Senior High School

Department of Education
National Capital Region
SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND

PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Second Quarter – Module 6
Conducting Surveys, Experiments and Observations

Writer: Araceli C. Maligalig, Ph.D.

Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas
Richland C. Buere
Layout Artists:
Shiela Mae A. Cancino

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 What I Need to Know

Hello Grade 12 learners! In this module, you will learn how to:

Conduct surveys, experiments or observations

You can say that you have understood the lesson in this module if you can already:

1. explain the use of survey, experiment and observation;

2. conduct a survey;
3. conduct an experiment; and
4. conduct an observation.

What I Know

Answer the questions below to the best you can.

1. What are surveys, experiments and observations?

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2. What are surveys, experiments and observations for?

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Let us think it over! How did you find the activity? Do you think you did well? If
you find it hard, then do not worry, this module will help you understand the lesson on
your own pace and level. Always remember, just keep going, you will be surprised to
finally finish all the tasks!

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 Lesson
Survey, Experiment and Observation
1

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you learned how to design tests and revise survey. I am very
sure that you learned your lessons well. With this in mind, I know that you can do the
task below without browsing back the pages of the previous module. I am very positive
that you can do the tasks below as directed.

So now, before you move forward, complete the mind map below. Write something
about experiment and observation

Experiment
and
Observation

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 What’s New

A. Before Reading Activity

Were you able to conduct survey or experiments before? How did you do it?
B. During Reading Activity
Let us read one of the top ten science experiments of all time by a Russian psychologist
Ivan Pavlov, on the discovery of conditioned reflexes from
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-top-10-science-experiments-of-
all-time

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov scooped up a Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work with dogs,
investigating how saliva and stomach juices digest food. While his scientific legacy will
always be tied to doggie drool, it is the operations of the mind — canine, human and
otherwise — for which Pavlov remains celebrated today.

Gauging gastric secretions was no picnic. Pavlov and his students collected the fluids that
canine digestive organs produced, with a tube suspended from some pooches’ mouths to
capture saliva. Come feeding time, the researchers began noticing that dogs who were
experienced in the trials would start drooling into the tubes before they’d even tasted a
morsel. Like numerous other bodily functions, the generation of saliva was considered a
reflex at the time, an unconscious action only occurring in the presence of food. But
Pavlov’s dogs had learned to associate the appearance of an experimenter with meals,
meaning the canines’ experience had conditioned their physical responses.

“Up until Pavlov’s work, reflexes were considered fixed or hardwired and not changeable,”
says Catharine Rankin, a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia and
president of the Pavlovian Society. “His work showed that they could change as a result
of experience.”
Pavlov and his team then taught the dogs to associate food with neutral stimuli as varied
as buzzers, metronomes, rotating objects, black squares, whistles, lamp flashes and
electric shocks. Pavlov never did ring a bell, however; credit an early mistranslation of the
Russian word for buzzer for that enduring myth.
The findings formed the basis for the concept of classical, or Pavlovian, conditioning. It
extends to essentially any learning about stimuli, even if reflexive responses are not
involved. “Pavlovian conditioning is happening to us all of the time,” says W. Jeffrey Wilson
of Albion College, fellow officer of the Pavlovian Society. “Our brains are constantly
connecting things we experience together.” In fact, trying to “un-wire” these conditioned
responses is the strategy behind modern treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder,
as well as addiction.
C. After Reading Activity
Let us analyze the experiment of Pavlov by answering the following questions:
1. What is the experiment all about?
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 2. What breed of dogs were used in the experiment?
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3. How did Pavlov and his students collect the sample for the experiment?
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4. What did Pavlov try to prove?

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What is It

Let us now study the succeeding lessons.

You have learned from the previous module that survey is a research method used
for collecting data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights
into various topics of interest. What about experiments? And observations?
Merriam Webster dictionary defines experiment as an operation or procedure carried out
under controlled conditions in order to discover an unknown effect or law, to test or
establish a hypothesis, or to illustrate a known law. If you would recall our reading
activity, Ivan Pavlov did an experiment using canine dogs as subject because he wanted
to prove something.
Observation it consists of receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses,
or recording information using scientific tools and instruments. Any data recorded during
an experiment can be called an observation. In other words, experiment and observation
go together.
Have you conducted an experiment? How was it? Did you test or you established a
hypothesis?
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The Scientific Process
A scientific process or scientific method requires observations of nature and
formulating and testing the hypothesis. It consists of the following steps.
1. Observe something and ask questions about a natural phenomenon (scientific
observation)
2. Make your hypothesis

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3. Make predictions about logical consequences of the hypothesis
4. Test your predictions by controlled experiment, a natural experiment, an observational
study or a field experiment.
5. Create your conclusion on the basis of data or information gathered in your experiment.

https://cdn-0.explorable.com/images/reasoning-cycle-research.jpg
So How Does It Work?
• Make notes as you answer these questions
• Who are the subjects? What do they look like? What are they doing?
• Are the subjects interacting with each other? How?
• What is the environment like?
• Is the environment affecting behavior?

To make an observation you must look closely and notice details.

Now develop a question about what you see going on…

• Ask how, what, when, where, and why

• Be sure that the question can be answered with an experiment

Forming a Hypothesis

• After you have asked the question, give a possible answer

• Try to explain what was observed
• This is called forming a "hypothesis"

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Let's Take an Example:

• You and your friend observed that white cats were found to be playing with white
cats and black with black cats.
• You form a hypothesis that "Cats like to play with cats same color as theirs"
• The prediction is what you think will happened if the hypothesis is true
• Predictions in this case could be…
• H1 = White cats will play with white cats
• H2 = Black cats will play with black cats
• Now after the hypothesis is formed and predictions are made, this is the time to
test them through experiment
• An experiment is a way to test a hypothesis and see if what was predicted is correct
or not

HYPOTHESIS: "Cats will play with cats of same color as theirs"

Let's Experiment
1. Get cats in a variety of colors say black, white, grey
2. Put them together in a room
3. Install close circuit cameras to record their activities
Results

• After about a week, you learnt that cats would play without regarding any color.
You found white cats playing with black and vice versa.
• Our hypothesis proven incorrect and we may need to readjust it to try again
• It is important to remember that even if hypothesis is proven false does not mean
that our experiment has failed. Many discoveries were made through the process
of trial and error.

If you will conduct an experiment, what would it be? How are you going to do it?
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 What’s More
Answer the activities that will follow to practice your knowledge and skill.

Activity 1

Answer briefly and concisely the following questions. Write in complete sentences.

1. When do we use survey?

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2. In your own words, what is experiment and observation? When do we use them?
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Grading Criteria
Relevance of Content 3 pts.
Organization / Coherence 1 pt.
Grammar and punctuation 1 pt.
Total 5 pts. HPS per item

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Activity 2

In the previous module you’ve learned how to design a survey questionnaire. In this
activity, you are going to conduct a survey on the number of SHS students who preferred
to study via online and offline.
Note: Minimum of 30 student respondents should be included in your survey. Use a
separate sheet of paper to show the result of your survey.

1. Sex
Male
Female
2. Age
16-17
18-19
19-20
21-22
Others. Please specify___________
3. Strand
STEM
HUMMS
ABM
TVL
Others. Please specify_____________________
4. Which mode of learning do you prefer? Why?
Online
Offline/Modular

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Grading Criteria
Content 5pts
Completeness 10pts.
Total 15 pts. HPS per item

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Activity 3

After conducting a survey in the second activity, this time you are going to conduct
an experiment.

Before the conduct of the experiment make a hypothesis on the growth of mongo
beans in the two plastic cups. Where do you think mongo beans will grow faster? Planting
the beans in a cup using soil or cotton?

Materials: two spoons of mongo beans, 2 plastic cups, ½ cup of soil, cotton, water

Procedures:

1. Soak two spoons of mongo beans in a bowl for 24 hours.

2. Put the soil in the 1st plastic cup.
3. Put the cotton in the 2nd plastic cup, fill with cotton about ½ of the cup.
4. Put one spoon of soaked mongo beans in each cup.
5. Water them two times a day.
6. Put them near the window or outside the house to get sunlight.
7. Observe the growth of the mongo beans for 5 days.

What I Have Learned

1. How do you form a hypothesis?
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2. Write at least two hypotheses from the experiment that you did in mongo beans.
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3. If your hypotheses were wrong, would that mean a failure in your experiment?
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4. How did you test your predictions or hypotheses on your experiment in mongo
beans?
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5. What is your conclusion on your experiment?

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 What I Can Do
Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer before the number.
____1. It is what you think will happen if the hypothesis is true.
A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

____2. It is a research method used for gathering data.

A. Experiment B. Hypothesis C. Prediction D. Survey

____3. What do you call the data recorded during the experiment?
A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

_____4. The purpose of _____ is to prove a hypothesis.

A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

_____5. “Mongo beans will grow faster in cotton.” This is an example of ___.
A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

Assessment
Write down your observation on the experiment that you have conducted in the
Activity 2 of this module. Follow the format in the Scientific Process or Method that I have
discussed in this module.
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
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Grading Criteria
Relevance of Content 6 pts.
Organization / Coherence 2 pts.
Grammar and punctuation 2 pts.
Total 10 pts. HPS per item

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 Additional Activities
Write your reflections below.

REFLECTION

SOMETHING I LEARNED:

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SOMETHING I STILL HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT:

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SOMETHING I HAVE AN IDEA ABOUT:

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Post Test

I- Multiple Choice. Choose the best answer.

1. If you are going to use a research method to collect data from the respondents then
you are doing ______.
A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

2. What do you call the data that you have recorded while you are conducting your
experiment?
A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

3. If you want to establish a hypothesis, what procedure will you carry out?
A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

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4. “Mongo beans will grow faster in soil than in cotton.” This is an example of?
A. Experiment B. Observation C. Prediction D. Survey

5. After asking a question, you are to give a possible answer. What do you call this
process?
A. Process of making an observation. C. Process of making a hypothesis.
B. Process of making predictions. D, Process of conducting a survey.

6. Ask how, what, when, where, and why. Where does this process belong?
A. Process of making an observation. C, Process of making a hypothesis.
B. Process of making predictions. D. Process of conducting a survey.

7. What will you do if your hypothesis is FALSE?

A. I will end my experiment because it is an indication that there is something wrong
in my hypothesis.
B. I will end my experiment because a FALSE in hypothesis means failure in the
experiment.
C. I will continue my experiment and check the process.
D. I will continue my experiment and readjust.

8. When the hypothesis is formed and the predictions are made, what is the next step?
A. Develop a question about what you see is going on.
B. Make predictions about logical consequences of the hypothesis.
C. Test the hypothesis through experiment.
D. Create your conclusion.

9. What method requires observations of nature and formulating and testing

hypothesis?
A. Making an observation C. Conducting an experiment
B. Forming a Hypothesis D. Scientific Process

10. Which of the following go together?

A. Experiment and Hypothesis
B. Observation and Survey
C. Observation and Experiment
D. Survey and Experiment

II- Essay
1. In writing a report, what is the relevance of having a clear purpose and a specific
audience? Cite an example.

Grading Criteria
Relevance of Content 6 pts.
Organization / Coherence 2 pts.
Grammar and punctuation 2 pts.
Total 10 pts.

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 References
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/surveys/
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/experiment
https://explorable.com/scientific-observation

Answer Key

What I Know (Pre-Test)

1. Answers vary
2. Answers vary

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 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Araceli C. Maligalig, Ph.D. (MHS)

Editor: Nieves T. Salazar, Ph. D. (PHS)

Internal Reviewer: Janet S. Cajuguiran (EPS-English)

External Reviewer: PNU Professor
Illustrator: Marexcza Z. Salinas (PHS)
Layout Artists: Richland C. Buere (SEHS) & Shiela Mae A. Cancino (SRNHS)

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Janet S. Cajuguiran
EPS-English

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

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