ORAL COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION
 It is deserved from two Latin words “communis” which means “commonness”
and “communicare” which means “to share”.
 It the process of exchanging information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings between
and among individuals.

Communication is a systematic process in which individuals interact with and

through symbols to create and interpret meaning. (Wood, 2004)

Communication is a process or sharing and conveying messages or information

from one person to another within and across channels, context, media and culture.
(McCornack, 2014)

There is a wide variety of contexts and situations in which communication can

be manifested:
 Face-to-face interaction
 A phone conversation
 A group discussion
 A meeting or interview
 A letter correspondence
 A class recitation among others

“Communication as the primary process by which human life is experienced.”

This definition most appropriately mirrors the current trend of keeping in
touch with people in a virtual world as we become more connected through the various
social media sites that make communication easier.
 THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a PROCESS
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (speaker and the receiver)
3. Communication can be expressed through
 Written or spoken words (verbal)
 Actions (nonverbal)
 Both spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time

As a human activity it is dynamic rather than static, and it can affect its surroundings as
well as be affected by them.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 SPEAKER
- It is the source of information or message.

 MESSAGE
- It refers to the information, ideas or thoughts conveying by the speaker in
words or in actions.

 ENCODING
- It is the process of converting the message into words, actions or other forms
that the speaker understands.

 CHANNEL
- It is the medium or the means and it serves as the vehicle or medium used in
transmitting messages or ideas.

 WRITTEN MEDIA
- This includes memos, letters, reports, bulletin boards, handbooks,
newsletters, and the likes.

 VERBAL MEDIA
- This includes face-to-face conversation, telephone, mobile phone, computer,
television, radio, tape-recorded messages, emails, slide-shows, and many
more.

 NON-VERBAL
- This refers to simple gestures, facial expressions, body position and clothing
that can transmit an idea or message to the receiver.
 DECODING
- It refers to the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by
the receiver.

 RECEIVER
- If refers to the recipient of the message, or someone. Who decodes the
messages.

 FEEDBACK
- These are the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver.

 CONTEXT
- It refers to the environment where communication takes place.

 BARRIER/NOICE
- It refers to the factors that affect the flow of communication. It can distort the
sending and receiving of messages.

 PHYSICAL BARRIER
It refers to conspicuous disruptions in the environment that make it
difficult to hear or listen this includes the environmental noise, or
background noise.

 PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIER
It refers to emotions, mood, knowledge, or other mechanisms within
the speaker that can impede the speakers to understand the message
clearly.

 SEMANTIC BARRIER
It refers to the ability of the receiver to understand the meaning of the
words. It is very important to use appropriate words and phrases. The
receiver will surely understand.

 PSYCHOSOCIAL BARRIER
This is related to the receiver’s background, perception, values, biases,
needs and expectations.

 PHYSIOLOGICAL BARRIER
It may result from the receiver’s physical state.
 PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
 The speaker generates an idea.
Example:
- Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend.

 The speaker encodes an idea or converts the idea into words or actions.
Example:
- She thinks of how to tell him using their native language.

 The speaker transmits or send out a message.

Example:
- She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita bilang kaibigan.”

 The receiver gets the message.

Example:
- Rico hears what Daphne says.

 The receiver decodes or interprets the message based on the context.

Example:
- He tries to analyze what she means based on the context and their
relationship, and he is heartbroken.

 The receiver sends or provides feedback.

Example:
- He frowns and does not say anything something, because he is in pain.
 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 REGULATION AND CONTROL
- If the purpose of the speaker is to control others by managing their behavior,
then the speaker is using the function of Regulation and control.

 SOCIAL INTERACTION
- It allows people to be connected with one another.

 MOTIVATION
- The purpose of the speakers here is to persuade or try to persuade another.
- Move the listener away from his/her own position toward the speaker’s
position.

 INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
- It is used when the speaker wants to make others aware of certain data,
concepts, and processes-knowledge that may be useful to them.

 EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
- The speaker appeals to the listener’s feeling and emotions to encourage him
or her o act in a particular direction.

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
 The three most common categories of communication models are Linear,
Interactional, and Transactional.

 LINEAR
- It subscribes to the idea that communication is one-way, where a sender
transmits a message to the receiver.
Example:
Television Newspaper
Radio

- Straight-line communication
- No means for immediate feedback
 ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE EFFECT

OCCASION

SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL

SOURCE TRANSMITTER RECEIVER DESTINATION

SIGNAL RECEIVED
MESSAGE SIGNAL MESSAGE

NOISE SOURCE

This model, however, has been criticized for missing one essential element in the
communication process feedback.

 INTERACTIONAL
- It views communication as a process of exchanging messages where the
receiver has the chance to provide feedback to the sender in a form of
another message.
Example:
Telephone Email exchange
 SCHRAMM MODEL

SIGNAL

SENDER ENCODER DECODER RECEIVER

NOISE

FEEDBACK
Wilbur Schramm emphasized in 1954 that both the sender and the receiver take turns in
playing the role of the encoder and the decoder when it comes to communication.

 TRANSACTIONAL
- Unlike the Shannon-Weaver Mode, which is a one-way process, the
Transactional Model is a two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as
one element.
- Recognizes that each communicator is a sender-receiver, not merely a
sender or a receiver.
- Efficiency and reliability of communicated message also depends on the
medium used.
- It presents communication as a simultaneous process of sending and
receiving messages where feedback is constantly given to the sender of the
message through forms other than verbal language.
Example:
Talking/Listening to friends
While your friends are talking, you are constantly giving them feedback
on what you think through your facial expression and verbal feedback without
necessarily stopping your friends from talking.

 Most importantly, it highlights the element of Environment or how one interprets

the message he/she is given.
Unlike, the Shannon-Weaver Model, which is a one-way process, the Transactional
Model is a two-way process with the inclusion of feedback as one element.

FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 7 C’S

 COMPLETENESS
- The message must contain facts needed for desired reaction.

 CONCISENESS
- There must be to the point and all unnecessary words must be eliminated.

 CONSIDERATION
- One must understand the emotions and sentiments of the receiver.

 CONCRETENESS
- The message to be communicated must be specific and not vague.

 COURTESY
- One must communicate in a friendly and polite manner.

 CLEANESS
- There must be clarity in terms of thought and expression.

 CORRECTNESS
- All facts, words, language, information of the message must be accurate.
 VERBAL AND NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
A.) VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message.
- The term verbal also means “Oral”.
- It is the spoken or written message used by a person to express himself.
- It is the use of our voice to make ourselves understood. As Luhmann said, the
human reality of communication made necessary the invention of language.
- Human language both spoken and written is composed to symbols (signs,
letters, or characters) and the rules that govern their use which we call
grammar.
- It focuses on how you use words and language.
- It is an interaction by face-to-face over the phone or electronic mail.
- It encompasses any form of communication involving words, spoken and
written.
- Regardless of channels, people need language to communicate, read and
interact actively.
Example:
Lecture, Regular conversation
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Oral spoken words
- Written; written words and symbols
-
NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
- Refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent
meanings.

Blake, 2011
- One of the most frequently quoted statistics on nonverbal communication is
that 93% of all daily communication is nonverbal.
- It is a form of communication that occurs without words.
- Human sense-hearing, seeing, touching and smelling work as codes of
communication
- It is the unspoken communication that goes on in every face-to-face
encounter with another person.
- It is the sending of visual or kinesthetic cues without using words. These cues
can include eye contact, touching, gestures, facial expressions and even the
proximity of the sender to the receiver.
- It is the sending and receiving wordless messages.
- Components other than words that generate meaning
 - It expresses emotional meaning, compliment a verbal message and makes
the messages clear.
Example:
Non-verbal communication includes body language, such as facial
expressions, eye contact and posture and gestures such as a wave, pointed
finger and the like; overall body movements, tone of voice, touch, etc.
- All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified
as nonverbal communication.

VOICE
 Is one of the most important elements in oral communication.
 It is the sound that is produced when speaking, singing etc.

FOUR PROCESS INVOLVED IN VOICE PRODUCTION

A.) RESPIRATION OR COMPRESSION
- Is simple breathing
- Before we speak, we inhale air this is called inhalation or expiration
- When we speak, we exhale air, a process which is called exhalation.
REMEMBER!
 INHALING
- Is the process when the air passes through the wind pipe (trachea) and into
lungs.
 EXHALING
- Is the process of emitting or releasing air from the lungs through the nose and
the mouth.

B.) VIBRATION OR PHONATION

- It is the production of the voice.
- It is the rapid opening of the vocal cords that lie horizontally in the larynx for
sounds.

C.) RESONATION
- It is the process of enriching or amplifying of sound.

D.) PRONOUNCATION
- It is the process of articulation of the sound or the shaping of the sound into
an intelligible speech.
DISTINCT QUALITIES INVOLVED IN PRONOUNCIATION
 PITCH
- This is the highness or lowness of voice.

 LOUDNESS
- This quality of the voice refers to its volume. The primary function of volume is
to make words audible just loud enough for the audience to hear a speaker’s
speech well.

 DURATION
- This is the length of time a sound is produced.

 QUALITY
- This characteristic refers to the tone of the human voice. 1 speaker’s quality
of the voice changes depending on certain situations like joy, surprise, anger,
etc.

5 FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN VERBAL COMMUNICATION

1.) APPROPRIATENESS
- The language that you use should be appropriate to the environment or
occasion.
2.) BREVITY
- Use simple yet precise and powerful words.
- Try to achieve brevity by being more direct with your words.
3.) CLARITY
- Clearly state your message and express your idea and feelings.
4.) ETHICS
- Words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles,
ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person of people you are talking to.
5.) VIVIDNESS
- Words the vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add color
and spice to communication.
MASTERY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION IS IMPORTANT AND HELPFUL FOR
SEVERAL REASONS
 It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus make it more
meaningful, truthful, and relevant.
 It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions without you saying a
word.
 It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.
 It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.
 It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery.
 It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.
 It helps make your speech/message more dramatic.
 It can build a connection with listeners.
 It makes you a credible speaker.
 It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotous delivery.

TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Language of kinesics is a body motion that includes the repertoire of physical actions.
 OCULESICS
- Is known as eye contact
 FACIAL EXPRESSION
- Pertain to the manner in which the facial muscles are set to indicate feelings,
emotions, or attitudes.
 GESTURES
- Which include the movement of the head, hands, arms or shoulders to
convey or emphasize the message.
 THUMBS UP
- A sign of acceptance, approval or encouragement.
 THUMBS DOWN
- It generally indicates that something is bad or not accepted.
 LOOKING AT WRIST
-it indicates that it is “time” to end the communication.
 SHRUG
- Lifting both shoulders which indicates lack of knowledge or concern.
 POSTURE
- It is used to determine a degree of attention or involvement, difference in
status and the level of fondness a person has for the other communicator.
 ARMS CROSSING
- It shows self-confidence, defensive and arrogance.
 SHOULDERS FORWARD
- Indicates shyness or low self-esteem, tired and bored.
  STANDING ERECT
- It indicates that a person is relaxed, full of energy. Approachable, friendly and
confident.

LANGUAGE OF HAPTICS
The study of how much touch is used to transmit messages through the hands, arms
and other body parts.
e.g. Handshakes, holding hands, high five, pat on the shoulder.

LANGUAGE OF PROXEMICS
The study of how people use space and arrangement of the learning environment to
create message.
 PHYSICAL ARRANGMENT
- The layout of the room in which you are speaking, including the presence or
absence of a lectern, the seating plan, the location of chalkboards and similar
aids and any physical barriers between you and your audience.
 DISTANCE
- The extent or degree of separation between you and your audience.

DISTANCE ZONE
 INTIMATE DISTANCE
- From actual touching to eighteen inches.
- Applies to the closest relationships such as husband and wife.
 PERSONAL DISTANCE
- From eighteen inches to four feet.
- The most appropriate distance for teacher and students to discuss personal
affairs such as grades, conduct, private problems, etc.
 SOCIAL DISTANCE
- it exists from four to twelve feet,
- it covers people working together or meeting at social gatherings.

LANGUAGE OF CHRONEMICS
- Language of Time
- This refers to the teacher’s use of time that communicates a message.
DURATION
- Is the length of time devoted to an activity or learning task in the classroom.

ACTIVITY
- Is the learning task facilitated in the classroom.

PUNCTUALITY
- Is the exact time agreed upon.

LANGUAGE OF COLORS
There are some color effects that have universal meaning while perceptions of colors
are somewhat subjective.
RED ANGER, HOSTILITY
BLUE PEACE, CALM, SADNESS, TRUTHS
GOLD WEALTH
PINK LOVE, BEAUTY
YELLOW WISDOM, JOY, HAPPINESS
GREEN LIFE
VIOLET ROYALTY
WHITE PURITY, CLEANLINESS