MARKETING STRATEGIES

OF COCA COLA
Strategic Marketing Page 2

First and foremost, we are grateful to ‘ALLAH ALMIGHTY’, most beneficent and the
most merciful Who made us able to complete our given project successfully.
We would also like to pay tribute to the benefactor of humanity ‘HOLY PROPHET’

(P.B.U.H.), Who gave us complete knowledge on every aspect and field of life.

In short of words, to express our modest gratitude and recognition to cuddly and
loveable
‘PARENTS’, who at each and every moment prays for our success. We are also deeply thankful
to our ‘TEACHERS’ to have taught us from childhood to still especially ‘SIR. ASLAM
MASOOD’ who taught us ‘Strategic Marketing’.

Thank you all, without you this would have not been possible.
,

DEDICATION
 We dedicate this report to our parents and friends in recognition of their worth and to our
teachers who are the guiding force for us and it is their effort and hard work that showed us the
path of success and prosperity which would be there for us for the rest of our life.

Our thanks to all those who have generously contributed their theoretical knowledge
report including our teachers. Without their understanding and support, completion of this work
would not have been possible.

We hope people find this report useful and the subject matter adds to their knowledge.

“Keep your dreams alive. Understand to achieve anything requires faith and belief in
yourself, vision, hard work, determination, and dedication. Remember all things are possible
for those who believe.” Merlin Olsen
to
this

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page #

Project Objective 09
Executive Summary 10

Market Demographics 11

Industry Analysis 11

Situational Analysis 12-14

Introduction of Coca Cola 15-16✔

Vision Statement 17✔

Mission Statement 18✔

Shared Values 18
Objectives of Coca Cola 19

Goals of Coca Cola 19

History of Coca Cola 20-21✔

History of Bottling 22-23✔

Advertising History of Coca Cola 24-25✔

Coke History in Pakistan 26-27✔

Organizational Hierarchy of Coca Cola 28

Departments of Coca Cola 29-31

Market Share of Coca Cola 32

Global Unit Sales of Coca Cola 33

Region wise Consumption of Coca Cola 34

Market Position of Coca Cola Globally 35 ✔(5th)

Market Position of Coca Cola in Pakistan 35 ✔(5th)

Brands of Coca Cola 36-38

Portfolio Analysis (BCG Matrix) 39-40

Competitors 41-49✔

Competitors Analysis 50-51✔

Competitive Advantages 52

Customer Analysis 53

SWOT Analysis 54✔

Industrial SWOT Analysis 54-55

SWOT Analysis of Coca Cola 56-58✔

Product Life Cycle 59-60 ✔

Growth Strategy 61-62 ✔

Market Segmentation 63 ✔(K pt)

Segmentation Strategy of Coca Cola 64-67✔(K pt)

Marketing Mix 68 ✔

Product Strategy 68-70 ✔(J pt)

Pricing Strategy 71-74 ✔(J pt)

Positioning Strategy 75-76 ✔(J pt)
Packaging strategy 77-78 ✔(J pt)
Promotion Strategy 79 ✔(J pt)
Distribution Channels80 ✔
Advertisement of Coca Cola 81
Advertisement Media 82
Expectations for the Coming Year 83 ✔
Sales Promotion Activities 85-88 ✔
Conclusion 89
Recommendations 90

Bibliography 91
PROJECT OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to give overview of Marketing Strategy of ‘Coca Cola’ to
provide a broad selection of the nonalcoholic ready to drink beverages to potential consumers in
Pakistan. Analysis carried out on nonalcoholic ready to drink beverages market in terms of size
and growth, covering different segments present in the market.

It includes introduction of the company and the product, internal and external
environment, market and competitor analysis, and marketing mix.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The scope of the project is to discuss the marketing strategies adopted and applied by
‘Coca Cola’, Pakistan. From the last month or so our group is in the process of a continuous
research on marketing functions and strategies adopted by ‘Coca Cola’. These marketing
functions mainly include the marketing mix i-e, Product Strategy, Pricing Strategy, Pricing Tools
and Strategies and Placement and Distribution Strategies as well as other market strategies.

Moreover the project also discusses the analysis of competition, market growth and
trend, opportunity analysis and strategies for creating competitive advantage adopted by ‘Coca
Cola’.

We will like to add that the project will provide the readers and listeners very high profile
information about the marketing strategies as a whole and also about the Coca Cola Company.
In the end we hope that the project will result very profitable for the readers and Coca Cola.
Your feedback in the end either critical or substantial will be very highly appreciated.
MARKET DEMOGRAPHICS

• POPULATION: 176,242,949 ( July, 2009 est. )

• GROWTH RATE: 1.828 %
• BIRTH RATE: 27.74 births/1,000 population
• DEATH RATE: 8 deaths/ 1,000 population
• NET MIGRATION RATE: 1.24 migrant(s) / 1,000 population
• 0-14 YEARS: 37.2 % ( male: 33,739,547 / female: 31,868, 065)
• 15-64 YEARS: 58.6% (male: 52, 849, 607 / female: 50, 378, 198)
• 65 YEARS AND OVER: 4.2% (male: 3,475,927/female: 3,931,605)

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

• POPULATION: 176,242,949 ( July, 2009 est. )

• CHILDREN: 37.2% (65,607,612)
• ADULTS: 62.8% (110,680,572)
• CHILDREN EQUITY: 60 % (14,643,619)
• ADULT EQUITY: 40 % (27,802,960)
• TOTAL TARGET MARKET: 42,446,579
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Beverages are a major consumer able item and there is a huge demand and potential in
this market particularly the nonalcoholic ready to drink soft drink. The nonalcoholic ready to
drink beverage has grown year on year and as a result, the pie is growing bigger every year.
MARKET ANALYSIS
The market analysis investigates both the internal and external business environment. It
is vital that Coca Cola carefully monitor both the internal and external aspects regarding it’s
business as both the internal and external environment and their respective influences will be
decisive traits in relation to Coke’s success and survival in the soft drink industry.

• INTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The internal business environment and its influence is that which is to some
extent within the business’s control. The main attributes in the internal environment
include efficiency in the production process, through management skills and effective
communication channels. To effectively control and monitor the internal business
environment, Coke must conduct continual appraisals of the business’s operations and
readily act upon any factors, which cause inefficiencies in any phase of the production
and consumer process.

• EXTERNAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The External business environment and its influences are usually powerful forces
that can affect a whole industry and, in fact, a whole economy. Changes in the external
environment will create opportunities or threats in the market place Coca cola must be
aware off. Fluctuations in the economy, changing customer attitudes and values, and
demographic patterns heavily influence the success of Coca Cola’s products on the
market and the reception they receive from the consumers.
• COMPETITION
All over world there are two soft drink giants, Coke and Pepsi. The competition
between two companies has always been neck to neck. Both these companies keep on try
to take lead in terms of pricing, packaging, promoting and placing.
In Pakistan recently a few other beverages are also introduced such as Mecca-Cola,
Shandy Cola and Amrat-Cola but currently these soft drinks are not a threat for coke due to
their very low market share and secondly due to brand loyalty of customers for coke.

• POLITICAL/LEGAL
These are uncertainties that are extremely variable in the political conditions of
Pakistan. Constant political instability does affect the company in terms of building new
relations with new Governments all the time.
• SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS
The company has to be very careful in the implementation of its promotional
campaigns, since the social cultural environment of Pakistan is very conservative and any
suggestive advertisements usually face a lot of negative reactions on the part of the
consumer.

• SOCIAL FACTORS: Social factors include consumer’s family, small groups and
status. Family members can affect buying behavior in such a way that if number of
children is more in a family than the elders, then the children choice can matter a lot
at the time of soft drink purchase. On the contrary, sometimes people go for the
product that shows their status in society.
 • CULTURAL FACTORS: Every group and society has its own culture. Cultural
factors affect coke purchasing massively. Different communities and groups of
people have reshaped Pakistan’s culture. In recent years the Bahar/ Basant festival in
Punjab specially become important part of our culture in which sales of coke go very
high. Soft drink is purchased in bulk for the parties and other occasions.

• PERSONAL FACTORS
Buyer’s decision is also influenced by personal characteristics such as buyer’s age
and life cycle stage, occupation, personality and self-concept. Age and lifecycle stage means
that people taste and way of living changes with passage of time. Lets say in earlier stage of
life if a person’s best choice for soft drink was Coke classic but as he proceeds with his life,
way of thinking and style may change. He may not opt for classic coke anymore and might
be more interested in diet coke.

Occupation matters a lot when consumer is indulge in buying. If consumer is a

student by occupation he will certainly go for returnable bottle of or may be disposable
bottle of 25 RS but most probably not for the coke CAN which is high in price. Where
as if the consumer is a business executive who is financially strong will prefer more the
coke classic can or diet coke can. This change is mainly because of occupation.
• PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
A person’s buying behavior is further influenced by major psychological factors
such as motivation, perception, learning and self benefits.

Motivation is basically a drive that’s sufficiently pressing a person to seek

satisfaction of the need. Sometimes a person has no intention to buy a particular product
but what happens is that the group of people around him motivates him motivates. If a
person is highly satisfied with the taste of “diet coke”, he may share his experience with
another person and as a result the latter person might get motivated by his opinion and
end up buying “diet coke”

In some cases, consumers have descriptive thoughts and beliefs about

something. It may change with the passage of time because mostly all the self beliefs are
 secondary and not the core ones.
• OTHER FACTORS
Other factors like the Government rules, regulations and technological
advancements have had no significant effect on the product and the company.

MISSION STATEMENT
Mission statement is a statement of organization’s purposes that what it wants to
accomplish. In order to achieve mission of increasing market share and maintaining good
relations with our customers all over the world, we wish to create value for all the constraints
we serve, including our consumers, our bottlers, and our communities. The Coca Cola
Company creates value by executing business strategy guided by four key beliefs:
• Customer is king; Customer demand drives everything we do.
• Brand Coca Cola is the core of our business.
• We will serve consumers a broad selection of the nonalcoholic ready-to-drink beverages
they want to drink throughout the day.
• We will be the best marketers in the world.

Everything we do is inspired by our enduring Mission:

• To Refresh the World...in body, mind, and spirit.
• To Inspire Moments of Optimism...through our brands and our actions.
• To Create Value and Make a Difference...everywhere we engage.
 SHARED VALUES

Our values serve as a compass for our actions and describe how we behave in the world.

• Leadership: The courage to shape a better future

• Collaboration: Leverage collective genius
• Integrity: Be real
• Accountability: If it is to be, it's up to me
• Passion: Committed in heart and mind
• Diversity: As inclusive as our brands
• Quality: What we do, we do well

OBJECTIVE OF COCA COLA

The company has sales based objective .Everything else (marketing plan, advertising
plan, production etc.) is derived from this objective.
Currently the company‘s objective is to

“Increase the volume of sales up to the maximum level as much as possible during the
current fiscal year.”

The company sets its objective keeping in view the past performance, Historical trends,
current market position, economic condition, macro environment and micro environment
factors, social values, market size and growth rate ,future expectations and predictions

GOALS OF COCA COLA

All CCBPL plants setup their own goal to achieve the objective.
The company goal is

“To increase sales volume and gain market leadership in Lahore.”

HISTORY OF COCA COLA
 Coca-Cola was first introduced by John Syth Pemberton, a
pharmacist, in the year 1886 in Atlanta, Georgia when he concocted caramel-colored syrup in a
three-legged brass kettle in his backyard. He first “distributed” the product by carrying it in a jug
down the street to Jacob’s Pharmacy and customers bought the drink for five cents at the soda
fountain. Carbonated water was teamed with the new syrup, whether by accident or otherwise,
producing a drink that was proclaimed “delicious and refreshing”, a theme that continues to echo
today wherever Coca-Cola is enjoyed.

Dr. Pemberton’s partner and book-keeper, Frank M. Robinson, suggested the name and
penned “Coca-Cola” in the unique flowing script that is famous worldwide even today. He
suggested that “the two Cs would look well in advertising.” The first newspaper ad for CocaCola
soon appeared in The Atlanta Journal, inviting thirsty citizens to try “the new and popular soda
fountain drink.” Hand-painted oil cloth signs reading “Coca-Cola” appeared on store awnings,
with the suggestions “Drink” added to inform passersby that the new beverage was for soda
fountain refreshment.

By the year 1886, sales of Coca-Cola averaged nine drinks per day. The first year, Dr.
Pemberton sold 25 gallons of syrup, shipped in bright red wooden kegs. Red has been a
distinctive color associated with the soft drink ever since. For his efforts, Dr. Pemberton grossed
$50 and spent $73.96 on advertising. Dr. Pemberton never realized the potential of the beverage
he created. He gradually sold portions of his business to various partners and, just prior to his
death in 1888, sold his remaining interest in Coca-Cola to Asa G. Candler, an entrepreneur from
Atlanta. By the year 1891, Mr. Candler proceeded to buy additional rights and acquire complete
ownership and control of the Coca-Cola business. Within four years, his merchandising flair had
helped expand consumption of Coca-Cola to every state and territory after which he liquidated
his pharmaceutical business and focused his full attention on the soft drink. With his brother,
John S. Candler, John Pemberton’s former partner Frank Robinson and two other associates, Mr.
Candler formed a Georgia corporation named the Coca-Cola
Company. The trademark “Coca-Cola,” used in the marketplace
since 1886, was registered in the United States Patent Office on
January 31, 1893.

The business continued to grow, and in 1894, the first

syrup manufacturing plant outside Atlanta was opened in Dallas,
Texas. Others were opened in Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles,
California, the following year. In 1895, three years after The
Coca-Cola Company’s incorporation, Mr. Asa G. Candler announced in his annual report to
share owners that “Coca-Cola is now drunk in every state and territory in the United States.”

As demand for Coca-Cola increased, the Company quickly outgrew its facilities. A new
building erected in 1898 was the first headquarters building devoted exclusively to the
production of syrup and the management of the business. In the year 1919, the Coca-Cola
Company was sold to a group of investors for $25 million. Robert W. Woodruff became the
President of the Company in the year 1923 and his more than sixty years of leadership took the
business to unsurpassed heights of commercial success, making Coca-Cola one of the most
recognized and valued brands around the world.
HISTORY OF BOTTLING
Coca-Cola® originated as a soda fountain beverage in 1886
selling for five cents a glass. Early growth was impressive,
but it was only when a strong bottling system developed that
Coca-Cola became the world-famous brand it is today.
1894 … A modest start for a bold idea
In a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage called
CocaCola impressed the store's owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Cola to
sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson.

Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him
but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Cola be bottled, but Candler
focused on fountain sales.
1899 … The first bottling agreement
Two young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around
bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead
obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States (specifically
excluding Vicksburg) -- for the sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton,
soon joined their venture.
1900-1909 … Rapid growth
The three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling
rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in
bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909,
nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them
familyowned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months
when
demand was high.
1916 … Birth of the contour bottle
Bottlers worried that the straight-sided bottle for Coca-Cola was easily confused
with imitators. A design from the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana
won enthusiastic approval in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. The contour bottle
became one of the few packages ever granted trademark status by the U.S. Patent
Office. Today, it's one of the most recognized icons in the world - even in the dark!
1920 s … Bottling overtakes fountain sales
As the 1920s dawned, more than 1,000 Coca-Cola bottlers were operating in the U.S.
Their ideas and zeal fueled steady growth. Six-bottle cartons were a huge hit after
their 1923 introduction. A few years later, open-top metal coolers became the
forerunners of automated vending machines. By the end of the 1920s, bottle sales of
 Coca-Cola exceeded fountain sales.

1920s and 30s … International expansion

Led by longtime Company leader Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive
officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to
establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy, Peru, Spain, Australia and
South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled
in 44 countries.
1940 s … Post-war growth
During the war, 64 bottling plants were set up around the world to supply
the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and
materials from General Eisenhower's base in North Africa. Many of these
war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging
the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company's
worldwide business.
s1950 s … Packaging innovations
For the first time, consumers had choices of CocaCola
package size and type -- the traditional 6.5-
ounce contour bottle, or larger servings including 10-, 12- and 26-ounce
versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960.
1960s … New brands introduced: Following Fanta® in the 1950s, Sprite®, Minute Maid®,
Fresca® and TaB® joined brand Coca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb® and Mello Yello® were
added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke® and Cherry Coke®, followed by
POWERADE® and DASANI® in the 1990s. Today hundreds of other brands are offered to
meet consumer preferences in local markets around the world.
1970s and 80s … Consolidation to serve customers: As technology led to a global
economy, the retailers who sold Coca-Cola merged and evolved into international mega-chains.
Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers
consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and
invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would
have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers.
1990s … New and growing markets: Political and economic changes opened vast
markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the
Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. And as the century closed, more
than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa.
21st Century …: The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local
communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as people seek brands that honour
local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally
based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation
on which the entire business grows.

ADVERTISING HISTORY OF COCA COLA

Coca-Cola's advertising have a significant impact on American culture, and is frequently
credited with the "invention" of the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in red-and-white
garments; however, while the company did in fact start promoting this image in the 1930s in its
winter advertising campaigns, it was already common before that. In fact, Coca-Cola was not
even the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image Santa Claus in its advertising –
White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 after first using
him to sell mineral water in 1915.

Before Santa Claus, however, Coca-Cola relied on images of smartly dressed young
women to sell its beverages. Coca-Cola's first such advertisement appeared in 1895 and
featured a young Bostonian actress named Hilda Clark as its spokesperson.
In the 1970s, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called "I'd Like to Teach the World to
Sing", produced by Billy Davis, became a popular hit single. Coca-
Cola has a policy of avoiding using children younger than the age
of 12 in any of its advertising. This decision was made as a result
of a lawsuit from the beginning of the 20th century that alleged
that Coke's caffeine content was dangerous to children.
However, in recent times, this has not stopped the company from
targeting young consumers. Coke's advertising is rather pervasive, as
one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth
drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. This is especially true in
southern areas of the United States, such as Atlanta, where Coke was
born.
Some of the memorable Coca-Cola television commercials between
1960 through 1986, were written and produced by former Atlanta radio
veteran Don Naylor (WGST 1936-1950, WAGA 1951-1959) during his
career as a producer for the McCann Erickson advertising agency. Many
of these early television commercials for Coca-Cola featured movie
stars, sports heroes, and popular singers of the day.
During the 1980s, Pepsi-Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people
participating in taste tests essentially demonstrating that: "Fifty percent of the participants who
said they preferred Coke actually chose the Pepsi". Statisticians were quick to point out the
problematic nature of a 50/50 result; that most likely all this really showed was that in blind
tests, most people simply cannot tell the difference between Pepsi and Coke. Coca-Cola ran ads
to combat Pepsi's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars; one of Coke's ads
compared the so-called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was
furrier. Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market.
Selena was a spokesperson for Coca-Cola from 1989 till the time of her death. She filmed
three commercials for the company. In 1994 to commemorate her 5 years with the company,
Coca-Cola issued special Selena coke bottles.

In an attempt to broaden its portfolio, Coca-Cola purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982.

Columbia provided subtle publicity through Coke product placements in many of its films while
under Coke's ownership. However, after a few early successes, Columbia began to
underperform, and was dropped by the company in 1989.
Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history,
including "The pause that refreshes", "I'd like to buy the world a Coke", and "Coke is it".

In 2006, Coca-Cola introduced My Coke Rewards, a customer loyalty campaign where

consumers earn virtual "points" by entering codes from special marked packages of Coca-Cola
products into a website. These points can in turn be redeemed for various prizes or sweepstakes
entries
 COKE HISTORY IN PAKISTAN
“To provide Coca-Cola at arms ‘length”

The Coca-Cola Company began operating in Pakistan in 1953. Coke, Fanta and Sprite are
the brands with whom Coca-Cola is operating in Pakistan. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan
operates through eight bottlers, four of which are majority-owned by Coca-Cola Beverages
Pakistan Limited (CCBPL). The CCBPL plants are in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala,
Faisalabad, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan and Lahore. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan serves
70,000 customers/retail outlets. The Coca-Cola System in Pakistan has nearly 3,000 people
working constantly for the company. During the last two years, The Coca-Cola Company in
Pakistan has invested over $130 million (U.S) and coke has successfully provided 56 years of
dedicated service to its customers in Pakistan. Since the beginning of Coke Company the firm
has been continuously changing its slogans and that’s a very creative idea to get the attention of
the customers.
. Here we would like to include some of the popular slogans of coke since the coke journey
started.
• 1886 Drink Coca-Cola
• 1908 Get the genuine
• 1923 Enjoy thirst
• 1934 When it's hard to get started, start with a Coca-Cola
• 1942 The only thing like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola itself
• 1956 The friendliest drink on earth
• 1963 Things go better with Coke
• 1993 Always. Coca-Cola
• 2001 Life is Good
• 2003 Jo Chaho Ho Jaye Coca Cola Enjoy
• 2004 Flight Of Delight
• 2005 Galay Delicious Taste
• 2006 Thanda matlab coca cola
• 2007 khaly pily jila coca cola
• 2008 Aja jashan mena ly

ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY
OF COCA COLA
DEPARTMENTS OF COCA COLA
Every organization is made up of different departments, each of these departments help
Coca Cola achieve their objectives. As Coca Cola is a large multinational company, the amounts
of departments are huge. Each country has their own Head Office and departments. Coca Cola is
geographically split into five geographic operating segments, also known as strategic business
units (SBU's). The six SBU's are North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East and finally
Latin America. If all departments perform in the correct way then that will continue the success
of Coca Cola.
There are 6 functional departments within Coca Cola, these are:
• Marketing

• Finance

• Packaging

• Sales

• Research and development

• Administration
MARKETING DEPARTMENT
The Coca Cola marketing department develops core strategies for company brands to
ensure that all communication is consistent in every market. With this cohesive effort, the
CocaCola system maximizes its resources for market leadership and profitable growth. The
marketing departments are responsible for marketing the products and advertising the products
and promoting the products. If all these departments perform their duty firmly then the
objectives of The Coca-Cola Company will meets.

FINANCE DEPARTMENT
The finance department of the Coca Cola Company is responsible for financial record
keeping. This involves keeping records of money received and paid out. The financial records
will be used to produce the annual reports for the shareholders so that they can see the company
performance. The Finance department is also responsible for the management accounts of the
business like marketing etc. The Coca-Cola Company finance department is also responsible for
making budget of the company and for each department like marketing department or research
and development department. They will also be involved in the planning process like taking over
or any major decision.

PACKAGING DEPARTMENT
The packaging department of Coca-Cola Company is responsible for the packaging of the
products. They have to make the packaging attractive so that that product meets the eyes of the
consumers. Bringing new products package is their responsibility. It works with the companies
bottling partners to produce an attractive combination.

SALES DEPARTMENT
 The sales department of the Coca Cola Company is to coordinate the selling program.
They also have to make the distribution methods, etc. Also, decide how much to sell and how
much to store in the warehouse and to choose the transporting method which is the most cost
efficient and the quickest way.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT
This department has their budget given by the finance department and their responsibility
is to investigate new products. They work closely with marketing by looking at marketing
research findings. They have to bring new products in the market for the change because the
consumer cannot stick with the same old products. If necessary then they also have to improve
the quality of the products. The Coca-Cola Company research department has done a lot of
research and recently they have launched many new products like Diet coke with lemon, Fanta
Tropical, Minute maids, Fanta raspberry, Fanta blue berry etc.

ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
This department is essential for keeping the business going. They act as a help support of
the company, it is not the central purpose the business but every business organization would
need this department. Most businesses rely on administration to be organized. They deal with
enquiries, give messages produce documents and give information to any customer. The
complaints that this department will get would be transferred to the research and development
department to make the product better or fix the problem that the consumer is having. These
departments are the most important department of The Coca-Cola Company because they helps
the company to meets the objectives of The Coca-Cola Company i.e. surviving, customer
satisfaction and make more profits. As I said that the help desk department satisfies the customer
by providing the information they needs and taking the complaints and passing to the research
and development departments who improves the products.
MARKET SHARE OF COCA COLA

Coca Cola is now one of the largest corporations in the world, with a global workforce of
over 90,000 and revenues of $31.9 billion in revenues in 2008. Over the years, the brand equity
of the Coca-Cola trademark, as well as that of other Coca Cola-produced brands, has established
Coca Cola as a prominent figure in the non-alcoholic beverage industry and allowed the
company to keep both revenues and profits high.

Sales and 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

 Income Data in
Millions

Net Sales $21,742 $23,104 $24,088 $28,857 $31,944

Net Income $4,847 $4,872 $5,080 $5,981 $5,807

( Profits )
Units sold in 19.8 20.6 21.4 22.7 23.7
Billions

Quarterly Earnings: 1Q2009 In the first quarter of 2009, the Coca-Cola Company
posted revenues of $7.169 billion, a 3% decrease from 1Q 2008 figures; net income fell 10% to
$1,348 billion. Although sales volumes actually rose 7% during the quarter, the Coca-Cola
Company was negatively impacted by the dollar's strengthening against the euro, Brazilian real,
Mexican peso, and South African rand.
2Q2009: In the second quarter of 2009, the Coca-Cola Company posted revenues of
$8.267 billion, an 8.6% decrease from 2Q2008 figures; net income grew 43% to $2.037 billion.
Although the company managed to grow worldwide case volume by 4% (with especially
important increase of 33% in India and 14% in China), adverse fluctuations in the foreign
exchange caused the decrease in revenue. On a currency neutral basis, revenues grew by 4%
during 2Q2009, as pricing remained constant during the year. The growth in net income is
deceptively large, as the 2008 figure includes an $843 million, or $0.40 per share, charge due to
changes in the company's accounting policy of its equity investments in its bottlers. Ignoring this
charge, net income would've fallen by 12%.
GLOBAL UNIT SALES OF COCA COLA
The global unit sale of the Coca Cola Company is increasing from last years. The data of
the global unit sale of the Coca Cola Company can be represented by the following chart.

So there is a positive growth in the market of Coca Cola Company. There is a worldwide
volume increase with strong international growth. This is only due to the innovative marketing
programmers, which has deepened the relationship of the customers and Coca Cola. The
financial health and success of their bottling partners is a critical component of the Coca Cola
Company’s ability to build and deliver leading brands.

In 2008, the company had worked with their bottlers to turn good intentions into reality
by improving the system economics. The results in 2008 reflect this steadily improving and
mutually constructive relationship between the Company and their bottling partners. The main
reason behind this relationship is to continue realizing shared opportunities for growth, with
closer coordination of operations including customer relationships, logistics and production.
REGION WISE CONSUMPTION
OF COCA COLA

Coca Cola is the world renowned soft drink and the company is currently operating
throughout the world. The world wide total is 23.7 Billions. Review according to the regions is
as follows:

So the volume is least in Eurasia & Africa and the most in Latin America. From this data
we can find out that the customers of Coca Cola are increasing which is shown the company’s
per capita income.

MARKET POSITION OF COCA COLA

WORLDWIDE

MARKET POSITION OF COCA COLA

IN PAKISTAN

On global level Coca-Cola is the most popular brand and market leader controlling 60%
of market share. In Pakistan Coca Cola is the market follower but still in a very strong and stable
position holding 36% of the local market with a growing and increasing market share every year.

STAR
Coke Classic is the basic product through which the Coca Cola Company got the fame. It
is one product, which gives the maximum revenue from all over the world. It is one flavor,
which has the maximum consumers all over the world. Coke has already worked a lot on it by
launching new flavors in it, but still it is a product they can turn as famous as coke Classic.

CASH COWS
Fanta and Sprite are the products, which the Coca Cola Company can never think of stop
producing. It is the one which make the coke company a huge success; it was one product which
gives billions of dollars as revenue from world over. Whenever the company thinks of launching
its product in a country the first product they launch is coke classic as they know that if don’t
work here then nothing else can.

QUESTION MARK
Products that are still not a big hit as they haven’t consumed much time yet. Sprite 3G,
Sprite Zero, Diet Coke and Kinley are the examples of these question marks as the question
marks as they have not taken much time yet to get a hold of market & not even the large
percentage of the people have tasted it. So it needs time to be fully tested by the company & the
company needs to think whether it should continue the production or should divert to something
new.

DOGS
A product that has not worked good or a product which has been a source of loss.
flavored Fanta is one product that was not a big hit. Even it’s not a long period which flavored
Fanta has consumed but still there are signs that it won’t be a success. So it’s better for the
company to get rid of it.

OTHER COMPETITORS

• Mecca Cola
 • Amrat Cola

• RC Cola

• Shandy Cola

• Qibla Cola

• Future Cola
• Unilever
• Kraft Foods, Inc.

COMPETITOR ANALYSIS

BUYERS/CUSTOMERS
Coca-Cola has three major and large customers in the market, food street 60,000
cerates /year, MacDonald’s 40,000 cerates/year and Pakistan Railways who buy 50,000 cerates
/year.

However, these three customers being large and powerful are in an influential and bargaining
position they can demand discount or others facilities like (boards sign/freezers/coolers etc.) and
impose a threat to switch to their closest rival and competitor Pepsi.

SUBSTITUTES
Nestle products like juices, coffee, mineral water etc. and Shezan juices are substitutes of
Coke for health conscious people and other fresh juices.
 RIVALS/COMPETITORS
DIRECT COMPETITORS
The direct competitor of Coca-Cola is Pepsi and that of CCBPL is PCI (Pepsi cola
international) there is always ongoing tuff competition between these two arch rivals with Pepsi
leading with 54% market share and Coke gradually growing and catching up 36% market share
in Pakistan. However on global level the situation is reverse.
Both companies often engage in price cut wars, prize scheme wars and sponsorship wars
to win over each other customers.

INDIRECT COMPETITOR S
These include Nestle and Shezan juices who do not pose a threat to Coke as yet but has
the potential to do so as it is exploiting the natural aspect and health issues more and more to
make people conscious about physical fitness Coke has launched “Diet Coke” to counter the
physical fitness demands.
BUFFERING AND SMOOTHING
For beverages like Coke the buffering and smoothing policies doesn’t matter and they
don’t apply anymore because Coke remains in demand all the year round in festivals, parties,
events, meetings sports etc.

SUPPLIERS
Coca-Cola has authorized suppliers and which do not pose a threat to it. Any how Coke
does have a quality check procedures in its plants to ensure that they get the right kind of
ingredients from suppliers.
FOR EXAMPLE
If market has low quality carets of bottles by chance, they call their sales mangers to lift
up all the stock from the market then inquired from the quality inspector. They take strict notice
of that .and don not take materials from that company again if that default is due to the
ingredient contains by it.

NEW ENTRANTS
Coca-Cola is not afraid of competing .it doesn’t fear losing its share to Mecca-Cola or
other new entrants. The company management believes that new entrants provoke healthy
competition, which will provide Coke with a challenge to hold on to its loyal customers.
Besides it will take a lot of effort on the part of new entrants like Mecca- Cola, Pak-cola to fully
launch its product in Pakistan and capture or even motivate people to switch on to their new
product from Coke.
 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES

BRAND NAME, SYMBOL, BOTTLE SHAPE.

Brand name, symbol and bottle shape are distinctive features of Coca-Cola which give
it an edge over its competitors. (Even without name people can easily identify Coke’s, fanta’s,
and sprite’s bottle from crowd.) They cannot be copied or imitated by others.

DIET COKE
Coca-Cola has successfully addressed to the needs of its health conscious overweight
customers with the launch of diet Coke. Its competitor has yet to come up with and counter diet
Coke properly.

SNATCHING AWAY CUSTOMERS

In the market Coke has been able to snatch large customers like Food Street, Pakistan
Railways, McDonald’s, as well as Sponsorship events (basant, Eid, concerts etc.) from Pepsi
mainly due to its superiority in the following areas.

Cost: It is very economical, justifies performance,

Quality: No quality compromise, get the best all over Pakistan at any cost.
Innovation: new ideas for billboards design, sponsorship, changing their slogans time to
time, according to the needs of the market.

Speed: On time delivery in all over the Pakistan.

 CUSTOMER ANALYSIS
The Coca Cola Company exists to satisfy the consumers’ needs. The Coca Cola
Company has over 400 brands of drinks designed to satisfy a very wide range of consumers.
They are able to provide drinks for many different target markets including, people of all ages,
sexes, races, etc. Coca-Cola products are able to sell to a diverse worldwide population and its
success is unmatched.
In today’s society, people are looking to lead better, healthier lives, Coca Cola seeing
this trend has begun to produce, diet drinks that have the same great taste as their regular drinks
while still being low fat or low calorie drinks, such as diet coke, or coke zero.
Coca Cola products are purchased by all the different classes, but mainly by the middle
and high-class citizens, because they have more money to spend on luxury items. Coca Cola is
a very successful company; due to their success they are able to spend more money making
their factories work more efficiently. They can do this by updating the equipment used to
produce their drinks.
Although people today are becoming more conscious about their environment, and the
damage that has been done in prior years. Many people make their purchase decisions partially
based on a company’s ethics, or social responsibility. By contributing to stop pollution both
within and outside their factories, they will gain the trust and respect of the potential buyers,
who care about saving our environment. In gaining their trust and respect more people will be
willing to purchase their products, because the company stands for the same goals that their
consumers are trying to protect. The Coca Cola Company tries to be more environmentally
aware.

SWOT ANALYSIS
SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats inside a company, project, or a business venture. It involves
identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable/ unfavorable for business to
succeed.

INDUSTRIAL SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTHS
The soft drinks market in Pakistan enjoyed dynamic growth over the review period in
both volume and current value terms. Carbonates dominate the market in both the on-trade and
off-trade with the lion’s share of sales. Carbonates have become part of the culture in Pakistan
and multinational companies have maintained their standards over the years to provide
consumers with high quality carbonated drinks. Off-trade sales of carbonates are higher than
those of the on-trade but both achieved strong growth over the review period.

WEAKNESSES
Liquid concentrates and power concentrates are both seasonal categories in the market
and their sales peak in the summer in Pakistan. Both Rooh Afza and Jam-e-Shirin are traditional
sandalwood drinks in Pakistan which are highly regarded by consumers. These drinks can be
found in every home in Pakistan, especially in rural areas throughout the summer and are the
mainstay of liquid concentrates.

OPPORTUNITIES
The Government of Pakistan has reduced excise taxes to encourage soft drinks
manufacturers and importers. The Government also reduced other applicable taxes to promise
more profit not only for soft drink manufacturers already in the market but also to attract
potential soft drinks manufacturers to invest in Pakistan. Tax reductions proved extremely
beneficial to the soft drinks market in Pakistan and certainly encouraged and attracted
multinational companies to invest in the country’s soft drinks industry. The government also
decided to tax the beverage industry on capacity of production rather than on actual production

and that brave move encouraged soft drinks manufacturers to maximize production and reduce
prices.

THREATS
Increasing health and hygiene awareness among Pakistanis has greatly increased sales of
fruit/vegetable juice products. Both the government and the media have started health
awareness campaigns to make Pakistanis realize that consumption of fruit/vegetable juice is as
essential as eating food. Fruit/vegetable juices are doing very well in both urban and rural areas.
On the other hand, health and hygiene awareness has also led to increased sales of bottled water
in Pakistan. Previously bottled water was targeted on at major cities where consumers are more
healthconscious and aware of the difference between bottled water and tap water. Nowadays,
health conscious rural inhabitants also drink bottled water due to health concerns.

S WOT ANALYSIS OF COCA COLA

 Strengths Weaknesses
Internal
-Popularity
-well known -Word of mouth
-branding obvious and easily -lack of popularity of many Coca
recognized Cola’s brands
-A lot of finance -Most unknown and rarely seen
-customer loyalty -result of low profile or non-existent
-International Trade advertising -health issues

Threats
External
-changing health-consciousness
attitude -legal issues
-Health ministers
- competition (Pepsi )
Opportunities
-many successful brands to pursue -
advertise its less popular products -buy
out competition.
-More Brand recognition

STRENGTHS
Coca Cola is an extremely recognizable company. Popularity is one of its superior
strengths that are virtually incomparable. Coca Cola is known very well worldwide. It's
branding is obvious and easily recognized. Things like, logos and promos shown on t-shirts,
hats, and collectible memorabilia. Without a doubt, no beverage company compares to Coca
Cola's social popularity status. Some people buy coke, not only because of its taste, but
because it is widely accepted and they feel like they are part of something so big and unifying.
At the other end of the spectrum, certain individuals choose not to drink coke, based solely on
rebelling from the world's idea that coke is something of such great power. Overwhelming is
the best word to describe Coca Cola's popularity. It is scary to think that its popularity has
been constantly growing over the

Strategic Marketing Page 57

years and the possibility that there is still room to grow. If you speak the words “Coca Cola”, it
would definitely be recognized all around the world. Money is another thing that is strength of
the company. Coca Cola deals with massive amounts of money all year. Like all businesses, they
have had their ups and downs financially, but they have done well in this compartment and will
continue to do well and improve. The money they are earning is substantially better than most
beverage companies, and with that money, they put back into their own company so that they can
improve. Another strength that is very important to Coca Cola is customer loyalty. The 80/20
rule comes into effect in this situation. Eighty percent of their profit comes from 20% of their
loyal customers. Many people/families are extremely loyal to Coca Cola. It would not be rare to
constantly find bottles and cases of a product such as coke in a house. It seems that some people
would drink coke religiously like some people would drink water and milk. This is an
improbable feat. Customers will continually purchase these products, and will probably do so for
a very long time. If two parents were avid Coca Cola drinkers, this will be passed down do their
children as they grow loyal to the company. With Coca Cola’s ability to sell their product all over
the world, customers will continue to buy what they know and what they like…Coca Cola
products.

WEAKNESSES
Coca Cola is a very successful company, with limited weaknesses. However they do
have a variety of weaknesses that need to be addressed if they want to rise to the next level.
Word of mouth is probably a strength and weakness of every company. While many people have
good things to say, there are many individuals who are against Coca Cola as a company, and the
products in which they produce. Word of mouth unfortunately is something that is very hard to
control. While people will have their opinions, you have to try to sway their negative views. If
bad comments and views are put out to people who have yet to try Coca Cola products, then that
could produce a lost customer which shows why word of mouth is a weakness. Another aspect
that could be viewed as a weakness is the lack of popularity of many of Coca Cola’s drinks.
Many drinks that they produce are extremely popular such as Coke and Sprite but this company
has approximately 400 different drink types. Most are unknown and rarely seen for available
purchase. These drinks do not probably taste bad, but are rather a result of low profile or
nonexistent advertising. This is a weakness that needs to be looked at when analyzing their
company. Another weakness that has been greatly publicized is the health issues that surround
some of their products. It is known that a popular product like coke is not very beneficial to your
body and your health. With today’s constant shift to health products, some products could
possibly loose customers. This new focus on weight and health could be a problem for the
product that is labelled detrimental to your health.

OPPORTUNITIES
Coca Cola has a few opportunities in its business. It has many successful brands that it
should continue to exploit and pursue. Coca Cola also has the opportunity to advertise its less
popular products. With a large income it has the available money to put some of these other
beverages on the market. This could be very beneficial to the company if they could start selling
these other products to the same extent that they do with their main products. Another
opportunity that we have seen being put to use before is the ability for Coca Cola to buy out their
competition. This opportunity rarely presents itself in the world of business. However, with Coca
Cola’s power and success, such a task is not impossible. Coca Cola has bought out a countless
number of drink brands. An easy way to turn their profit into your profit is too buy out their
company. Even though this may cost a vast amount of money initially, in the long run, if all goes
to plan, it results in a large profit. Also, the company will no longer need to worry about this
product being part of the competition. Brand recognition is the significant factor affecting Cokes
competitive position. Coca Cola is known well throughout 90% of the world population today.
Now Coca Cola wants to get there brand name known even better and possibly get closer and
closer to 100%. It is an opportunity that most companies will ever dream of, and would be a
supreme accomplishment. Coca Cola has an opportunity to continue to widen the gap between
them and their competitors.

THREATS
Despite the fact that Coca Cola dominates its market, it still has to deal with many
threats. Even though Coca Cola and Pepsi control nearly 40% of the entire beverage market, the
changing health-consciousness attitude of the market could have a serious effect on Coca Cola.
This definitely needs to be viewed as a dominant threat. In today’s world, people are constantly
trying to change their eating and drinking habits. This could directly affect the sale of Coca
Cola’s products. Another possible issue is the legal side of things. There are always issues with a
company of such supreme wealth and popularity. Somebody is always trying to find fault with
the best and take them down. Coca Cola has to be careful with lawsuits. Health minister could
also be looked at as a threat. Again, some people may try to exploit the unhealthy side of Coca
Cola’s products and could threaten the status and success of sales. Other threats are of course the
competition. Coca Cola’s main competition being Pepsi, sells a very similar drink. Coca Cola
needs to be careful that Pepsi does not grow to be a more successful drink. Other product such as
juices, coffee, and milk are threats. These other beverage options could take precedent in some
people’s minds over Coca Cola’s beverages and this could threaten the potential success it
presents again.

G ROWTH STAGE OF COCA COLA

In the growth stage Coca Cola experienced rapid increase in sales volume and its
competition began to increase. People got more awareness about Coca Cola and the increase in
the competition leads it to decrease prices.
In this stage the marketing strategies used by Coca Cola were as follows:
• Product improvement
• New models were developed
• It entered new market segments
• It enlarged its distribution channels.

MATURITY STAGE OF COCA COLA

Coca Cola is in the Maturity stage from years now. The marginal costs of Coca Cola are
low in this stage, sales volume is at the peak and most of the market is covered. There is
increase in competitors which are entering in the market. Coca Cola’s brand differentiation and
features diversification is emphasized to maintain and increase market share.

DECLINE STAGE
This is the stage in which sales of the product begin to fall. Either everyone that wants
to, has bought the product or new, more innovative products have been created that replaces that
product. The only way to increase sales during this period is to cut the cost of the product.

A company takes a risk when it does Product Development, there is a chance that it
looses its customers or there will be a crowd of people demanding their product. Coca Cola
Company can do product development by introducing the new flavors in Pakistan which are not
sold anywhere in the world by the coke company. The company has to put large effort in that, as
it has to conduct all market research & feasibilities for it. But there is also an opportunity for
them as they know the market of Pakistan, that what the people here can afford & what taste they
want.

DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY
Diversification strategy is one which every company really wants to practice. There are
lots of chances of growth but the risk factor is also there. The company can manufacture
products, which are not manufactured by it before. Coca Cola is only dealing in beverages but it
can also manufacture its own snacks item as the company name is known almost all over the
world. So it can cash the name by producing the items, which are eaten with the beverages.
MARKET SEGME NTATION

Dividing a market into distinct groups with distinct needs, characteristics, or behavior who
might require separate products or marketing mixes.
In evaluating different market segments, a firm must look at three factors:

• Segment size
• Segment growth
• Segment structural attractiveness and company objectives and resources.

There is no single way to segment a market. The market has to try different segmentation
variables, alone and in combination, to find the best way to view the market structure.

TARGET MARKETING:

This is the process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one
or more segments to enter.

After evaluating different segments, the company must now decide which and how many
segments it will target, because buyers have unique needs and wants, a seller could potentially
view each buyer as a separate target market. Ideally, then, a seller might design a separate
marketing program for each buyer. There are three types of market segments.

• Undifferentiated marketing. (Mass Marketing)

• Differentiated marketing. (Segmented Marketing)
• Concentrated marketing. (Segmented Marketing, small segment)

SEGMENTATION STRATEGY COCA COLA

 Coca cola serves its products using mass marketing technique, which obviously falls in
undifferentiated marketing, and undifferentiated marketing means no segmentation, but there are
minor factors on which we can say that the coke segments its products and then targets the
customers somehow. These factors are as follows.

GEOGRAPHIC SEGME NTATION

INTERNATIONALLY
Coke segments its products country wise and region wise, here the most important thing
is the taste and the quality, it varies according to the taste and the income level of the people in
that country, and i.e. Third world counties are given low quality taste.
Coca Cola Company tries to satisfy the needs of a whole line of different people. They
have drinks that target different, age groups, ethnic groups, sexes, lifestyles, etc.
There are some of the different brands:
Oasis
This is a juice made for the younger working adults, 20-30. It is available in berry, lemon and
orange tangerine. This drink is most popular in Britain and Ireland. Minute Maid
Minute Maid targets kids and adults, ages 1-10 and 40+. This drink is conveniently packaged to
take with you on the go anywhere. The health check is part of the reason for the wide target
market, parents want their kids to be healthy and so knowing that this product is accepted by
such a well known respected company pleases the parents and gives them a sense of relief. Coca
Cola
The Coca Cola drink is by far there most successful drink. It is very popular among many
different nations. It is a soft drink. Because of the huge demand for the coca cola drink, and the
trend towards healthier lifestyles coca and begun to produce spin-offs of the coca cola product.
They have made drinks such as coca cola zero, coca cola diet, coca cola C2, coca cola with lime
etc. By having all these different drinks with the same basic taste they are able to target a much
bigger market. Due to the large success of the drinks coca cola is in demand worldwide. As
such the Coca Cola brand is sold in most countries in the world. Coca Coal Zero
This drink is specifically targeted at teens that don’t want the calories that come with coke but
want to same great taste. This Product is sweetened with aspartame.
Coca Cola Diet

The diet drinks are targeted at adults of ages 30-50, who are health conscious but still love the
great taste of coke. This drink is sugar less. Coca Cola with lime
The drink is sold in both regular and diet. It is for a wide range a coke lovers who are looking
for an extra little punch. Sprite
This is a soft drink that has many different target markets. This product has a different taste then
coke all together and is not as popular but it is still a very popular drink. Like coke it also has a
whole other line of drinks associated with it, such as diet sprite, sprite zero, sprite with a hint of
lime. This drink is also sold in many places worldwide. Powerade
Powerade is a sports drink. It is designed with a great taste and is also thirst quenching. It is
made for athletes of all ages, sexes and sports, but they would target this drink at teens and
young adults, age’s 13- 27. This drink is sold in many places but mostly over North America.
Aquarius
Aquarius is a sports drink, enjoyed by people who have healthy lifestyles. It is made for athletes
of all ages, sexes and sports, but they would target this drink at teens and young adults, age’s 13-
27. This produce is very well known in Europe. Particularly in France, Norway, Spain. But it is
still known all over. It became even more successful when it became the official drink of the
Olympic games in Barcelona in 1992. Full Throttle
This is an energy drink. It is designed for athletes both male and female but particularly males,
of ages 14-25.
As we can see by looking at a select few of coca colas drinks they have a wide variety of
drinks to satisfy everyone’s needs.

CLIMATIC
Weather is the third major factor in effecting the Coke’s selling. In coke marketing, main
idea is to serve it cold, so we can say that, they focus more on hot areas of the world, i.e. middle
east etc and there sale increase in summer. This is underdeveloped market so the coke’s
consumption in summers is 60% and in winters is 40%.. It is a source of refreshment when a
person is thirsty due to the hot weather.
LOCALLY
In Pakistan the coke segments more in urban and suburban areas as compare to rural. 35
% population resides in urban areas and 65% population lives in rural areas in Pakistan. Coca
Cola is focusing on urban areas as people there are more inclined towards such beverage while
people in rural areas are more inclined drinking lassi and desi drinks.
DEMOGRAPHIC SEGMENTATION
AGE
Internationally coke has segments the small children introducing tastes like vanilla, lime
and cherry, they focus children from 4-12. Coke specifically target more young people than
older.

Pakistan is considered to be a young country i.e. average age of Pakistani population is

less than 38 years. Thus targeting young generation can be a beneficial marketing strategy for
soft drink companies. In fact this is the case, all the major brands like Coca Cola, Pepsi mainly
target younger generation in Pakistan.
GENDER
Coca Cola targets both genders with its wide variety of drinks. This market is relatively
large and is open to both genders, thereby allowing greater product diversification.

FAMILY TYPE
 Coca Cola introduces its economy pack, and that’s how they focus family and groups.

INCOME
Coca Cola segments different income levels by packaging. Like for small income people
it has small returnable glass bottle, for middle people it has non returnable bottle and for higher
income people it has coke tin.

PSYCHOGRAPHICS SEGMENTATION
All psychographics variables the social class, lifestyle, occupation, level of education and
personality, Coca Cola segments everyone, but again it is their packaging which is different for
different consumers.

SOCIAL CLASS
Coca Cola is a well known brand. People who are brand conscious will not drink
beverages of less known brands and quality such as Amrat cola. They will try to show their
status by drinking Coca Cola which is known to all as a quality drink.

LEVEL OF EDUCATION
A company has to make promotional strategies keeping in view the customer level. If
the percentage of education is high in a country then through advertisements people can be
made well aware of their product and can convey their message easily. Promotion and education
has a direct relationship.

BEHAVIORAL SEGMENTATION
It is how people perceive a specific product, in short psychological analysis of a
product. Coca Cola all over the world is recognized as a quality drink and therefore people
drink it without any hesitation whenever they are thirsty or otherwise. So marketers of Coca
Cola have made it a drink for all people and for diabetic people they introduced diet Coke.

OCCASIONS
A very special occasion for the people of Pakistan Ramzan, people emphasis on
enjoying Coca-Cola at “Iftar” and then on Eid with friends & family with super price off
promotion.

BENEFITS SOUGHT
Sometimes, for the promotion strategy of coke, Coca Cola Company introduce prizes in
the top cover. So they segment people by benefit sought, i.e. by giving them prizes.

MARKETING MIX OF COCA COLA

Marketing decisions generally fall into the following controllable categories:
• Product
• Price
• position

• Place (distribution)
• Promotion

PRODUCT STRATEGY OF COCA COLA

Product: Anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or
consumption that might satisfy a want or need.

LEVELS OF COKE AS A PRODUCT

CORE PRODUCT
Core benefit is that it fulfills the thirst.

ACTUAL PRODUCT
Design: Pet bottles, returnable glass bottles, economy packs.
Quality: Quality differs with respect to country for example. Coca-Cola Can quality that
is available in Middle East is certainly different as compared to Coke Can available in Pakistan.
 PRODUCT CLASSIFICATIONS
Coke is categorized as a convenience product, because the purchasing rate is very high
and this is the product that is bought very frequently.
INDIVIDUAL PRODUCT DECISIONS
Brand

Existing New

Existin Line extension Brand g extension

Product

New Multi- New brands

Branding
BRANDING

BRAND EQUITY
As far as coke is concerned brand equity for the customers is very high. People are highly
brand loyal.

BRAND STRATEGY
The following is the brand strategy of Coke

➢ LINE EXTENSION
Line extension occurs when a company introduces additional items in a given product
category under the same brand name. For example if Coke introduces new flavors and package
size, it will be considered as line extension.

• BRAND EXTENSION
Brand extension means using a successful brand name lets say Coca-Cola and then launching
new product for example cherry coke. This was an example of brand extension.

• MULTI-BRANDING
It means introducing additional brands in the same category. For example Coca-Cola not only
introduced coke as a brand but also sprite and Fanta.

• DIVERSIFICATION
It means introducing new product with the new brand name. It means diversification but this
is something Coca-Cola has not adopted for as yet.

PRODUCT LINE DECISIONS

PRODUCT LINE LENGTH

It means the number of products that company is offering. For example Coke, Diet Coke,
Fanta, Sprite etc.

PRODUCT LINE FILLING

Product line filling means that earlier when Coca-Cola started it had only one flavor of
coke available and that is classic coke but with the passage of time company filled the product
line by adding diet coke, diet lemon etc.

PRICING STRATEGY OF COCA COLA

The amount of money charged for a product or service, or sum of the values that
consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or services. As price gives us
the profit so this P is very important for business price of product should be that which gives
maximum benefit to the company and which gives maximum satisfaction to the customer.
Following factors Coca Cola kept in mind while determining the pricing strategy.
• Price should be set according to the product demand of public.
• Price should be that which gives the company maximum revenue.
• Price should not be too low or too high than the price competitor is charging from
their customers otherwise nobody will buy your product.
• Price must be keeping the view of your target market.
The price of Coca Cola, despite being market leader is the same as that of its competitor
Pepsi Cola. Sometimes, Pepsi places its customers into some psychological pricing strategies by
reducing a high priced bottle and consumers think that they save a lot of money from this.
PRICES OF DIFFERENT BOTTLES
 Size of Coca Cola Price of Coca Cola (RS.)
Regular bottle 12
Non returnable or disposable bottle 25
1.5 liter bottle 60
2.25 liter bottle 70 Coca Cola can 30
　
　
PRICING STRATEGIES
COMPETITION BASED PRICING APPROACH
Coca Cola has intense competition with Pepsi so its pricing can’t exceed too much nor decrease
too much as compared to the price of Pepsi Cola. If price of the Coca Cola exceed too much from
the Pepsi then people will shift to the Pepsi Cola and on the other hand if the price of Coca Cola
decreases people might get the impression that its quality is also low.
PROMOTIONAL PRICING POLICY
Coca Cola has offered promotional prices very frequently. Especially on some occasion
Coca Cola reduces its rates like in Ramzan Coca Cola reduces its rate unto 5 Rupees on 1.5 liter
bottle.
MARKET PENETRATION PRICING POLICY
Prices in beverage industry are determined by the consumer. In an economy like that of
Pakistan, consumers tend to switch towards a low priced product. Coca Cola’s objective is to
target every consumer of the country so Coca Cola has to set its prices at such a level which no
one can offer to its consumers. That is why Coca Cola charges the same prices as are being
charged by its competitors. Otherwise, consumers may go for Pepsi Cola in case of availability
of Coca Cola at relatively high price.

DISCOUNTS
Coca Cola offers various discounts to those retailers who have the maximum sales of
Coca Cola products on daily, monthly and on seasonal basis. Some of the main discounts given
to the retailers are as follows:

QUALITY DISCOUNT
Following are discounts offered by Coca Cola.
➢ 1/10 DISCOUNT
I.e. one case of Coca Cola is free on buying 10 cases of Coca Cola at one time.
➢ 2/20 DISCOUNT
 I.e. two cases of Coca Cola are free on buying 20 cases of Coca Cola at one time.

SEASONAL DISCOUNT
Following are discounts offered by Coca Cola.
Coca Cola also offers seasonal discounts schemes by reducing price in Ramadan and on
Eid. Coca Cola also offers trade in allowance for retailers.
➢ 3 B – F DISCOUNT
I.e. sometimes, especially in the off-season duration, in order to increase the sale of Fanta
and Sprite, 3-BF discount is given (i.e.) 3 bottles free on purchasing every case of Fanta and
Sprite.
INCENTIVES
Mainly two types of incentives are given by the Coca Cola:
INCENTIVE TO RETAILERS
Coca Cola provide various incentives to retailers on the best sales and achieving the
predetermined sales targets. These incentives are in the shape of:
• Deep Freezers
• Return Tickets
• Free Transportation Services.
INCENTIVE TO DEALERS
The first, second and third best dealers of the year are awarded.

CREDIT
There is no credit system in the beverage industry. Every single bottle is sold on the cash
basis.

SPECIAL OFFERS
Coca Cola gives special offers to consumers on special occasions like Ramadan and Eid
days instead of decreasing the price of the products, some special packs like Pakkora Mix, Chat
Massala, or Free Drinks with Liter Bottles are offered.

Others colas like Mecca Cola, Amrat Cola and Mountain Dew are offering same for same
price and same benefits for more price. They are using followers strategy, as they follow the
other market leaders and giving their customers same benefits for same price. Others colas like
tha bottles (local colas) are offering less benefits for same price and less benefits for less price.
As they have no existence in market and their products have no position or we can say very
badly positioned in consumer minds.

PACKAGING & LABEL I NG OF

COCACOLA
Packaging means the activities of designing and producing the container or wrapper for a
product.

Traditionally packaging decisions where based primarily on cost and production factors,
the primary function of the package was to contain and protect the product the product. In recent
time, however humorous factors have made packaging an important marketing tool. These
factors include all acting attention describing the product making the sales.

Packaging involves designing and producing the container or wrapper for product. The
package may include the product’s primary container a secondary package that is thrown away
when the product is about to be used and shipping package necessary to store , information
appearing the product labeling printed information appearing on or with the packaging is also
part of packaging. Label ways rouge from toys attached from product to the complex graphic
that identify the product or brand, such as the product the label weight also described several
things about the product that made its contents how it is to be used.

Coca-Cola products, almost all of them are available in bottles of 250 ml, 500 ml pet jar,
1000 ml, 1500 ml and 2000 ml bottles as well as 330 ml cans.

The advantages of packaging are as follows

• In strip packaging there is aluminum foil on both the sides. Strip packing is done
for providing stability to those products which are having less productivity.
• In facilitating branding and advertising of products.
• In serving as a silent salesman. It induces the buyers to make re order.
• It has got display value.
• It helps the seller to increase his sales and obtained higher prices than he could
get from unpacked good.
• Printed literature containing “Instruction to use the product” can be easily passed
on to the consumers by putting in the package.
• Packaging given the product a prestige an individually and identity which the
goods sold in loose form do.

LABELING OF COCA COLA

Labels may range from simple tags attached to products to complex graphics that are part of
the package.
Labeling is mainly done in order to promote the product through attractive graphic. In the
“Coca-Cola” company, the labels are provided with bottles.
PROMOTION STRATEGIES OF COCA
COLA

GETTING SHELVES
They get or purchase shelves in big departmental stores and display their products in
those shelves in that style which show their product clearer and more attractive for the
consumers.

EYE CATCHING POSITION

Salesman of the Coca Cola Company positions their freezers and their products in eye-
catching positions. Normally they keep their freezers near the entrance of the stores.

SALE PROMOTION
Company also do sponsorships with different college and school’s cafes and sponsors
their sports events and other extra curriculum activities for getting market share.

UTC SCHEME
UTC mean under the crown scheme, coca cola often do this type of scheme and they
offer very handy prizes in it. Like once they offer bicycles, caps, TV sets, cash prizes etc. This
scheme is very much popular among children.
DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS

Coca Cola Company makes two types of selling

• Direct selling
• Indirect selling

DIRECT SELLING
In direct selling they supply their products in shops by using their own transports. They
have almost 450 vehicles to supply their bottles. In this type of selling company have more profit
margin.
 INDIRECT SELLING
They have their whole sellers and agencies to cover all area. Because it is very difficult
for them to cover all area of Pakistan by their own so they have so many whole sellers and
agencies to assure their customers for availability of Coca Cola products.

FACILITATING THE PRODUCT BY

INFRASTRUCTURE
For providing their product in good manner company has provided infrastructure these
includes:

• Vizi cooler
• Freezers
• Display racks
• Free empty bottles and shells for bottles

ADVERTISEMENT OF COCA COLA

The field of advertisement is one area where Coca-Cola has always emphasized.

In year 2000 Coca-Cola unveiled the biggest advertising billboards in the history of
Pakistan. Each unveiling was marked by entertainment and light shows watched by thousands
of people. Similarly in July 2000 Coca-Cola launched its first under the crown promotion by the
name of Dream Vacations in which the consumers could collect caps of promotional bottles of
Coca-Cola like Sprite, Fanta and Coke.

ADVERTISEMENT OBJECTIVE
Type of advertising with respect to product life cycle that Coca-Cola adopts is reminder
type. The reason behind this fact is that coke is such a product that is at the maturity level
currently so for such a product companies mostly go for reminder type of advertisement so that
they can penetrate more and more and same is the case with Coke.

SETTING OF ADVERTISING BUDGET

Coca-Cola sets its advertisement budget on the basis of competitor based budgeting.
Major competitor of Coca Cola is Pepsi and as Coke realizes that Pepsi has increased its
advertising budget, straight away Coca-Cola management plans to do the same so that they can
compete in advertising department as well.

ADVERTISING STRATEGY
Before creating advertising message the Coca-Cola Company gives lots of time to the
factor that the message must gain customer attention. This is basically called “Clutter Buster”
means that only that advertisement will leave impact on customer mind that has some specialty
or uniqueness in it. For example in India Coke current slogan “Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola” has
gained reasonable customer attention.

ADVERTISEMENT MEDIA
Coca-Cola Company advertises its products mainly coke through electronic media that
includes Television, Radio and Internet as well. Moreover leading newspapers of Pakistan are
also the targeted by coke for advertising. So we can say that coke not only uses electronic but
print media for advertisement as well.
Coca Cola Company use different mediums
• Print media
• Pos material
• TV commercial
• Billboards and holdings

PRINT MEDIA
They often use print media for advertisement. They have a separate department for print
media.

POS MATERIAL
POS material mean point of sale material this includes: posters and stickers that are
displayed in the stores and in different areas.

TV COMMERCIALS
As everybody know that TV is a most common entertaining medium so TV commercials
are one of the most attractive way of doing advertisement. So Coca Cola Company does regular
TV commercials on different channels.

BILLBOARDS AND HOLDINGS

Coca Cola is very much conscious about their billboards and holdings. They have so
many sites in different locations for their billboards.

EXPECTATIONS FOR THE COMING YEAR

Everything starts from the attitude of consumer’s behavior. And the basic key to attract
the consumers is to throw the “money away”.
And positive feeling felling with the brand, which they used to have Coke wants to
advertise their products heavily in the coming year. And it will take the 10% of their profits. And
when we take it as a global level it is $ I billion.
Coming year is the challenging year for the industry of Coke. They have to take lots of
decisions that how to increase the production and where they have to spend money.
For gaining success in coming year they have to have some important things like:

• Loyal consumers are important for company’s success.

• Workers should be the brand centric not the promotion centric.
 • They should know how much to for the brand activities.
• They should also know that how much to do with the promotion activities for brand.
HOW COKE DETERMINE THE YEARLY
BUDGET
Coke determines its yearly budget by the
• Sales volume
• Profitability
• Target volume

SALES VOLUME
Coke determines its yearly budget through the sales volume. They first concentrate on
the
thing is “what is the condition of their sales?” if the condition is good of their sales then they
definitely increase their production and sales volume. Otherwise they concentrate on their old
strategies.

PROFITABILITY
The second thing through which they determines budget is the “profit” .if they r getting
profits with the high margin, then they definitely want to increase their profits in the next
coming year. Every organization runs on the basis of getting high profits. No organization wants
to face Loss in their business. To get profit is the first priority of the Coke.

TARGET VOLUME
To run the business every industry has some targets, which they want to achieve in a
specific time period. If industry achieves those goals in that period then for the coming year it
increases the volume of the target.
So Coke Follow the same thing it has also some goals and targets to achieve in the given
time period. When they succeed to achieve that target then they increase their target volume in
the next year.
SALES PROMOTION ACTIVITIES

COCA-COLA CRICKET
Cricket the most sought after; watched & played game in Pakistan .the game of cricket
has been owned by various brands in the industry for the promotion of their products over a
period of time. It has ranged from tobacco to lubricants to communication companies to banks to
airlines & lately to the beverage industry. The competition has become tougher & tougher as the
time has progressed.
Coca-Cola signed a sponsorship agreement with eight of Pakistan’s National cricket
players. Coca-Cola realizing the fact that cricket is a very strong element by which it can reach it
consumers & masses invested in the opportunity and launched a massive campaign on mass
media showing all these cricket stars endorsing & complimenting Coca-Cola brand. The
CocaCola Company developed three TV commercials & four testimonial ads with the player &
ran them on the national net work during various cricket matches. These bold steps taken by the
Coca-Cola marketing unit acclaimed them many acknowledgements across the board. This
campaign helped Coca-Cola to establish its association with the game & the player.

COCA-COLA CONCERTS
Abrar-ul-haq’s distinct style, lyrics & songs have made him an instant hit among the masses in
Pakistan. His enormous popularity in the country & abroad is supported by Coca-Cola’s commitment
towards providing healthy & fun-filled entertainment for the youth of Pakistan. Coca-Cola brought Abrar
to his fans through holding concerts & featuring Abrar in a much-appreciated TVC & MMT featured
throughout the country.

The TVC campaign focused on the hectic lifestyle of a pop star who found respite & relief
through Coca-Cola in short moments that he had to himself during a concert. Coca-Cola’s brand
positioning of providing deep down refreshment for the body, soul & mind were captured accurately in
the TVC & depicted aptly how the drink completes the moment for Abrar.

COCA-COLA FOOD MELA

With a splash of food, fun & prizes to be won, the Coca-Cola food mela treated the people of
Karachi, to a festive food festival comprising of 50 restaurants, spread out all over the bustling city’s
map. The promotion saw the avid families & friends enjoying the delicacies at the restaurants; all
resiliently upholding the Coca-Cola identity.
COCA-COLA BASANT FESTIVAL
In February the month of basant the parks & horticulture authority in Lahore nominated
CocaCola the official sponsor of the basant festival .Coca-Cola added to the carnival atmosphere by
making the festival free to enter & decorating all main roads in Lahore with illuminated kites. Coca-Cola
also hosted a concert of pop idol Abrar-ul-haq, had children’s parade & held the Coca-Cola kite flying
championship during the basant festival. Now “where there is basant there is Coca-Cola”, it has been
impossible to envisage basant without Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola give the more refreshing flavor to the
colors of basant by adding more life to the festival, giving the consumer a unique experience which they
had never tasted before.

COCA-COLA GO-RED
Quenching the thirst of motorist, pedestrians & passerby’s during Lahore’s hottest summer
season, Coca-Cola’s “GO-RED” teams went out into the cities main quadrants to “serve & refresh” on
the spot with ice-cold Coca-Colas at discounted prices backed by a heavy FM announcement campaign
the “GO-RED” stall, served well to promote the Coca-Cola industry.

COCA-COLA PARTY IN A PARK

In June 2000, Coca-Cola created an experiential musical evening in Lahore, where Junoon
performed. This program was recorded and one-hour program shown in the national TV for free.10
million households saw Coca-Cola ‘Party in a Park’ while 10 thousand people attended the event.

COCA-COLA SHOPPING FESTIVAL

Coca-Cola hosted “The Coca-Cola Shopping Festival” Lahore’s first shopping festival, a
resounding success with tempting discounts, live music, great prizes & fire works. Liberty marketing
Gulberg was a hive of activity during the weeklong shopping extravaganza. The in augural event proved
so popular that it is now set to become an annual fixture.

COCA-COLA PET PROMOTION

In 1996, Coca-Cola launched 1.5 liter Pet contour bottle for the first time in Pakistan.
Targeting house wives & family home, Coca-Cola’s 1.5 liter Pet bottle, took the limelight & gained
momentum with a campaign promoting the unique packaging and its numerous consumer benefits .A
treat for the family, Coca-Cola’s PET was offered through a “price-off” promotion that said...Go out &
get some
COCA-COLA RAMZAN CAMPAIGN
A very special occasion for the people of Pakistan Ramzan saw another very special
CocaCola’s promotion, marketing the popular 1.5 liter PET bottle & the 1 liter bottle with a super price-
off promotion. The emphasis on enjoying Coca-Cola at “Iftar” with friends & family.

COCA-COLA WONDER OF THE WORLD PROMOTION

In July 2000, Coca-Cola set the stage of the grand UTC promotion. Coca-Cola went ahead with
the idea of giving consumer chances to win fabulous, magical “dream vacation” to numerous “wonder
destination” throughout the world on every purchase of a 250 ml RGB bottle of Coca-Cola, Sprite, &
Fanta.The promotion gave consumers a chance to win free drink, a trip to PARIS, HOLLYWOOD,
NEWYORK, SINGAPORE & CAIRO along with airfare & four nights free stay in these dream lands.
The promotion saw avid consumer collecting Coca-Cola ‘Crown caps’ & sparked a keen response from
the public , rendering an outstanding testimonial campaign in the second phase, highlighting the winners
over whelmed in the magical delight of their favorite beverage Coca-Cola.

COCA-COLA & NOKIA

In August 2001, the new under-the-crown promotion “Nikla Kiya?”(What have u won) was
launched in collaboration with Chimera Nokia. The promotion gave consumer a chance to win thousand’s
of Coca-Cola branded Nokia 3310 cellular phones on every purchase of 750ml RGB bottle of
CocaCola ,Sprite, & Fanta. The other highlight of promotion was the “Caught Red Handed” campaign.
Branded Coca-Cola with ‘caught red handed’ team in them went to Lahore & Karachi for three days, with
target that anyone being caught drinking Coca-Cola will be awarded a nokia 3310 mobile phone & if
someone is caught talking on a Nokia mobile will win free supply of Coca-Cola. Caught red handed
become a huge success among the masses as it was one to one interaction between the Coca-Cola brand
& the consumers. This activity helped build confidence and brand loyalty among core consumers.

COCA COLA TV MAZZA

The Coca Cola new campaign is Coca Cola TV mazza, it is a utc scheme in which people are getting
television sets of different sizes. These days this scheme is very popular among the people.

COCA-COLA & MC DONALD’S

Coca-Cola & key account of MC Donald’s launched the “we go together” joint promotion to
reinstate amongst consumers a real sense of the affinity that, both shares globally. The promotion
kicked off with pos material (Danglers, Bunting etc) displayed at all MC Donald’s restaurants
along with a special offer for coke & fries.
FANTA & SPRITE LAUNCHED
In November 2000moving on to the Sprite & Fanta brands, the consumers in Pakistan
witnessed a soft launch in essence. The Coca-Cola Company declared the new “Non-
Returnable” bottles of Sprite & Fanta as the “New, On the Go Packs” flaunting the innovative
packaging convenience. Fanta & Sprite are sure to enjoy considerable success in Pakistan.

DIET COKE
After the acquisition of the individual local franchise bottling facilities in 1996, the company
has successfully launched its first new product, diet coke, for the first time in almost 3 years. The was
linked with three fashion shows as Diet Coke is related to fashion & fitness, but the major hit was
thematic fashion shows in restaurants, which are the key accounts of the company as this has been never
done before in Pakistan.
CONCLUSION
We have concluded from this detailed report that despite the fact Coca Cola currently
occupies the market leadership position overall but it does not guarantee that the company will
sustain its position in the future as well. In Pakistan as compared to Pepsi, Coca-Cola has less
number of consumers as Pepsi’s market share in Pakistan is approximately 54% where as Coke
market share is hovering about 36%, hence the conclusion is that Coca-Cola must enhance
factors such as relationship marketing, innovation and technology especially in Pakistan to attain
market leader position in this region as well.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 After completing our project we have come up with following recommendations for the
Coca Cola Company, which are following.
• Currently in Pakistan there are only two flavor of Coke available, company can extend
their portfolio by introducing new flavors.
• According to the survey, conducted by the international firm Pakistani people like less
sweet cola drink. So for this Coca-Cola Company should think about bringing a new
product for example new diet flavors, in the market to fulfill the local need.
• Marketing team should try to increase the availability of Coke in rural areas.
• Coca Cola Company should think about producing Coke Can locally as well because
currently coke Cans are only smuggled from abroad and sold at high price. Company can
capitalize on this factor.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.cocacola.com HYPERLINK
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Principles of Marketing by Philip Kotler

Strategic Marketing by David W. Cravens
Local Newspapers
International Herald Tribune Newspaper
The Nikkei Weekly magazine, Japan (Winter, 2009)
Jamal Hassan