55
Required:
Q2 ,Q3 , D5 , D7 , P25 , P50 , P75 , , QD , IQR , MAD , Variance ,∧¿
Standard deviation
Submission July 20,2020 till 2:00 pm. through canvas…