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From Generation To The Building: Illumination Techniques Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan Fall 2021-2022
From Generation To The Building: Illumination Techniques Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan Fall 2021-2022
Illumination Techniques
Dr. Lect. Lale E. Atılgan
Fall 2021-2022
Definitions Definitions
Electric High Current Installations Consumer Installation
• Installations that maintain the utilization of electrical energy that may be dangerous for persons, • All electrical devices after the building terminal box or in installations where the terminal box is not
livestock, plants and objects in some cases (to get close to, to touch, etc.) through maintaining the necessary, after the final distribution board’s exit ends.
generation of electrical energy, changing its properties, storing, transmitting, distributing and Building Connection Line
converting it to mechanical energy, light, chemical energy and similar energy types. • The connection line between the distribution grid and building input line.
Electric Low Current Installations Building Input Lines
• Installations in which current levels do not pose a threat to persons or objects under normal • For overhead lines, the lines between the building terminal box and overhead line isolator positioned
circumstances. on the console connected to the building or roof post. For underground lines, the connection cable
Grid between the terminal box and the point from which the connection line enters the building.
• All overhead lines and cables from the current source to the connection points of consumption Main Line
devices. • The feed-in line between the Operation’s main input (main terminal box) to the consumer’s initial
Distribution Grid distribution point (main distribution board, electricity meter).
• All overhead lines and cables from the current source to the consumer installation.
The minimum conductor cross sections are given for copper material and Turkish Electrical Regulations.
pole Residential Building
Residual Current Device (RCD) / Residual Current Circuit Residual Current Device (RCD) / Residual Current Circuit
Breaker (RCCB) Breaker (RCCB)
• An RCD or RCCB is an electrical wiring device that disconnects a circuit whenever it detects that the • RCDs operate by measuring the current balance between two conductors using a differential current
flow of current is not balanced between the phase conductor and the neutral conductor. transformer, an opening the device’s contacts if there is a balance fault (i.e. Difference in current
• The presumption is that such an imbalance may represent current leakage through the body of a between the phase conductor and the neutral conductor).
person who is grounded and accidentally touching the energized part of the circuit.
• A shock, possibly lethal, is likely to result from these conditions.
• RCDs are designed to disconnect quickly enough to prevent such shocks.
• 30 mA RCDs are used for life protection.
• 300 mA RCDs are used for fire protection.
Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit
• As line lenghts are short in low voltage installations, the capacity of • For low voltage installations, the imaginary part is small enough to be neglected. Thus,
the line is neglected in voltage drop calculations.
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑
• Here,
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝐼 ∆𝑈 = 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝜔𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝐼 = 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 + 𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 • This is the absolute voltage drop. In order to calculate the relative voltage drop:
∆𝑈 = 𝑅 𝐼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 − 𝜔𝐿 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
∆𝑈
= 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑈
∆𝑈
%𝜀 = 100 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑈
Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit Voltage Drop Calculations in a Single Phase Circuit
∆𝑈 100 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 100 𝑃 𝑅
%𝜀 = 100 = Here, %𝜀 =
𝑈 𝑈 l: line length [m] 𝑈
𝑃=𝑈 𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 q: conductor cross
𝑃 section [mm2]
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 2 𝑙
𝑈 x: conductor specific 𝑅=
𝑥 𝑞
100 𝑃 𝑅 + 𝜔𝐿𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 conductivity
%𝜀 =
𝑈 [m/Ωmm2] = 56
200 𝑃 𝑙
If the inductance of the line is very small, which is usually the m/Ωmm for copper
2
%𝜀 =
case for interior installations, then the inductance is also conductors 𝑥 𝑞 𝑈
ignored, leaving, The coefficient 2 comes If there are more than one devices on the line, the formula then becomes,
100 𝑃 𝑅 from the lengths of the
%𝜀 = phase and the neutral
𝑈
together. 200 𝑃 𝑙
2 𝑙 %𝜀 =
𝑅= 𝑥 𝑈 𝑞
𝑥 𝑞
Voltage Drop Calculations in a Three Phase Circuit Installed vs. Operating Power Loads
• In an equally balanced three phase circuit, • The installed power is the sum of the nominal
powers of all power consuming devices in the
– Each phase is loaded by 1/3 of the total power, in other words, P/3 installation.
– As the vectoral summation of the three phase loads is equal to zero, there is no load in • This is not the power to be actually supplied in
the neutral line, meaning no voltage drop in the neutral line. Therefore, the length of the practice.
line is taken as only the length of the phase line, l instead of 2l. • All individual loads are not necessarily operating
at full rated nominal power nor necessarily at the
same time.
• The installed power for residential buildings is
generally the summation of the lighting power,
%𝜀 = 𝑈 = socket power and the power consumed by the
electrical appliances, if known.
• Thermal calculations and voltage drop calculations
in an installation are performed using the
%𝜀 = %𝜀 = ∑ operating loads in an installation.
• In order to calculate the operating load, a
concurrency factor is utilized.
Concurrency Factor
• The concurrency power is calculated through multiplying the installed power with the concurrency
factor.
• According to the Turkish Regulation, for residential buildings, the concurrent power is calculated as
follows:
– For installed power up to 8 kW, take 60 % of the installed power value;
– For the remaining installed power, take 40 % of the installed power value.
• For instance, if the installed power of a residential building is equal to 25 kW, the concurrent power
is:
• For villages, small towns and single houses or summer houses in areas which do not have
construction plans, these fundamentals are not mandatory.
• The minimum concurrent power value is 3 kW in residential buildings.
• For the concurrency factor of buildings with more than 3 apartments, the following table should be
utilized.
Example 2
Step 2. Calculate The Voltage Drop Between the Terminal Box and the Main Distribution Board
SDB1
SDB2
MDB
Step 3. Calculate The Voltage Drop Between MDB and SDB1 Step 4. Calculate The Voltage Drop Between MDB and SDB2
Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (c) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (c)
- Take the highest
power / highest
load into
consideration
- Use 100 as the
coefficient for the
voltage drop
calculation, as all
the distances for
the phase and the
neutral line are
already included in
the equation!
Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (c) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (d)
Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (d) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (d)
Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (a) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (a)
%𝜀 =%𝜀 +%𝜀 +%𝜀 +%𝜀
∆𝑈
220
∆𝑈
o
Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (b) Voltage Drop Calculations for Point (b)
%𝜀
∆𝑈
=
220