Module 6

Wood and Steel

Note: All Standards, Equipment, Apparatus
cited on this presentation conforms to the
ASTM Standards and Specifications.
This test method provides procedures for the determination of the
axial compressive strength of stress-graded lumber and other
wood-base structural material
The specimen is subjected to an axial compressive loadapplied at
its ends. The specimen is loaded at a prescribed rateuntil failure
occurs or a preselected load is reached. This testmethod permits
either tests of commercial lengths or tests of short specimens cut
from commercial lengths.
1. Testing Machine
2. Bearing Blocks
3. Lateral Support
The length of the specimen shall be at least 2.5 times the larger
cross-sectional dimension
1. Place the specimen on the testing area. Secure the lateral
support.
2. Apply the load that ensure failure of the specimen in less than
1 minute.
3. Record the maximum load
This test method provides procedures for the determination of the
axial tensile strength of stress-graded lumber andother wood-
base structural material.
The specimen is subjected to an axial tensile load applied near its
ends. The specimen is loaded at a prescribed rate and
observation of load is made until failure occurs or apreselected
load is reached.
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Grips or Clamping Devices (recommended distance is 25 times the
width of the specimen)
The length of the specimen shall be at least the clear distance
between grips plus any required length to achieve contact along
the full length of the grips
1. Measure and record the cross-sectional dimension and the
moisture content of the specimen.
2. Place the specimen on the grip
3. Start the test by applying a speed that the failure occurs within
1 minute.
4. Record the maximum load
This test method provides procedures for the determination of
long-span modulus of elasticity of lumber and otherwood-base
structural material in flat-wise bending undercenter-point load
Long-span modulus of elasticity (E) is defined as themodulus of
elasticity calculated from deflection measured in a flat-wise test of
lumber with center point loading and aspan-depth ratio (l/d) of
approximately 100 (90 to 110)
A known concentrated load is applied at mid-span of a simply supported
piece of lumber oriented flatwise. A dial indicator is used to determine the
deflection of the lumber pieceunder the load. The modulus of elasticity (E) is
determined by relating the deflection to the size of lumber and the test span
1. Support System
2. Dial Indicator - can measure deflections up to at least 1 in.
(25 mm) to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025mm).
3. Weight (5lbs) and (10lbs)
1. Place the wood on the testing machine. Place
the support at a to provide a pan to depth ratio in a
range of 90 – 110.
2. Place the dial indicator midway between the
supports.
3. Apply the preload weight to the center of the
specimen.
4. Apply the load weights to the test specimen at
center of the span. Ideal combination is 3-5lbs and
1-10lbs.
5. Determine the deflection by reading the dial.
 𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝑬=
𝟒𝟖𝒅𝑰

E = modulus of elasticity, psi x 106

P = load, lb,
L = span, in.,
d = deflection, and
I = moment of inertia, in6 .
This specification covers deformed and plain carbon steel bars for concrete
reinforcement in cut lengths and coils. Steel bars containing alloy additions,
such as with the AISI and SAE series of alloy steels, are permitted if the
resulting product meets all the other requirements of this specification.

The standard sizes and dimensions of deformed bars and their number
designations are given in Table 1. The text of this specification references
notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as
requirements of the specification.
Bars are of three minimum yield levels: namely:
A. 40 000 [280 MPa]
B. 60 000 [420 MPa]
C. 75 000 psi [520 MPa]
designated as:
A. Grade 40 [280]
B. Grade 60 [420]
C. Grade 75 [520]
1. The material, as represented by the test specimens, shall conform to the
requirements for tensile properties prescribed in Table 2.
2. The yield point or yield strength shall be determined by one of the
following methods:
A. The yield point shall be determined by drop of the beam or halt in the gage of the
testing machine.
B. Where the steel tested does not have a well-defined yield point, the yield strength
shall be determined by reading the stress corresponding to the prescribed strain
using an autographic diagram method or an extensometer as described in Test
Methods and Definitions A 370. The strain shall be 0.5 % of gage length for Grade
40 [280] and Grade 60 [420] and shall be 0.35 % of gage length for Grade 75 [520].
For bar sizes No. 3 to 11 [10 to 36], inclusive, one tension test and one bend
test shall be made of the largest size rolled from each heat. If, however,
material from one heat differs by three or more designation numbers, one
tension and one bend test shall be made from both the highest and lowest
designation number of the deformed bars rolled.

For bar sizes Nos. 14 and 18 [43 and 57], one tension test and one bend
test shall be made of each size rolled from each heat.

For all bar sizes one set of dimensional property tests including bar weight
[mass] and spacing, height, and gap of deformations shall be made of each
bar size rolled from each heat.
These test methods cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical
testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical
tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the
product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and
standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and
comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for
certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures,
the product specification testing requirements shall control.
1. Universal Testing Machine
2. Measuring Tape and Marker
1. Cut the reinforcing bar to the necessary length in accordance with the
code or given specification (1m) from the universal testing machine.
2. Mark the rebar using marker as the basis for determining the elongation
3. Measure the diameter using caliper, measure the weight of each
specimen
4. Place the rebar on the machine. Tightly secure the rebar at both ends.
5. Start the test. Apply the necessary loading in accordance with the ASTM
standard.
6. After the test, determine the yield point given by the graph.
7. Determine the elongation by measuring the rebar (Using the UTM
Machine Output or by Measuring).
The basis for the strength of steel in the design of
reinforced concrete
A. Tensile Strength
B. Yield Strength
C. Fracture Strength
The lowest grade of
steel according to
PNS
 END OF PRESENTATION
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