Ave Maria College

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
HEI Unique Institutional Identifier No: 09077

COURSE PACKET IN
MAJ 5: MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE

Prepared By:

Rhoxan N. Duclay
Course Facilitator

2021
AMC, Vallesville – Fatima, Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte, 7115
 PREPARED BY:
RHOXAN N. DUCLAY

i
 FOREWORD

The world before is different to what we call ‘now’. As the world evolves and so is the
technology, a lot of things become more inevitable and destructible. To maintain the stability of
Humanity, the people in our Educational System work hand in hand in innovating and developing the
curriculum amidst the pandemic we are facing at the moment. We modified a flexible educational
process to address the current position with respect to conditions and circumstances (COVID -19). Ave
Maria College prepared a Course Packet to ease the existing needs of the students in Higher Education
as well as to conform to the basic health protocols.

This course packet aims to provide comprehensive studies and activities that can be done at
home. It is divided into three parts: the course outline, the information sheets, and the activities.
Essential topics were taken from a chunk of broad lessons but maintaining the quality of education we
ought to provide to the students.

This course, Mythology and Folklore focuses on the beginning of the world and how it was
created according to the different stories pass from generation to generation. Since the beginning of
time, people have gathered around fires to tell stories of angry gods, harrowing journeys, cunning
animals, horrible beast, and the mighty heroes who vanquished them. Mythology and Folklore have
provided a way for these colorful stories to spring to life for thousands of years. The students will
journey with age-old heroes as they slay dragons, outwit gods and clever monsters, defy fate, and fight
endless battles with strength and courage. The students will explore the universality and social
significance of myths and folklore and see how these powerful tales continue to shape society even
today.

In the present generation, with the use of technology and other media, the students can explore
Mythology and Folklore engaging into more meaningful and individualized learning experiences to cope
up with social distancing. The activities include: watching movies and writing movie reviews; reading
stories and writing analysis; and answering activity worksheets with varied learning tasks.

We can learn and stay healthy at the same time even in time of health crisis. Be safe everyone.

RHOXAN N. DUCLAY
Contact No. 09098943380
Email Account: rhoxanduclay25@gmail.com
Facebook Account: Xhan Napallaton Duclay

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Contents
No.

Cover Page ………………………………………………………………………………… i

Foreword …………………………………………………………………………………... ii
Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………. iii
Course Outline ……………………………………………………………………………. v
Week 1
I. Introduction to Mythology and Folklore ………………………………………………... 3
Weekly Exam 1 ……………………………………………………………………. 9
Activity 1 …………………………………………………………………………… 11

Week 2
II. Greek and Roman Mythology ……………………………………………………………. 13
A. How the World and Mankind were Created …………………………………………..... 13
B. The Gods and Goddesses ……………………………………………………………....... 18
Weekly Exam 2 ……………………………………………………………………… 29
Activity 2 …………………………………………………………………………….. 32
Week 3
C. The Two Great Gods of Earth …………………………………………………………. 34
D. Cupid and Psyche……………………………………………………………………… 41
E. Eight Brief Tales of Lovers …………………………………………………………….... 42
50
Weekly Exam 3 ……………….……………………………………….…………….
51
Activity 3…………………………………………………………………………….

Week 4
F. The Great Heroes before Trojan War ……………………………………………………. 53
G. The Trojan War ………………………………………………………………………… 53
H. The Adventures of Odysseus …………………………………………………………….. 53
56
Weekly Exam 4 ………………………………………………………………………
58
Activity 4 …………………………………………………………………………….

Week 5
II. Norse Mythology …………………………………………………………………………… 60
A.. The Norse Gods ………………………………………………………………………… 60
B. Mythological Realms of the Norse Gods ……………………………………………….. 64
C. The Norse Myth …………………………………………………………………………
66
Weekly Exam 5 …………………………………….………………………….…….. 68
Activity 5 …………………………………………………………………………….. 70
Week 6
III. The World’s Mythology ………………………………………………………………….. 72
A. The Mythologies of the World 72
74

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 ………………………………………………………….. 75
Weekly Exam 6 ………………………………………………………………………
Activity No. 6 …………………………………………………………………………
Week 7
IV. Philippine Mythology and Folklore …………………………………………………….. 77
Weekly Exam 7 ………………………………………………………………………... 78
Activity 7 ……………………………………………………………………...…......... 79
Week 8
V. Final Examination ………………………………………………………………………. 85
Week 9
VI. Course Portfolio ………………………………………………………………………….. 87

Ave Maria College

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
HEI Unique Institutional Identifier: 09077

iv
 COURSE OUTLINE

Course
Rhoxan N. Duclay
Facilitator
Course Code
MAJ 5 – Mythology and Folklore
and Title
Pre-requisite MAJ 2 – Language, Culture and Society
Course This course explores mythology and folklore from different countries to gain
Description insights into people’s origin, desires, fears, instinct, and needs.
Course At the end of this course, the students should be to:
Objectives 1. develop a reading log that would enhance critical thinking and literary
analysis utilizing different literary theories on exploring mythology and
folklore from different countries to gain insights into people’s origin, desires,
fears, instinct, and needs as an attempt of ancient people to explain nature and
of natural phenomena;
2. develop an appreciation into people’s origin, desires, fears, instinct, and
needs through the exploration of the different reading and viewing materials
and draw implications by means of advanced organizers as shown in varied
activity worksheets; and
3. internalize the values derived from mythology, a rich body of knowledge,
through writing a reflection paper about the different myths explored.
No. of Course
6 hrs Home Learning x 9 Weeks= 54 hrs. / Semester
Hours
Flexible Modular Distance Learning/ Blended
Learning (Home Learning Aided by Course Packet)
Week Lessons / Teacher’s Activity
Students’ Activity (Output)
(Input)
Week 1 General Class and Course Orientation 1. Get Oriented About the Course,
1. Discuss Course Outline, Requirements, Classroom Protocols
Requirements (Outputs), Classroom and Week 1 Lessons & Activities
Protocols and Week 1 Lessons and
Activities 2. Receive Course Packet
2. Distribute Course Packets
Weekly Objectives:
At the end of the week , students should be able to:

1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. make an info-video about the most common legend in their community.
LESSON 1: HOME LEARNING:
I. Introduction to Mythology and Read/Listen/Watch Lesson 1. Then DO:
Folklore 1. Weekly Exam 1
2. Activity 1

Week 2
1. Collect Week 1 Outputs 1. Submit Week 1 Outputs

Weekly Objectives:
At the end of the week, students should be able to:
1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. create a poster of modern version of Greek gods .

v
 LESSON 2: HOME LEARNING:
II. Greek and Roman Mythology (cont.) Read/Listen/Watch Lesson 2. Then DO:
A.How the World and Mankind were 1. Weekly Exam 2
Created
2. Activity 2
B. The Gods and Goddesses

Week 3
1. Collect Week 2 outputs 1. Submit Week 2 Outputs

Weekly Objectives:
At the end of the week , students should be able to:

1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. draw a cover design of the story “Cupid and Psyche”.
LESSON 3: HOME LEARNING:
III.Greek and Roman Mythology (cont.) Read/Listen/Watch Lesson 3. Then DO:
C. The two Great Gods of Earth 1. Weekly Exam 3
D.Cupid and Psyche 2. Activity 3
E. Eight Brief Tales of Lovers
Week 4
1. Collect Week 3 outputs 1.Submit Week 3 Outputs
Weekly Objectives:
At the end of the week , students should be able to:

1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. create a bio-poem about the heroes before the Trojan war.
LESSON 4: HOME LEARNING:
IV. Greek and Roman Mythology (cont.) Read Lesson 4. Then DO:
F. The Great Heroes before Trojan
War 1. Weekly Exam 4
G. The Trojan War 2. Activity 4
H. The Adventures of Odysseus
Week 5
1. Collect Week 4 Outputs 1. Submit Week 4 Outputs
Weekly Objectives:
At the end of the week , students should be able to:

1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. create images for Asgard, Midgard, and other worlds mentioned in the myths.
LESSON 5: HOME LEARNING:
V. Norse Mythology Read Lesson 5. Then DO:
A. The Norse Gods 1. Weekly Exam 5
B. Mythological Realms of the Norse 2. Activity 5
Gods
C. The Norse Myth

vi
Week 6 1. Collect Week 5 Outputs 1. Submit Week 5 Output
Weekly Objectives:
At the end of the week , students should be able to:

1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. create a pamphlet about the mythologies of the world.
LESSON 6: HOME LEARNING:
V. The World Mythology Research (Online or Library) Lesson 6.
A. The Mythologies of the World Then DO:
1. Weekly Exam 6
2. Activity 6
Week 7
1. Collect Week 6 outputs 1. Submit Week 6 outputs

Weekly Objectives:
At the end of the week , students should be able to:

1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. collect a sample story of Folktale, folksong and Legend from Philippine Mythology.
LESSON 7: HOME LEARNING:
Research (Online or Library) Lesson 7.
VI. Philippine Mythology and Folklore Then Do:
1. Weekly Exam 7
2. Activity 7

FINAL EXAM. WEEK

Week 8 1. Receive Week 7 outputs 1. Take the Final Exam
2. Collect Final Exam. Permit
3. Return Checked Outputs for Week 7

Week 9 Submission of Course Portfolio Submit Course Portfolio

Congratulations! You have completed your Course in MAJ 5. Good Job!

Major Output / Project
Assessment Task Details

vii
 The students are tasked to submit a Portfolio in MAJOR 5 which is divided into
three components, namely: Compilation of Reading Logs, Movie Reviews, and
Activity Worksheets
Specifically,

The READING LOG contains the following:

1. Copy of the story/myth (full or summary)
PORTFOLIO IN 2. Character and Characterization
MAJOR 5: 3. Analysis using the different literary theories (Literary Criticism)
MYTHOLOGY 4. Student’s Reflection.
AND FOLKLORE
The MOVIE REVIEW contains the following:
1. Summary/Synopsis of the movie viewed
2. Analysis using the movie review approaches
3. Student’s Reflection

The ACTIVITY contains varied learning tasks that the students have
accomplished during the entire semester.

Computation for the Semestral Grade:

Components Percentage
Grading System Mid Term (Weekly Exams./Activities) = 35%
Final Exam = 40%
Major Course Output = 25%
Total = 100%

Protocols to Follow During Face-to-Face Learning

1. Wear face mask all the time.
2. Observe physical distancing.
3. Clean as you leave the room.
4. Erase the writings on the board as you go.
5. Refrain from charging mobile phones or any gadget inside the classroom.
6. Refrain from using mobile phone during class hours.
7. Dispose garbage properly.
8. Follow sitting arrangement.
9. Avoid borrowing any personal belongings of classmates.
Consultation A 3-Hour time is allotted per week for students to consult with their teacher at a
Hours designated place and agreed time.
List of References
Books:
Fumar, Victor Rey and Jocson, Jennie V.(NY), Mythology and Folklore. PNU Let Reviewer.

Hamilton, Edith (2017). MYTHOLOGY Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Grand Central
Publishing Hatchet Book Group 237 park Avenue New York.
Websites:

Norman (2009). The Norse God. Retrieved on October 2018 from: https://thenorsegods.com/norse-
viii
 gods/

Prepared By: Approved By: Noted By:

RHOXAN N. DUCLAY DR. DOMINGO S. ARANAL DR. NUEVA ERA V. ARANAL

Course Facilitator Executive VP President

Date Signed: ________

ix
 Week 1
MAJ 5 – Mythology and Folklore

Ave Maria College

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
HEI Unique Institutional Identifier: 09077
____________________________________________________________________________________

1
 Mythology and Folklore

To my students in MAJ 5 – Mythology and Folklore:

Welcome to the First Semester of A.Y. 2021-2022, in general and to this course Mythology and
Folklore in particular. I am Rhoxan N. Duclay, your facilitator for this course.

This course explores mythology and folklore from different countries to gain insights into
people’s origin, desires, fears, instinct, and needs.
At the end of this course, the students should be to:
1. develop a reading log that would enhance critical thinking and literary analysis utilizing
different literary theories on exploring mythology and folklore from different countries to
gain insights into people’s origin, desires, fears, instinct, and needs as an attempt of ancient
people to explain nature and of natural phenomena;
2. develop an appreciation into people’s origin, desires, fears, instinct, and needs through the
exploration of the different reading and viewing materials and draw implications by means
of advanced organizers as shown in varied activity worksheets; and
3. internalize the values derived from mythology, a rich body of knowledge, through writing a
reflection paper about the different myths explored.

Your course will run for 9 weeks of blended learning which is a combination of once a week
face-to-face learning and the rest of the week for home learning where you will be aided by this course
packet. This course packet contains the course outline, the weekly lessons and activities, major course
requirements, the grading system and the Basic Protocols to be observed during the face-to-face
learning sessions.
At the end of each lesson you are required to answer the weekly exam. to determine your
personal understanding of the lessons. In addition, you are required to work on the activities which you
are expected to submit to the course facilitator at the beginning of the following week. Moreover, you
are required to take the final examination on the designated date and time.
You can go through the course outline at the beginning of this course packet to have a glimpse
of the specific lessons and the equivalent requirements for each week.
If you have questions for clarifications you can text, call or email your course facilitator.
GOD BLESS 

To my students in MAJ 5: Mythology and Folklore

You are now about to start the first lesson for Week 1. Read the learning materials below then answer
the weekly exam then do the activity.

At the end of this week, you should be able to:

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 1. answer correctly at least 85% of the test questions in the weekly exam; and
2. make an info-video about the most common legend in their community

I. INTRODUCTION TO MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE

A. Definition of Terms

Myth: (1) a story (2) that is usually of unknown origin and (3) at least partially traditional (4) that
ostensibly relates historical events usually of such description as (5) to serve to explain
some particular event, institution, or natural phenomenon (Webster). Myths are certain
products of the imagination of a people which take the form of stories. (H.J. Rose, A
Handbook of Greek Mythology) A myth is a story about gods, other supernatural beings, or
heroes of a long past time. (M. Reinhold, Past and Present) Myth is a cognitive structure
analogous to language through which primitive people organize their experiences. (J.
Peradotto, Classical Mythology) Myth is the symbolic form which is generated, shaped,
and transmitted by the creative imagination of pre- and extra-logical people as they respond
to and encapsulate the wealth of experience. (R.J. Schork, “Classical Mythology,” The
Classic Journal)

Fairy Tale: a make-believe story about fairies, wizards, giants, or other characters who possess
magical or unusual powers

Folklore: traditions, customs, and stories of one culture or group of people

Legend: a story about the past that is considered to be true but is usually a combination of both fact
and fiction

Mythology: a group of myths from a single group or culture

Supernatural: more than what is natural or normal; showing godlike or magical powers; exhibiting
superhuman strength

B. Types of Myth

 PURE MYTH OR TRUE MYTH OR MYTH PROPER

Myths of this kind tend to be examples of primitive science or religion. They explain natural
phenomena or the origin of things, and they describe how individuals should behave toward the
gods.
 SAGA OR LEGEND
Myths of this variety tend to be examples of primitive history; they contain a germ or seed of
historical fact and enlarge upon it with great flourish. A good example of a saga or legend in the
story of the war is at Troy.
 FOLK-TALE OR FAIRY-TALE
Myths of this species tend to be examples of primitive fiction. Tales of this sort are told for
pleasure and amusement. Frequently the stories contain supernatural characters such as ghosts,
elves, dwarfs, or demons, and they often include elements of magic, e.g., spells, potions, and
objects.

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C. Sources of Mythology and Folklore
Aesop’s Fables: a collection of fables under the name of Aesop over 2,000 years ago in Greece.
According to Herodotus, Aesop lived in the mid-sixth century and was a slave and that he
was killed by the people of Delphi, perhaps for seditious or sacrilegious beliefs.

A Thousand and One Nights (also known as The Arabian Nights) : a collection of stories and
fables from Arabia, Egypt, India, and Persia that were compiled from oral tales that had
been passed down through these cultures for generations. Some of the well-known
characters include Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sinbad the Sailor. Jinn are common figures in
these stories.

The Great Epics of the World: Myths and legends are usually sourced from the existing epics of
the different cultures of the world. The Iliad and The Odyssey of the Greeks, The Aeneid
of the Romans, The Mahabharata and Ramayana of India, Beouwolf of England, The Song
of Roland of France, El Cid of Spain, Sha Namah of Persia, Gilgamesh of the Babylonians,
etc.

The Panchatantra : a collection of fables which was used to educate Indian princes into becoming
wise kings. It is supposed that Aesop’s Fables largely owed much from the Panchatantra.

The Poems of Hesiod: Theogony and Works and Days. Hesiod is an early Greek poet who
probably flourished around 700 B.C. Much of Greek mythology came from his two
complete works.

D. Theories Related to the Study of Mythology

ANCIENT THEORIES
1. Rationalism
According to this theory, myths represent an early form of logical thinking: they all, have a
logical base. For example, the myth of Pegasus, the flying horse can best be explained by
imagining the reaction of the first Greek to see a horse. Compared to other animals they
know, the horse must have seemed to fly as it gallops fast and leap over high obstacles.

2. Etymological Theory
This theory states that all myths derive from and can be traced back to certain words in the
language. Sources of most mythological characters have their origins from the languages of
the world. Hades, for example, originally meant “unseen” but came eventually to be the
name for the god of the dead.

3. Allegorical theory
In the allegorical explanation, all myths contain hidden meanings which the narrative
deliberately conceals or encodes. Example : story of King Midas and his golden touch
Allegorists offered this simple reason why stories were used in the first place rather than a
simple statement of the ideas they represented: they interested people who might not listen to
emotionless concepts but who could be attracted by imaginative narratives.

4. Euhemerism
Euhemerus, a Greek who lived from 325-275 BC, maintained that all myths arise from
historical events which were merely exaggerated

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MODERN THEORIES
1. Naturalism
In this hypothesis, all myths are thought to arise from an attempt to explain natural
phenomena. People who believe in this theory narrow the source of myths by tracing their
origins from the worship of the sun or the moon.

2. Ritualism
According to this theory, all myths are invented to accompany and explain religious ritual;
they describe the significant events which have resulted in a particular ceremony.

3. Diffusionism
The diffusionists maintain that all myths arose from a few major cultural centers and spread
throughout the world.

4. Evolutionism
Myth making occurs at a certain stage in the evolution of the human mind. Myths, are
therefore, an essential part of all developing societies and the similarities from one culture to
the next can be explained by the relatively limited number of experiences open to such
communities when myths arise.

5. Freudianism
When Sigmund Freud, the founder of modern psychology, interpreted the dreams of his
patients, he found great similarities between them and the ancient myths. Freud believes that
certain infantile are repressed, i.e. they are eliminated from the conscious mind but continues
to exist within the individual in some other form. Sometimes these feelings emerge into
consciousness under various disguises, one of which is the myth.

6. Jungian archetypes
Carl Jung was a prominent psychologist who, while he accepted Freud’s theory about the
origin of myths, did not believe that it went far in explaining the striking similarities between
the motifs found in ancient stories and those of his patients. He postulated that each of us
possesses a “collective unconscious” which we inherit genetically. It contains very general
ideas, themes, or motifs which are passed along from one generation to another and are
retained as part of our human inheritance.

7. Structuralism
This theory is a fairly recent development and is closely allied with the research of linguists.
According to this theory, all human behavior, the way we eat, dress, speak, is patterned into
codes which have the characteristics of language. To understand the real meaning of myth,
therefore, we must analyze it linguistically.

8. Historical-critical theory
This theory maintains that there are a multitude of factors which influence the origin and
development of myths and that no single explanation will suffice. We must examine each
story individually to see how it began and evolved.

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E. The Great Themes of Myth

CREATION
Creation myths set the stage for more particular myths supporting social structures, the relation
of human beings to the natural world, and questions of life and death. A creator deity brings into
being the sun, moon, and stars, seas and mountains, and so on, along with deities that personify
them, then plant life, animals, and humans that populate the world.

GODS AND GODDESSES

Universally, people believed in ideal beings leading them. Such deities possess human
characteristics: they have parents and offspring, and they belong to some social grouping. An
important role of mythology is to reinforce and justify relations of power and leadership

HEROIC FIGURES
Heroes and heroines are semi-divine beings: in many mythologies they have superhuman powers
through divine parentage; or they may have acquired divinity through their deeds as men or
women on earth, with the help of a deity, by use of magic weapons, or acquisition of magic
powers through ingenuity or trickery.

MONSTERS AND DEMONS

Monsters and demons are most familiar as the beings that a heroic figure confronts and
overcomes. They defy divine order both in their appearance –typically but not invariably
deformed or hideous – and in their actions, such as attacking or capturing a human or divine
victim.

ANIMALS
They are featured as wild creatures – predatory beasts or the elusive prey of hunters; or as helpful
beings tamed by humans, or as possessing powers. Deities may disguise themselves as animals;
or they may have heads or other features in token of the characteristics they supposed to have in
common, or of a clan fetish.

THE UNDERWORLD
Inevitably associations with burial prompt tales of gloom and terror of the unknown yet
inevitable. A strong mythic duality: Earth swallows up the dead, but equally it produces food
plants and harbors mineral wealth.

JOURNEYS, QUESTS, AND TRIALS

Quests and journeys bring mythological figures into a number of situations where they can prove
their strength. In numerous myths loyalty to the dead initiates journeys to the underworld to try
to bring loved ones back to life.

THE AFTERLIFE
The afterlife, some form of existence after death, takes as many different forms in mythologies as
the culture from which they are drawn. Some speak of paradise where the pains of life on earth
are left behind. After death comes judgment, a rigorous trial is conducted, and torture awaits
those who fail the trial.

WORLDS DESTROYED
Creation may be seen in myth as chance event or something that occurred despite opposing
forces; likewise an end to the world in its present form may be inevitable or threatened, whether
by divine will, as a result of attack by forces of evil, or in punishment for human misdeeds.

6
F. Some Interesting Characters from Mythology
1. Minor Characters
 Dragons. Stories of fire-breathing dragons vary throughout different cultures. In Chinese
mythology, dragons are of many different types. Most of them are known to be both generous
and wise. Some represent good luck. The spiritual Azure Dragon which controls the weather is
the most powerful Chinese dragon.

 Unicorn. The unicorn is a mystical animal that is found in the mythologies of many different
cultures throughout the world. Representing beauty, goodness, and strength, this legendary
creature appears in art, folklore, and literature. During the Middle Ages, the unicorn was a
symbol of love and purity.

 Troll. According to Scandinavian folklore, trolls are hostile creatures who lived inside dark caves
in the mountains. They are keepers of buried treasures such as silver and gold, and are known for
their pointed ears, long noses, and large teeth. They can live for 500 years and are impossible to
kill for they have the ability to regenerate or regrow a lost or severed body part in a matter of
days.

 Jinni. A jinni is a spirit from Arab and Muslim folklore that inhabits the earth and can assume
human or animal form. Jinns have many supernatural powers, such as the ability to cast spells on
people and grant them wishes. There are five tribes of jinn. These are, according to their power,
the Marid, the Efrit, the Shaitan, the Jinn, and the Jann.

 Hydra. The nine-headed serpent Hydra is one of the most hideous and ghastly monsters of Greek
mythology. Slayed by Heracles, Hydra was almost indestructible because two crude heads would
spring up to replace each head that a slayer would sever. Hydra was a child of the terrible
monster Typhon, who has 100 heads and 200 evil eyes that oozed venom.

 Chimera. The chimera is a huge fire-breathing monster that has the head of a lion, the body of a
dragon, and the hind legs of a goat. According to Greek mythology, the Chimera ravaged the
Greek city of Lycia until it was slayed by the prince of Corinth, Bellerophon with the help of
Pegasus.

 Centaur. The centaurs are a group of monsters that lived in the mountains near the city of
Arcadia in Greece. From the waist up, their bodies are human, and their lower bodies and legs
are in the form of a horse. The centaurs lived without regard to order and do not honor the gods
or respect humans. One good centaur however is Chiron, the son of Cronus, who is an immortal
known for his kindness and wisdom.

 Fenrir. Fenrir is a large ferocious wolf with fierce yellow eyes and tremendous jaw. When it was
just a pup, the Norse god captured it and locked it in a cage because they feared the wolf might
one day be responsible for the destruction of the world.

 Oni. The oni are giant horned demons. They are said to have come to Japan from China with the
arrival of Buddhism, and Buddhist priest perform annual rites to expel them. The oni can be a
variety of colors and have three fingers, three toes and sometimes three eyes. Cruel and
lecherous, they can sweep down from the sky to steal the souls of dying people.

 Nagas. According to South-east Asian mythology, nagas are supernatural beings who take the
form of serpents. The king of the serpent deities Mucilinda shelteres the Buddha with the

7
 outspread hoods of his seven heads during a downpour that lasted for seven days. When the sun
returns, the serpent is transformed into a young prince who paid homage to Buddha.

 Guei or Kuei. In Chinese mythology, guei are spirits formed from the yin, or negative essence, of
people’s souls. These spirits of emanations are always feared because they are said to take their
revenge on those people who ill-treated them when they were alive. They can be identified
because they wear clothes which have no hems and their bodies cast non shadows.

 Kappa. In Japanese mythology, the kappa is a race of monkey-like demons. They lived in ponds
and rivers and lure human beings, as well as other creatures down into the depths of the water
where they then feed on them. As well as being particularly fond of blood, the also like
cucumbers. They have monkey-like faces, webbed hands and feet and yellow-green skin. They
wear shells like tortoises.
2. Major Greek Characters and their Title:

 ZEUS – The God of Heaven

 HERA – The Goddess of Marriage
 POSEIDON – The God of the Sea
 HESTIA – The Goddess of Hearth
 DEMETER – The Goddess of Corn/Agriculture
 ARTEMIS – The Goddess of Wild Nature or Animals / The Goddess of the Moon
 APOLLO – The God of Truth and Light
 ATHENA – The Goddess of Wisdom
 ARES – The God of War
 APHRODITE – The Goddess of Love and Beauty
 HEPHAESTUS – The God of Fire / Craftsman of the Gods
 HERMES – The Messenger of the Gods
 HADES –The God of the Underworld
 DIONYSUS – The God of Vine/Wine

Keep in Mind:
A myth is a story about gods, other supernatural beings, or heroes of a long past time.
Mythology is a group of myths from a single group or culture. Fairy Tale is a make-believe story
about fairies, wizards, giants, or other characters that possess magical or unusual powers. Folklore
is traditions, customs, and stories of one culture or group of people. Legend is a story about the past
that is considered to be true but is usually a combination of both fact and fiction.

Reference:
Fumar, V.R. and Jocson, J.V. (NY). Mythology and Folklore. PNU Let Reviewer.

Hamilton, E. (2017). MYTHOLOGY: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. Grand Central
Publishing Hatchet Book Group 237 Park Avenue New York.

Ave Maria College

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
HEI Unique Institutional Identifier: 09077
WEEKLY EXAM 1

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Name: MARQ JOHN TABILIRAN Rating:
Program & Year: BSED-2 Date:_________________

I. MATCHING TYPE
Instruction: Match Column A as to their corresponding answer in Column B. Write the correct
answer on the spaces provided before each number. (15x3= 30 Points)
A B
i 1. A collection of fables under the name of Aesop a. Nagas
over 2,000 years ago in Greece.
l 2. It is a race of monkey-like demons. b. Fiarytale
a 3. They are supernatural beings who take the form c. Legend
of serpents.
f 4. It is a mystical animal that is found in the d. Jinni
mythologies of many different cultures
throughout the world.
j 5. The God of the sea. e. Ritualism
b 6. It is a make-believe story about fairies, wizards, f. Unicorn
giants, or other characters who possess magical
or unusual powers.
c 7. It is a story about the past that is considered to g. Dionysus
be true but is usually a combination of both
fact and fiction.
e 8. According to this theory, all myths are invented h. Hades
to accompany and explain religious ritual.
g 9. The God of Wine. i. Aesop’s Fables
k 10. It is a huge fire-breathing monster that has the j. Poseidon
head of a lion, the body of a dragon, and the
hind legs of a goat.
p 11. They are spirits formed from the yin, or k. Chimera
negative essence, of people’s souls.
d 12. It is a spirit from Arab and Muslim folklore l. Kappa
that inhabits the earth and can assume human
or animal form.
o 13. According to this theory, all human behavior, m. Saga or Legend
the way we eat, dress, speak, is patterned into
codes which have the characteristics of
language.
m 14. Myths of this variety tend to be examples of n. Aphrodite
primitive history; they contain a germ or seed
of historical fact and enlarge upon it with
great flourish.
n 15. The Goddess of Love and Beauty. o Structuralism
p. Guei or Kuei

II. ESSAY
Instruction: Answer correctly the following questions. Use separate sheets of yellow paper for your
answers.

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 1. What is the difference between mythology and folklore?
Mythology is a group of myths from a single group or culture while folklore is based on traditions,
customs, and stories of one culture or group of people.

2. What is the difference between folklore and folktale?

Folklore is an overarching term that refers to the collection of traditional stories of a community
or culture. Folktales can take the form of legends, myths, fairy tales or fables. Unlike folklore that
encompasses a large variety of cultural heritage, folktales refer to stories that have been passed
down from ancestors of a particular group of people to the younger generations.

3. What is the difference between folktale and folksong?

Folktales are stories in the oral tradition, or tales that people tell each other out loud, rather than
stories in written form. They're closely related to many storytelling traditions, including fables,
myths, and fairy tales while Folk songs represent the culture of contemporary society just as they
represent the culture of past generations. Folk songs are most often written to tell a story about the
human condition, and many of these stories are about finding or losing love, deceit, war, and
natural disasters.

4. Differentiate the types of myths.

There are three types of myths and these are the pure myth or true myth or myth proper, saga or
legend, folk-tale or fairy-tale. “Pure myth or true myth or myth proper” is to be examples of
primitive science or religion. They explain natural phenomena or the origin of things, and they
describe how individuals should behave toward the gods while the “saga or legend” is tend to be
examples of primitive history; they contain a germ or seed of historical fact and enlarge upon it with
great flourish unlike the “folk-tale or fairy-tale” is tend to be examples of primitive fiction. Tales of
this sort are told for pleasure and amusement. Frequently the stories contain supernatural characters
such as ghosts, elves, dwarfs, or demons, and they often include elements of magic, e.g., spells,
potions, and objects.

5. What are the differences and similarities of the different sources of mythology and folklore?
I believe the primary difference is one of divinity. In mythology, we are dealing with either
gods or their progeny. On the other hand, folklore (and legends) usually makes little reference to gods
or goddesses but may have a (non-divine) supernatural element to them. The similarities are Both
myths and folktales are passed on to generation through oral means. The origins of both these genres
are uncertain and their authors or narrators are anonymous.

6. Explain the ancient and modern theories related to the study of mythology?
The ancient theories have four basic theories of myth. Those theories are:  Rationalism,
Etymological Theory, Allegorical theory, Euhemerism while the modern theories have eight basic

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theories of myth. Those are: Naturalism, Ritualism, Diffusionism, Evolutionism, Freudianism, Jungian
archetypes, Structuralism, Historical-critical theory. modern moral theories are rather focused on the
question of what should one do in a particular situation, and usually ethicists do not pay much
attention to the question of living a good life. Ancient ethicists, instead, believe that one cannot
separate both issues.

7. How are these theories relevant to the study of mythology and folklore?
These theories relevant to the study of mythology and folklore because this theory also explains
that the gods and goddesses controlled all of these happenings of nature. It also states that myths were
created to explain natural events and forces.

8. What is the significance of choosing a great theme for a specific type of myths?
The significance of choosing a great theme for a specific type of myths is by knowing and
believing their stories of how they become the Great Themes of Myth. Some may have factual
origins, while others are completely fictional. But myths are more than mere stories and they serve
a more profound purpose in ancient and modern cultures.

9. How important are the roles of the minor characters in mythology and folklore with respect to the
major characters?

The roles of the minor characters in mythology and folklore with respect to the major
characters are important to us today for a number of reasons. They have value as literature, offering
timeless and universal themes; they give us insight into other times and places; and they help us to see
how much humankind had and has in common.

10. Why do we need to study mythology and folklore?

Studying mythology gives us context into our world, our literature, and our own beliefs. The
significance of these myths should not be overlooked, and even a foundational level of study will
prove beneficial by experiencing stories from different cultures, children can discover valuable
insights about another culture's values, beliefs, history, practices and customs. Folktales can be
used in a variety of ways to help children develop stronger reading skills and tudy other cultures.

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 Ave Maria College
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
HEI Unique Institutional Identifier: 09077
ACTIVITY ₂
“Video Production”

Name:___________________________________________ Rating:_______________
Program & Year:___________________________________ Date:_________________

Instruction: Make an Info-video about the most common legend in your community. You may text or
call the course facilitator if you need clarification on how to make the info-video.

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Reminder:

Keep your Weekly Exam 1 and Activity 1 in your Portfolio, and submit them to your course
facilitator on Week 2.

Great job! Congratulations.

End of Week 1

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