PROJECT MADE BY- PEEYUSH VERMA

CLASS-12th B
 INDEX
1)ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2)INTRODUCTION
3)PRINCIPLE
4)THEORY & WORKING
5)EFFICIENCY
6)ENERGY LOSS
7)USES OF TRANSFORMER
8)BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to

my physics mentor MR.JITENDRA SINGH
CHAUHAN for his vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this project
would not have come forth. I would also like
to express my gratitude to my friends for their
support during the making of this project.
 INTRODUCTION

TRANFORMERS ARE SO IMPORTANT IN OUR

LIVES THAT WITHOUT THEM EVEN THE
ELECTRIC BELLS FITTED IN OUR HOMES
WON’T WORK.

Transformer is a device used for converting a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a
static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range
in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to
interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on the
same basic principles, although the range of designs is
wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need
for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers
are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are
essential for high-voltage electric power transmission,
which makes long-distance transmission economically
practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts. A transformer
which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is,
therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits.
 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a

varying current is set-up in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is
produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in
a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces
e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.
CONSTRUCTION:
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p1
& p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well
insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is
connected to p1 p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S.
Thus, no current can be drawn through the secondary coil as
long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume
that the resistance of the primary & secondary windings is
negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic flux and
iron core is also negligible. For operation at low frequency, we
may use a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin
iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary and
the output circuit is called secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current
arises from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown)
load impedance.

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

THEORY & WORKING
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The
altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus
if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the induced
e.m.f in the primary and the secondary coil and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and, dфB/dt = rate of change of flux in
each turn of the coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np dфB/dt …. (1)
Es = -Ns dфB/dt …. (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so
by dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np …. (3)
As, Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous values
of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance
of p1 p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the
primary coil is given by,
I = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore,
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence, equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E =
output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K where K is constant,
called turn or transformation ratio.

>In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
> In a step down transformer
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t and Is =value of
sec. current at this instant, then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip
and Output power at the same instant t = Es Is If there are no losses
of power in the transformer, then Input power = output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
> In a step up transformer
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip i.e. current in sec. is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we
lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly, it can be shown, that in a
step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
 EFFICIENCY::

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

output power to the input power i.e. η = output
power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip Thus in an ideal
transformer, where there are no power losses, η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses;
therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES:
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than
the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of
reasons as explained below,
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the
primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy
currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess
resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the
iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is
lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may
be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be
lost due to humming.
 USES OF
TRANSFORMERS:
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations.
>>In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc.
>> In the induction furnaces.
>> A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes. A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
>> A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
>>Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
>>Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c
over long distances. Small transformers are used in
Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric
bells etc.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
The data used in this project was
taken from the following sources:
>>www.google.com
>> www.wikipedia.com
>>www.scribd.com