19CE 303 INTRODUCTION TO SOLID MECHANICS

II YEAR,CLASS: III sem CIVIL

COURSE FACILITATOR: Dr. I.Padmanaban

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 1

 UNIT1- SIMPLE AND COMPOUND STRESSES

1.1 Stresses in simple and compound bars

1.2 Thermal stresses and strains
1.3 . Elastic Constants
1.4. Thin Cylinder and spherical shells
1.5 Biaxial state of stress
1.6 Principal stresses and strains
1.7 Mohr’s Circle
1.8 Torsion on circular shafts

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 2

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.1 INTRODUCTION
When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to
undergo some deformation. Due to cohesion between the molecules ,
the body resists deformation within elastic limit

Stress: The force of resistance per unit area

offered by body against deformation is known as
stress
P
σ= where σ = Stress in N/mm2
A

P = External Force in N , A= Cross Sectional

Area in mm2

Stress and strain:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_L5Pt9b0nPfodGMqTilsRGR5qlCh0zfe/view
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 3
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS
Strain
The ratio of change in dimension to Original dimension is termed as Strain

Change in dimension 𝑑𝑙
e = =
Original dimension 𝐿

e = No Unit

1.1.2 Normal Stress and Strain

Normal Stress is defined as stress as force per unit area. If the stresses are
normal to the areas concerned, then these are termed as normal stresses. The
normal stresses are generally denoted by a Greek letter (σ) and the change in
deformation measured under normal stress is termed as Normal Strain (e )

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hwr-DK5e5_YuAFJYycX_rNYH4zO7905j/view

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 4

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

Normal Stress is also known as uniaxial state of stress, because the

stresses acts only in one direction

Normal stresses also exists in biaxial and triaxial state of stresses where
either the two mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts or three
mutually perpendicular normal stresses acts as shown in the figures below

(uniaxial Sate of Stress)

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 5

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS
1.1.3 Tensile or compressive Stresses:

The normal stresses can be either tensile or compressive whether the

stresses acts out of the area or into the area
Tensile Stress : Stress caused in the member if
the force is acting away from the member axially
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑙
Tensile strain e= =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿

Compressive Stress : Stress caused in the

member if the force is acting towards the
member axially
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑙
Compressive strain e= =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 6

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.4 Shear stress and Shear Strain

The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two
equal and opposite forces which are acting
tangentially across the resisting section as a result of
which the body tends to shear off across the section
is known as shear stress

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Shear Strain=
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

∆x
φ =
𝐿
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1EhtaGSPsdiP3xaL_v
FRTB5AcL4_1kppL/view
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 7
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.5 Bearing Stresses

is the contact pressure between two separate bodies. It can be defined
as compression force divided by the characteristic area perpendicular
to it.
𝑃𝑏
σb =
𝐴𝑏
where
σb = bearing stress
Pb= Compressive load
Ab= characteristic area perpendicular to Ab

https://drive.google.com/file/d/19aVqgF0VHv2N0YfeK7XZAsbTZo-
9MV8c/view

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 8

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.6 Hooke’s Law

Hooke's law, law of elasticity discovered by the English scientist
Robert Hooke in 1660, which states that, for relatively small deformations of
an object, within elastic limit , the displacement or size of the deformation is
directly proportional to the deforming force or load that stress is proportional
to strain up to elastic limit. This is called Hooke’s law
σ
σ α e => E=
𝑒
where E is the constant of proportionality of the material, known as modulus of
elasticity or Young’s modulus, named after the English scientist Thomas Young
(1773–1829)
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zvtF9nYVcs-UcaBUB9THSQzE2TExmz-P/view
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Q1Y_epV5PLajUsIG6tkLg9SxLdBhcC4l/view
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 9
1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

http://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp13/index.html#
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 10
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.7 The Stress–Strain Diagram

A typical tensile test curve showing the relationship between stress and
stain for the mild steel has been shown in figure

Inference from graph

Limit of Proportionality (A):
It is evident form the graph that the
stress is proportional to strain or
elongation is proportional to the load
giving a st.line relationship is valid
up to a point A.
Stress and Strain Graph
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1l_3owRSxnC3
66fqnrqTRas9zqiDT7V6b/view Stress Vs Strain Plot for Mild steel
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 11
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

Elastic Limit (B): This is the limiting value of stress up to which if the
material is stressed and then released (unloaded) strain disappears
completely and the original length is regained. This point is slightly
beyond the limit of proportionality

Upper Yield Point (C): This is the stress at which, the load starts reducing
and the extension increases. This phenomenon is called yielding of
material. At this stage strain is about 0.125 per cent and stress is about 250
N/mm2

Lower Yield Point (D): At this stage the stress remains same but strain
increases for some time

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 12

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

Ultimate Stress (E): This is the maximum stress the material can resist.
This stress is about 370–400 N/mm2. At this stage cross-sectional area at
a particular section starts reducing very fast . This is called neck
formation. After this stage load resisted and hence the stress developed
starts reducing

Breaking Point (F): The stress at which finally the specimen fails is
called breaking point.

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 13

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.8 Ductile Materials

In the tension curve of mild steel test ,

the extension of the materials over the
plastic range is considerably in excess
of that associated with elastic loading.
The Capacity of materials to allow
these large deformations or large
extensions without failure is termed as
ductility. The materials with high
ductility are termed as ductile
materials. Stress Vs Strain Plot for Mild steel
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 14
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.9 Brittle Materials

A brittle material is one which exhibits

a relatively small extensions or
deformations to fracture, so that the
partially plastic region of the tensile
test graph is much reduced.

This type of graph is shown by the cast

iron or steels with high carbon contents
or concrete

Stress Vs Strain Plot for Brittle

material
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 15
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.10 True Stress-True Strain

Direct stress is based on the value

obtained by dividing the load by
original cross-sectional area. But
actually as material is stressed its
cross-sectional area changes.

True Stress is obtained by load divided

by the actual cross-sectional area to
get true stress in the material.

True Stress = Load / Actual cross.

sectional Area
True Stress Vs True Strain
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oAcN58Qde
x7KTTP01zNOeJWf-evYaQRs/view
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 16
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.11 Poisson’s Ratio

The ratio of lateral strain to
longitudinal strain produced by a
single stress is known as
Poisson’s ratio. Symbol used for

poisson’s ratio is m or 1/ m

Lateral Strain
1/ m =
Linear Strain

No Unit

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VJ
RBbzbmj8PJtV3p6569F2o4- 18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 17
QEziOSN/view
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS
Example 1 A circular rod of diameter 16 mm and 500 mm long is
subjected to a tensile force 40kN. The modulus of elasticity for steel
may be taken as 200 kN/mm2. Find stress, strain and elongation
of the bar due to applied load.
Solution: Load P = 40 kN = 40 × 1000 N
E = 200 kN/mm 2 = 200 × 10 3 N/mm 2
L = 500 mm
Diameter of the rod d = 16 mm

πd 2
Therefore, sectional area A =
4

π 16 2
=
4

= 201.06 mm2
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 18
1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS
Stress p = P/A

= 40 × 1000 / 201.06

= 198.94 N/mm2

Strain e = P/ E

= 198.94 / 200 × 10 3

= 0.0009947
Elongation Δ = PL / AE
= 4×1000 ×500/ 201.06 × 200 10 3 = 0.497 mm

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 19

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS
Example 2 A Mild Steel wire 5 mm in diameter and 1 m long. If the
wire is subjected to an axial tensile load 10 kN find its extension of the
rod. (E = 200 GPa)

Solution: Tensile Load P = 10 kN = 10 × 1000 N

Wire of diameter d = 5 mm

Length of Wire L = 1m= 1000 mm

E = 200 GPa= 200 ×10 9 N/m 2= 2X105 N/mm 2

πd 2 π52
A= == = 19.625 mm 2
4 4

Elongation Δ = PL / AE

= 10 × 1000 × 1000 / (19.625 × 2 ×10 5 )

= 2.55 × 10 -3 m = 2.55 mm
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 20
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

Figure shows the graphical plot

between shear stress and shear
Strain
Upto the elastic region, shear stress
𝜏 is directly proportional to shear
strain 𝛾

Within the Elastic Region

Modulus of rigidity
G= Shear Stress/ Shear Strain
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TKJK
W6Sk6HX53zBNRPbqecnLLM-
F7fH2/view
Shear Stress Vs Shear Strain plot

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 21

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

1.1.10 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

Deformation of Axially Loaded Members
Bar subjected to axial load of P , then the deformation is

P P

∂ σ𝐿
ε= => ∂ = ε L => ∂=
𝐿 𝐸
𝑃𝐿
∂=
𝐴𝐸
σ 𝑃
σ = Eε => ε= σ=
𝐸 𝐴
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hJSQX3xrCcFabj02WCnhVBRLErlHxzYS
/view
Additional link Problem
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RrNAztBaxzboPWmTzGgGc72WhAr_BFX-
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 22
/view
 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS
Example 3 The bar shown in Fig. is tested in universal testing machine. It is
observed that at a load of 40 kN the total extension of the bar is 0.280 mm.
Determine the Young’s modulus of the material.

Portion1 Portion3
Portion 2

P= 40 kN= 40 ×10 3 N, L1= 150mm, L2= 250mm, L3= 150mm

Extension of Portion 1 Δ1 = PL1 / A1E
π 25 2
= 40 ×10 × 150 /
3 E
4
Extension of Portion 2 Δ2 = PL2 / A2E
π 202
= 40 ×10 3 × 250 / E
4

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 23

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

Extension of Portion 3 Δ3 = PL3 / A3E

π 25 2
= 40 ×10 3 × 250 / E
4

Δ = Δ1+ Δ2+ Δ3
π 25 2 π 20 2
= 40 ×10 3 × 150 / E + 40 ×10 3 × 250 / E
4 4
π 25 2
+ 40 ×10 3 × 250 / E
4

0.280 = 40 × 10 3× 4 / π E 150/625 + 250 /400 + 250/625

E = 200990 N/mm 2

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 24

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

Composite Bars in Tension and Compression

Bars made up of two or more materials are

called composite/compound bars. They may
have same length or different lengths as
shown in Figure. The ends of different
materials of the bar are held together under
loaded conditions.

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 25

1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

From equation of equilibrium of the forces, we get

P = P1 + P2
(ii) Since the ends are held securely, we get
∆l1 = ∆l2
where ∆l1 and ∆l2 are the extension of the bars of material 1
and 2 respectively
i.e. P1L1/A1E1 = P2L2/A2E2
.Then extension of the system
can be found using the relation ∆l =
since ∆l = ∆l1 = ∆l2.

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 26

 1.1 STRESSES IN SIMPLE AND COMPOUND BARS

• Statically indeterminate Axially loaded members those which has

more unknowns to be solved than the Equilibrium conditions.
• Σ V =0,
• Σ H =0
• ΣM=0

https://drive.google.com/file/d/15XxnMKhPOvl_lVP-
nga480WTrS04ZZfy/view

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 27

 1.2 Thermal Stress

Thermal Stresses
Every material expands when temperature rises and contracts when
temperature falls. It is established experimentally that the change in length ∆
is directly proportional to the length of the member L and change in
temperature t. Thus
∆=αtL
where

The constant of proportionality α is called coefficient of thermal expansion

and is defined as change in unit length of material due to unit change in
temperature. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1T0WyLIaX_v1p
RQyIRWWd3daabHMC2Xae/view
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 28
 1.2 Thermal Stress

A bar of brass 20 mm is enclosed in a steel tube of 40 mm external

diameter and 20 mm internal diameter. The bar and the tubes are initially
1.2 m long and are rigidly fastened at both ends using 20 mm diameter
pins. If the temperature is raised by 60°C, find the stresses induced
in the bar, tube and pins.

Es = 2 × 10 5 N/mm 2
Eb = 1 × 10 5 N/mm 2
αs = 11.6 × 10- 6 /°C
αb = 18.7 × 10- 6 /°C.
t= 60°C 18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 29
 1.2 Thermal Stress
Since free expansion of brass (αb tL) is more than free expansion of steel
(αs tL), compressive force Pb develops in brass and tensile force Ps
develops in steel to keep the final position at CC as shown in figure

As = π/4 ×(40 2 – 20 2)=942.48 mm 2

Ab = π/4 ×(20 2)=314.16 mm 2

Horizontal equilibrium condition gives Pb = Ps, say P. From the figure, it is

clear that Δs + Δb = αb tL – αstL = (αb – αs)tL.
where Δs and Δb are the changes in length of steels and brass bars
Δs = PL / AsEs , Δb = PL / AbEb
Δ = PL / AsEs + PL / AbEb = (18.7 – 11.6) × 10–6 × 60 × 1200.
P × 1200{1/942.48 × 2 × 105 + 1/ 314.16 × 1 × 105 } = 7.1 × 1–6× 60 ×
1200
P = 11471.3 N

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 30

 1.2 Thermal Stress

Stress in steel = P/As = 11471.3/ 942.48 = 12.17 N/mm2

and Stress in brass = P/Ab = 11471.3/ 314.16 = 36.52 N/mm2

The pin resist the force P at the two cross-sections at junction of two
bars.
∴ Shear stress in pin = P/2 × Area of pin
=11471.3/ 2× π/ 4×202
= 18.26 N/mm2

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS

 1.3 ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity and bulk modulus are the three
elastic constants.

Modulus of elasticity (Young’s Modulus) ‘E’ has defined as the ratio

of linear stress to linear strain within elastic limit.

σ
E= where σ is stress in N/m2
𝑒

e is strain

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 32

 1.3 ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Modulus of Rigidity: It is defined as the ratio of shearing stress to

shearing strain within elastic limit and is usually denoted by letter G or
N.

𝑞
Thus G=
Φ
where
G = Modulus of rigidity
q = Shearing stress and
φ = Shearing strain

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 33

 1.3 ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Bulk Modulus: When a body is subjected to identical stresses p in three
mutually perpendicular directions, the body undergoes uniform changes in
three directions without undergoing distortion of shape. The ratio of change in
volume to original volume has been defined as volumetric
strain (ev).
Then the bulk modulus, K is defined as
𝑝
K=
𝑒𝑣
Where p = identical pressure in three mutually perpendicular directions
ev =Δv / v
ev =Volumetric strain
Δv = Change in volume
v = Original volume
Bulk modulus may be defined as the ratio of identical pressure ‘p’ acting in
three mutually perpendicular directions to corresponding volumetric strain.

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 34

 1.3 ELASTIC CONSTANTS

The various Relations between elastic constants are as follows

E = 2G(1 + µ) Where
E = Young’s Modulus
E = 3K(1 – 2µ) G = Modulus of Rigidity

K = Bulk Modulus

µ = Poisson's Ratio

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 35

 1.3 ELASTIC CONSTANTS

A bar of 25 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is observed that when a load

of 60kN is applied, the extension measured over a gauge length of 200 mm
is 0.12 mm and contraction in diameter is 0.0045 mm. Find Poisson’s ratio
and elastic constants E, G, K
P = 60 kN = 60000 N

Area A = π/4 4× 25 2 = 156.25π mm 2

Guage length L = 200 mm

∆ = 0.12 mm

∆d = 0.0045 mm

Linear strain = ∆ /L= 012/200 = 0.0006

Lateral strain = ∆d/d = 0. 0045/25= 0.00018

Poisson’s ratio = Lateral strain/Linear strain =0.00018/0.0006

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 36
µ = 0.3
 1.3 ELASTIC CONSTANTS
Δ = PL / AE
0.12 = 60000 × 200/156.25 π × E

E = 203718.3 N/mm 2

E = 2G(1 + µ)

G= E/2(1+ µ)

= 203718.3/2(1+0.3)

= 78353.2 N/mm 2

E = 3K(1 – 2µ)

K = E / 3(1 – 2µ)

= 203718.3/ 3(1 - 2 × 0.3)

=169765.25 N/mm2
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 37
 1.4 Thin Cylinder and spherical shells

Thin Cylinder and spherical shells

Thin Rings
Uniformly distributed loading (radial) may be due
to either
Internal pressure or external pressure
Centrifugal force as in the case of a rotating ring
Internal pressure or external pressure
s = qr
Where q = Intensity of loading in kg/cm of
r = Mean centre line of radius
s = circumferential tension or hoop’s
tension(Radial loading ducted outward)

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IWMWswsyD3sPaNz-
W5GUAziCoDcYhI2y/view 18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 38
 1.4 Thin Cylinder and spherical shells

Unit stress, σ = s /A = q r / A

Circumferential strain, ∈c = σ / E = qr / AE

Diametral strain, (∈d ) = Circumferential strain, (∈c )

Centrifugal force
Hoop's Tension, s = wω2 r2 / g

Where w = wt. per unit length of circumferential element

ω = Angular velocity

Radial loading, q =s/ r =wω2 r / g

Hoop's stress, σ = s/ A = wω2 r2 / Ag

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 39

1.4 Thin Cylinder and spherical shells

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 40

 1.6 Principal stresses and strains

Principal stresses and strains

• Planes that have no shear stress are called as principal planes

• Principal planes carry only normal stresses

https://drive.google.com/file/d/129o1IV1lKmCESVWARLYCd0v
PULfTDq6O/view

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 41

 1.6 Principal stresses and strains

Stresses in oblique plane

σ1 σ1
Member subjected to direct stress in one
plane
σ2
Member subjected to direct stress in two σ1
mutually perpendicular plane σ1

σ2


Member subjected to simple shear  

stress. 


Member subjected to direct stress in two σ1 σ2
σ1
mutually perpendicular directions + simple shear
stress  

σ2
 1.8 Principal stresses and strains

Stresses in oblique plane

Member subjected to direct stress in two mutually
perpendicular directions + simple shear stress

σ1 + σ2 σ1 − σ2
σn = + cos 2θ + τ sin 2θ
2 2
σ1 − σ2
σt = sin 2θ − τ cos 2θ
2
 1.6 Principal stresses and strains

Stresses in oblique plane

Member subjected to direct stress in two mutually
perpendicular directions + simple shear stress

Position Of Principal Planes

Shear stress should be zero

σ1 − σ2 (sin 2θ − τ cos 2θ = 0)
σt =
2
2τ
tan 2θ =
σ1 −σ 2
 1.7 Mohr’s Circle

The transformation equations of plane stress can be represented in a

graphical form which is popularly known as Mohr's circle

The transformation equations are sufficient to get the normal and shear
stresses on any plane at a point, with Mohr's circle one can easily
visualize their variation with respect to plane orientation .

https://drive.google.com/file/d/129o1IV1lKmCESVWARLYCd0vPULfTDq6
O/view
 1.8 Torsion

INTRODUCTION

 In factories and workshops, shafts is used to transmit energy from on

end to other end.

 To transmit the energy, a turning force is applied either to the rim of a

pulley, keyed to the shafts, or to any other suitable point at some
distance from the axis of the shaft.

 The moment of couple acting on the shaft is called torque or turning

moment or twisting moment.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hiQrPmea3vmKN2fD896x41HXYu
vVKwd6/view

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 46

 1.8 Torsion

F
Torque = turning force x diameter of shaft
T =F x 2 R
where : T = Torque F =T urning force
S=Radius of the shaft Unit of Torque(T) is N.mm or kN.mm

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 47

 1.8 Torsion

ANGLE OF TWIST(θ)

 When the shaft is subjected to Torque (T),point A on the

surface of the shaft comes to A’ position. The angle AOA’ at the centre
of the shaft is called the angle of twist.
 ∠AOA’=θ =Angle of twist

 Angle of twist is measured in radians.

A’
’

O θ’

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 48

 1.8 Torsion

SHEAR STRESS IN SHAFT

• When a shaft is subjected to equals and opposite end couples, whose

axes coincide with the axis of the shaft, the shaft is said to be in pure
torsion and at any pointin the section of the shaft stress will be
induced.

• That stress is called shear stress in shaft.

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 49

 1.8 Torsion

ASSUMPTION IN THE THEORY OF TORSION:

The following assumptions are made while finding out shear stress
in a circular shaft subjected to torsion.

• The material of shaft is uniform throughout the length.

• The twist along the shaft is uniform.
• The shaft is of uniform circular section throughout the length.
• Cross section of the shaft, which are plane before twist remain
plain after twist.
• All radii which are straight before twist remain straight after twist.
 1.9 Torsion

STRENGTH OF SHAFT

T  /16   D 3
where, D = dia. of the shaft τ=shear stress in the shaft

Polar moment of inertia

J 
  D4
32

Power Transmission in watts

P= 2  N T / 60

Safe Diameter of Shaft

T/J= Gθ / L =  / R

18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 51

 1.9 Torsion

EXAMPLE 1:-Calculate diameter of shaft to transmit 10 KW at a speed of

15 Hz. The maximum shear stress should not exceed 60 Mpa. P = 10 kw

N = 15 Hz = 15 cycles/sec

= 15 x 60 rpm

= 900 rpm

τ = 60 Mpa

P =2  N T / 6 0

10 x 10 3 =
2  900NT

60
 1.8 Torsion

T = 106.10 N.m
now,

T /16  D 3
106.10  10 3 = /16  60 D 3

D 3 = 9006.0

D = 20.80 mm
 1.9 Torsion

EXAMPLE 2:-A shaft of 60 mm diameter rotates with 180 rpm. If

permissible shear stress is 100 Mpa, find torque and power in KW.

Solution:-
D = 60 mm
N = 180rpm
Τ = 100 Mpa

T
  D 3
16


 100 603
16

T = 4240 N.mm
 1.9 Torsion

Now,

P = 2  NT/6 0

P = 2   180  4240/60
P = 79922.11 Watt
P =79.92 kW

P = 79.92 Kw
 1.8 Torsion

EXAMPLE NO:- 3
External and internal diameter of a propeller shaft are 400mm and
200mm respectively. Find maximum shear stress developed in the cross
section when a twisting moment of 50kN.m is applied. Take modulus of
Rigidity C = 0.8 X 103 N/mm2 . If span of shaft is 4m,also find twisting angle
of shaft.

Solution:
D = 400mm
D = 200mm
T = 50 KN.m
L = 4m
 1.9 Torsion

 D4  d 4
T   
16 D


4004  2004
5010   
6
16 400

  4.24 N/mm 2

Now,

  C => 4.24/ 200 = 0.8 X 103  / 4 0 0 0

R l
D 400
R    200mm ∴ θ = 0.00106 radians
2 2

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 ADDITIONAL TOPICS
FATIGUE
Fatigue is defined as failure of
component subjected to cyclic loading at
a stress considerably lower than yield
stress of a static loading
Metal fatigue is the progressive and
localized structural damage that occurs
when a material is subjected to cyclic
loadings. Variation of stress with cyclic
Stress
The highest stress that a material can
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aT
withstand for an infinite number of cycles
QiqFfEVOfAok5Ul3UxHwXbOFZU
without breaking called also endurance
FRBN/view
limit 18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 58
 ADDITIONAL TOPICS

CREEP
Creep is time dependent continued
plastic deformation at constant load
or stress
From the graphical plot ,
with reference to constant load and
stress, strain keeps on increasing
at minimum slope variations in the
initial stage and the second stage
At third stage the creep rate Variation of strain with time
variation is high and leads to https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Anz2-
_MhYvd44b_lQUslBqp0PEiQ6ctm/view
rupture of material
18CE304 SOLID MECHANICS 59