See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/269155195

A Non-Linear System for Semi-Rigid Steel Portal Frame Analysis

Conference Paper
DOI: 10.4203/ccp.79.153

CITATIONS READS
7 3,735

4 authors, including:

Alexandre Almeida Del Savio S.A.L. de Andrade

Universidad de Lima Rio de Janeiro State University
26 PUBLICATIONS   101 CITATIONS    102 PUBLICATIONS   1,388 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

New Methodology for Disaster Risk Assessment due to Debris Flow: Case Study - District of Ilabaya, Tacna, Peru View project

Materials Technology Studies (CETECMAT) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Alexandre Almeida Del Savio on 11 April 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 PROGRAMME
THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
COMPUTATIONAL STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGY
&
THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
ENGINEERING COMPUTATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
in association with:
Instituto Superior Tecnico - Technical University of Lisbon
and
National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC)
and sponsored by:
International Journal of Computers & Structures
International Journal of Advances in Engineering Software

7-9 September 2004

Lisbon, Portugal

organised by:
CIVIL-COMP PRESS
Stirling, UK
1
 Day 0: Monday 6 September 2004
HOW TO FIND A PAPER IN THE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS 14.00-18.00 : Preview room open
16.30-19.00 : Registration desk open for pre-registration
The conference proceedings are published in four volumes (two hardback
Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004
volumes and two paperback volumes with accompanying CD-ROMs). 08.15-17.00 : Registration desk open
09.30 : Conference opens in the Auditorium
10.45-11.15 : Coffee / tea
The invited lectures are published in the two hardback volumes as follows: 11.15-12.45 : Start of parallel sessions
12.30-13.45 : Buffet lunch
• volume SLC: Progress in Computational Structures Technology 14.00-18.00 : Parallel sessions
B.H.V. Topping and C.A. Mota Soares, (Editors) 15.30-16.00 : Coffee / tea

Saxe-Coburg Publications, 2004, ISBN 1-874672-21-0 Day 2: Wednesday 8 September 2004

• volume SLE: Progress in Engineering Computational Technology
B.H.V. Topping and C.A. Mota Soares, (Editors)
Saxe-Coburg Publications, 2004, ISBN 1-874672-22-9
The contributed papers are published in the two paperback volumes with
accompanying CD-ROMs as follows:
• volume CST: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on
Computational Structures Technology
B.H.V. Topping and C.A. Mota Soares, (Editors)
Civil-Comp Press, 2004, ISBN 0-948749-95-4
• volume ECT: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on
Engineering Computational Technology
B.H.V. Topping and C.A. Mota Soares, (Editors)
Civil-Comp Press, 2004, ISBN 0-948749-98-9
In this programme the letters immediately preceding a paper title refer to the
volume identifier given above. For example: SLE.1 refers to the first chapter
of Progress in Engineering Computational Technology and CST.2 refers to
the second paper in the Proceedings of the Seventh International
Conference on Computational Structures Technology. The roman
numerals immediately preceding a session title refer to the session number in
the corresponding abstract book and CD-ROM.
Conference venue:
National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC)
Av. do Brasil, 101, 1799 Lisbon, Portugal
tel: +351 21 8482131 ext 2738 fax: +351 21 8484759
08.15-17.00 : Registration desk open
09.00-12.45 : Parallel sessions
10.30-11:00 : Coffee / tea
12.30-13.45 : Buffet lunch
14.00-18.00 : Parallel sessions
15.30-16.00 : Coffee / tea
19.30 : Coaches leave conference dinner from the main entrance of LNEC (Av. do Brasil)
23.00 : Estimated return time from the conference dinner
Day 3: Thursday 9 September 2004
08.30-16.00 : Registration desk open
09.00-12.45 : Parallel sessions
10.30-11:00 : Coffee / tea
12.30-13.45 : Buffet lunch
14.00-16.00 : Parallel sessions
16.00 : Coffee / tea
JOURNAL SPECIAL ISSUES
Details of the procedure for submitting conference papers for publication in the journal special issues, will be
included in the conference package issued tio all participants at the conference.
A NOTE FOR AUTHORS PRESENTING PAPERS AND CHAIRMEN
A networked Powerpoint presentation system is available in all presentation rooms. Authors who wish to use this
system should upload their presentation from media onto the centralized server in the preview room next to the
conference desk. To avoid queues or delays to the programme, authors are advised to upload their presentations
well in advance of the start of their session. The opening hours of the preview room are listed in the schedule
above. For further details about this system, please look at the conference website.
All authors should meet at the front of the meeting room for their session at least 10 minutes before the session
starts. Each contributed paper has been allocated 15 minutes for presentation and questions. Chairmen should
indicate when 10 minutes have passed and again after 12 minutes that the presenter should immediately finish.
Three minutes are available for questions and comments.
Authors are kindly asked to keep to the time allocated to them by the Chairmen. The preferred aid to presentation
is overhead projector or the Powerpoint presentation system, which are ideal for short presentations of 10 minutes.
Authors are discouraged of using their own laptops unless absolutely necessary, in which case they should ensure
that they can quickly and efficiently start their presentation when requested by the Chairman.
Chairmen are requested to keep to the timetable. Changes to the programme will be indicated on the copies of the
programme displayed on the conference timetable board and at the entrance to each of the rooms.

2
LNEC Congress Centre
BUILDING PLAN

1 Arantes e Oliveira building

room 5

2 Congress Centre
registration desk
preview room
auditorium
small auditorium
room 2
room 3
room 4

3 Ferry Borges building

room 7

4 Sanitary Hydraulics building

room 6

3
LNEC Congress Centre
FLOOR PLAN Congress centre plan

third floor
6
room
second floor

first floor

ground floor

basement

ding
s buil
aulic
Fe

Hydr
rry

ary
Sanit
Bo
rg
es
bu
ild
ing

7
room

smallorium
audit

roo
m
4
roo
m
3

roo
m
2

au
dit
or
ium
ro
om
5
Ar
an
tes

se
eO

cr
et
live

ar
iat
ira
bu
ild

ing
ing

ha build
uel Roc
Man

4
Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: AM
AUDITORIUM

OPENING PLENARY SESSION

9.30-9.55 Chair: Professor B.H.V. Topping and Professor C.A. Mota Soares

Welcome on behalf of the conference sponsors:

Welcome on behalf of the Technical University of Lisbon: Professor José Lopes da Silva, Rector

Welcome on behalf of LNEC: Professor Carlos Pina, Vice-President

10.00-10.45 Chair: Professor C.A. Mota Soares

SLE.1 Modeling, Simulation and Visualization Technologies: Frontiers and Beyond

Professor A.K. Noor
Center for Advanced Engineering Environments
Old Dominion University, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, United States of America

10.45-11.15 Coffee/tea

AS A COURTESY AND IN POLITENESS TO ALL SPEAKERS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS

PLEASE TURN OFF YOUR MOBILE PHONE WHENEVER YOU ENTER
ANY OF THE MEETING AND LECTURE ROOMS. THANK YOU
5
Programme Overview: Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004
AUDITORIUM
page 3

Opening Plenary Session

Auditorium Small Auditorium ROOM 4 ROOM 5 ROOM 6 ROOM 7

AM page 9 page 9 page 11 page 11 page 12 page 12
Computational Modelling Modelling and Simulation Adaptive Algorithms for Oscillations of Analysis of Plastic Critical States in
of Thermal-Fluid- of Adaptive Structures Free-Surface Flow Piezoelectric Micro-Scale Deformations in Deformation Processes of
Structure Interaction and Composites Problems, P.K. Jimack Resonators Multibody System Inelastic Solids
Processes, M. Cross A. Benjeddou B. Balachandran Dynamics I. Doltsinis
A Finite Element A.A. Shabana
Multi-Scale Modelling of Laminated Approach to the CST.VIII NON-LINEAR CST.XII
Computational Modeling Shells with Integrated Immersed Boundary DYNAMICS OF Probabilistic Maintenance STABILITY OF
and Simulation, Sensors and Actuators Method, L. Gastaldi STRUCTURES AND and Optimization INELASTIC
Y.W. Kwon C.M. Mota Soares MECHANICAL Strategies DEFORMATION
SYSTEMS L.C. Neves PROCESSES

Auditorium Small Auditorium ROOM 2 ROOM 3 ROOM 4 ROOM 5 ROOM 6 ROOM 7

page 13 page 13 page 14 page 14 page 15 page 15 page 16 page 16
A Parallel Environment CST.I CST.XVIII CST.254 ECT.III CST.VIII CST.X CST.XXXV
and Associated Strategies MODELLING AND STEEL STRUCTURES FLUID-STRUCTURE NON-LINEAR COMPUTATIONAL EARTHQUAKE AND
in Structural Non-Linear SIMULATION OF CST.XI INTERACTION DYNAMICS OF STOCHASTIC SEISMIC
Analysis ADAPTIVE BEAMS —– DIFFERENTIAL PROBLEMS AND STRUCTURES AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
J.Y. Cognard AND BIMORPHS QUADRATURE, TECHNIQUES MECHANICAL ANALYSIS AND
CST.XVIII GENERALISED SYSTEMS OPTIMIZATION —–
Domain Decomposition —– (continued) METHODS AND —– (continued)
Methods on Parallel RELATED DISCRETE —– CST.XXXV
Computers CST.I ELEMENT METHODS ECT.III —– (continued)
PM J. Kruis (continued)
—–
(continued)
CST.VIII
CST.X
(continued)
—– ECT.99 ECT.XIII (continued)
CST.XIII COMPUTATIONAL CST.XIX
ECT.XIV Numerical Analysis of MESHFREE AND FLUID DYNAMICS SHAKEDOWN
PARALLEL AND Continuous Fibre ASSOCIATED ANALYSIS
DISTRIBUTED Composite Forming METHODS
COMPUTATIONS P. Boisse
CST.XVII
ECT.VII BOUNDARY
COMPUTER ELEMENT METHODS
SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENTS

ECT.24

6
Programme Overview: Day 2: Wednesday 8 September 2004
Auditorium Small Auditorium ROOM 2 ROOM 3 ROOM 4 ROOM 5 ROOM 6 ROOM 7
page 17 page 17 page 18 page 18 page 19 page 19 page 20 page 20
Resolution of Sparse CST.III New Design Tools for CST.VII The Role of Algebraic Re-Analysis Techniques CST.XXXVI A Method to Avoid
Linear Systems of MODELLING AND Lightweight Aerospace FORMULATIONS AND Graph Theory in in Structural Dynamics CRASHWORTHINESS Premeditated Destructive
Equations: the RPK SIMULATION OF Structures COMPUTATIONAL Structural Mechanics G. Muscolino OF STRUCTURES Events on Buildings using
Strategy COMPOSITE R. Rolfes, J. Tessmer MODELS FOR FINITE A. Kaveh Criminogenic Design in a
G. Montero STRUCTURES STRAINS Simulation and ECT.XI Virtual Environment
CST.V ECT.IX Optimization for Polymer MULTI-PHYSICS F.C. Hadipriono
ECT.I —– FAILURE ANALYSIS —– GRAPH THEORY: Processing PROBLEMS
ADVANCES IN FOR COMPOSITES: APPLICATIONS AND J. Sienz —–
NUMERICAL CST.III ENGINEERING CST.VII TECHNIQUES —–
AM METHODS FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
(continued) APPROACHES AND
HIGHLY
(continued)
—–
—–
ECT.XI
ECT.IV
THE APPLICATION OF
MODELLING SOPHISTICATED CST.XIV (continued) INTELLIGENT
MODELS CST.XV STATIC AND SYSTEMS TO THE
—– STRUCTURAL DYNAMIC RE- SAFETY OF
—– ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS CONSTRUCTED
ECT.I GRAPH THEORY FACILITIES
(continued) CST.V CST.XXXVIII
(continued) ECT.X STRUCTURAL
PROBLEMS IN OPTIMIZATION
UNCERTAINTY

Auditorium Small Auditorium ROOM 2 ROOM 3 ROOM 4 ROOM 5 ROOM 6 ROOM 7

page 21 page 21 page 22 page 22 page 23 page 23 page 24 page 24
ECT.I CST.IV ECT.XXI ECT.XVIII CST.XXXVIII Numerical Modelling of Statically Admissible
ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CELLULAR SOIL-STRUCTURE STRUCTURAL Wave Propagation in the Stress Recovery using the
NUMERICAL MODELS FOR Numerical Models for AUTOMATA INTERACTION OPTIMIZATION Medium Frequency Moving Least Squares
METHODS FOR MULTILAYERED Structural and Failure Range: Overview and Technique
ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURES Analysis of Multimaterial CST.IX ECT.XIX CST.XXXIX Trends Q.Z. Xiao
MODELLING Structures BIOMECHANICAL PAVEMENT TOPOLOGY Ph. Bouillard
—– F. Bay SIMULATIONS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION CST.XXXVII
—– DESIGN CST.XXIX METAL FORMING:
CST.IV CST.XXI —– —– DYNAMICS AND OPTIMIZATION AND
PM ECT.VIII
NUMERICAL AND
(continued) COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES CST.IX
ECT.XVII
GEOMECHANICS AND CST.XXXI
VIBRATION OF
STRUCTURES
CONTROL

COMPUTATIONAL (continued) GEOTECHNICAL BUCKLING AND —–

METHODS —– ENGINEERING STABILITY —–
PROBLEMS ECT.XII
CST.XXI —– CST.XXIX FORMING AND
(continued) CST.XXXII (continued) CASTING PROBLEMS
ECT.XVII THIN WALLED
Multiscale Modeling as (continued) STRUCTURES CST.XXVII
the Basis for Reliable ANALYSIS AND
Predictions of the CST.243 DESIGN OF BUILDING
Behaviour of Multi- STRUCTURES
Composed Materials
R. Lackner

7
Programme Overview: Day 3: Thursday 9 September 2004
Auditorium Small Auditorium ROOM 2 ROOM 3 ROOM 4 ROOM 5 ROOM 6 ROOM 7
page 25 page 25 page 26 page 26 page 27 page 27 page 28 page 28
Identification and Control CST.XXV CST.II Damage and Failure CST.XXIV CST.VI ECT.XV CST.XXXV
of Structural Systems TIMBER STRUCTURES MODELLING AND Models for Masonry CONCRETE MATERIAL MODELS EVOLUTIONARY EARTHQUAKE AND
O.S. Bursi SIMULATION OF E. Papa MODELLING AND FINITE ELEMENT ALGORITHMS FOR SEISMIC
CST.XXVI ADAPTIVE PLATES ANALYSIS ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
CST.XXX TENSION AND SHELLS CST.XXII —– ANALYSIS AND
INVERSE ANALYSIS, STRUCTURES MASONRY —– DESIGN CST.XXVIII
DAMAGE DETECTION, —– STRUCTURES CST.XX BRIDGE
ACCOUSTIC —–- REINFORCED CST.VI —– ENGINEERING:
EMISSION AND CST.II —– CONCRETE (continued) ANALYSIS AND
AM SIGNAL PROCESSING Automatic Mesh
Adaption: Towards User-
(continued)
CST.XXII
STRUCTURES ECT.XV
(continued)
DESIGN

—– Independent CFD (continued) —–

W.G. Habashi
CST.XXX CST.XXIII CST.XXVIII
(continued) Recent Advances in HOMOGENISATION: (continued)
Hexahedral Mesh TECHNIQUES AND
Generation APPLICATIONS
M. Mueller-Hannemann

Auditorium Small Auditorium ROOM 2 ROOM 3 ROOM 4 ROOM 5 ROOM 6 ROOM 7

page 29 page 29 page 30 page 30 page 31 page 31 page 32 page 32
ECT.V ECT.II CST.XVI CST.XXIII CST.XX ECT.XX ECT.XVI CST.XXXIII
COMPUTER AIDED RECENT TRENDS AND FINITE ELEMENT HOMOGENISATION: REINFORCED NEURAL NETWORKS KNOWLEDGE PLATES: MODELLING
ENGINEERING AND CHALLENGES IN ANALYSIS, TECHNIQUES AND CONCRETE FOR ENGINEERING REPRESENTATION, AND ANALYSIS
DESIGN MESH GENERATION MODELLING AND APPLICATIONS STRUCTURES ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING AND
SOLUTION METHODS DESIGN DESIGN CST.XXXIV
ECT.VI SHELLS: MODELLING
WWW APPLICATIONS AND ANALYSIS

PM

8
Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: AM Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: AM
AUDITORIUM SMALL AUDITORIUM

11.15-12.45: Chaired by: J.Y. Cognard 11.15-12.45: Chaired by: E. Carrera

INVITED LECTURES INVITED LECTURES

SLE.6 Computational Modelling of Thermal-Fluid-Structure Interaction Processes SLC.10 Modelling and Simulation of Adaptive Structures and Composites: Current Trends and
M. Cross, A. Slone, A.J. Williams and T.N. Croft Future Directions
A. Benjeddou
SLE.7 Multi-Scale Computational Modeling and Simulation
Y.W. Kwon SLC.11 Modelling of Laminated Shells with Integrated Sensors and Actuators
C.A. Mota Soares, C.M. Mota Soares and I.F. Pinto Correia

9
10
Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: AM Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: AM
ROOM 4 ROOM 5

11.15-12.45: Chaired by: G. Molnarka 11.15-12.30: Chaired by: P.L. Ribeiro

INVITED LECTURES INVITED LECTURE

SLE.4 Adaptive Algorithms for Free-Surface Flow Problems SLC.13 Oscillations of Piezoelectric Micro-Scale Resonators
P.K. Jimack B. Balachandran and S. Preidikman

SLE.12 A Finite Element Approach to the Immersed Boundary Method CST.VIII NON-LINEAR DYNAMICS OF STRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL
D. Boffi, L. Gastaldi and L. Heltai SYSTEMS
session organised by P.L. Ribeiro

CST.78 Divergence, Hopf and Double-Zero Bifurcations of a Nonlinear Planar Beam

A. Luongo and A. Di Egidio
CST.79 Finite Element and Reduced-Order Analytical Models for Nonlinear Response of
Cables to Harmonic Loadings
F. Vestroni, V. Gattulli, L. Martinelli and F. Perotti

11
Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: AM Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: AM
ROOM 6 ROOM 7

11.15-12.45: Chaired by: M.A. Bradford 11.15-12.45: Chaired by: I. Doltsinis and V.D. Da Silva

INVITED LECTURES INVITED LECTURE

SLE.11 Analysis of Plastic Deformations in Multibody System Dynamics SLC.6 Critical States in Deformation Processes of Inelastic Solids
H. Sugiyama and A.A. Shabana I. Doltsinis

SLC.14 Probabilistic Maintenance and Optimization Strategies for Deteriorating Civil CST.XII STABILITY OF INELASTIC DEFORMATION PROCESSES
Infrastructures session organised by I. Doltsinis and V.D. Da Silva
D.M. Frangopol and L.C. Neves
CST.122 Thin-Walled Member Plastic Bifurcation Analysis using Generalised Beam Theory
R. Gonçalves and D. Camotim
CST.123 On the Investigation of Material Stability during the Simulation of Ductile Damage in
Metallic Materials
F. Reusch and B. Svendsen
CST.124 Stability of the FE Computation of Softening Plasticity using an Overlay Model
V. Dias da Silva

12
Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: PM Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: PM
AUDITORIUM SMALL AUDITORIUM

14.00-15.30: Chaired by: A.K. Noor 14.00-15.30: Chaired by: C.M. Mota Soares and A. Benjeddou

INVITED LECTURES CST.I MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF ADAPTIVE BEAMS AND BIMORPHS
session organised by A. Benjeddou and C.M. Mota Soares
SLE.14 A Parallel Environment and Associated Strategies in Structural Non-Linear Analysis
J.Y. Cognard, A. Poulhalec, F. Thomas and P. Verpeaux CST.1 Control of Thermally-Induced Vibrations in a Composite Beam
F. Ashida and T.R. Tauchert
SLE.13 Domain Decomposition Methods on Parallel Computers CST.2 Finite Element of a Smart Beam with Piezoelectric Patches using Electroelastic
J. Kruis Formulation
S.N. Ahmad, C.S. Upadhyay and C. Venkatesan
15.30-16.00: Coffee CST.3 Finite Element Modelling of Hybrid Beams with Patch Sensors and Actuators using a
Coupled Efficient Zigzag Theory
16.00-18.15: Chaired by: J. Kruis and R.I. Mackie N. Alam and S. Kapuria
CST.4 Passive Vibration Damping using Shunted Shear-Mode Piezoceramics
ECT.XIV PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTATIONS A. Benjeddou and J.-A. Ranger-Vieillard
CST.5 Finite Element Modelling of Beams with Arbitrary Active Constrained Layer Damping
ECT.89 Domain Decomposition Methods: .NET, Objects, Elements and Algorithms Treatments
R.I. Mackie C.M.A. Vasques, B. Mace, P. Gardonio and J.D. Rodrigues
ECT.90 Data Structures for Distributed Matrix Computations on Non-Conventional Finite CST.6 Beam Models of Piezoelectric Laminates
Element Models C. Maurini, J. Pouget and F. dell'Isola
I. Cismasiu and J.P. Moitinho de Almeida
ECT.91 Application of the FETI Domain Decomposition Method to Semi-coercive Contact 15.30-16.00: Coffee
Problems
J. Dobiás, S. Pták, Z. Dostál and V. Vondrák 16.00-18.00: Chaired by: C.M. Mota Soares and A. Benjeddou
ECT.92 Integrating HPC and Grid Computing for 3D Structural Analysis of Large Buildings
J.M. Alonso, C. Alfonso, G. Garcia and V. Hernandez CST.7 On Analytical and Numerical Modelling of Piezoelectric Bimorphs
ECT.93 Optimisation of Partitioning for Parallel Flow Simulation on Block Structured Grids C. Poizat and A. Benjeddou
D.C. Sternel, D. Junglas, A. Martin and M. Schaefer CST.8 Classical and Optimal Active Vibration Control of Smart Piezoelectric Beams
C.M.A. Vasques and J.D. Rodrigues
ECT.VII COMPUTER SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTS CST.9 Simulation and Analysis of Effective Properties of Porous Piezocomposites
P.M. Bondarev, A.V. Belokon and L.S. Xanthis
ECT.54 OOFEM: An Object Oriented Framework for Finite Element Analysis CST.10 Modelling and Simulation of Smart Tubular Composites
B. Patzák and Z. Bittnar P. Bondarev, L.S. Xanthis, A. Benjeddou and A. Nasedkin
ECT.56 A Reflective Component Framework for a Large Scale Simulation Software
H. Hadler, M. Kellner and R. Grosso ECT.99 Stacking Sequence Design of a Composite Wing under Random Gusts using a Genetic
Algorithm
T.U. Kim, J.W. Shin and I.H. Hwang
ECT.24 Topologic Operators Incorporating Conformity Constraints for Free-Form Surface
Meshes INVITED LECTURE
D. Lovinfosse, F. Noël and J.-C. Leon
SLC.12 Numerical Analysis of Continuous Fibre Composite Forming
P. Boisse, D. Soulat and J.L. Daniel

13
Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: PM Day 1: Tuesday 7 September 2004: PM
ROOM 2 ROOM 3

13.45-15.30: Chaired by: M. Iványi and T.J. McCarthy 13.45-15.30: Chaired by: C.N. Chen and A.A. Becker

CST.XVIII STEEL STRUCTURES CST.254 Analytical Axisymmetric Finite Elements with Green-Lagrange Strains, P. Pedersen

CST.145 Non-Linear Carrying Capacity of Asymmetric Three-Dimensional Braced Steel Frames CST.XI DIFFERENTIAL QUADRATURE, GENERALISED METHODS AND
R.C. Barros and M.B. Cesar RELATED DISCRETE ELEMENT METHODS
CST.146 Finite Element Simulation of Cold-formed Steel Purlin-Sheeting Systems for Evaluating the session organised by C.N. Chen
Rotational Restraint
K.B. Katnam, R. Van Impe, G. Lagae and M. De Beule CST.116 Differential Quadrature, Generalized Methods, Related Discrete Element Analysis
CST.147 Finite Element Study of Nonlinear Behaviour of Steel Angle Tension Members Methods and EDQ Based Time Integration Method for Composite Structural Problems
P. Usha and V. Kalyanaraman C.N. Chen
CST.148 Studies on the Behaviour of Restrained Steel Columns Exposed to Fire CST.117 Analysis of Load Movement in Mining Mills, A. Gutiérrez, L. Magne and A. Ortiz
J.P.C. Rodrigues CST.118 Numerical Integration of Interpolation and Test Functions on any Convex Polyhedrons
CST.149 Large Deformation Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Uprights of Steel Racks T. Fröbel and P. Milbradt
A. Fadel, N. Abdel-Rahman, M. El-Sadaawy and S.A. Mourad CST.119 Contact Detection between Axially-Asymmetric Ellipsoids for Discrete Element Modeling
CST.150 Analytical Evaluation of Local Buckling Behaviour of H-Section Steel Members S. Johnson, J.R. Williams and B.K. Cook
T. Ohtsuka and S. Motoyui CST.120 Generalized Collocation Methods for Rotational Shells Free Vibration Analysis
CST.159 Reliability Analysis of a Steel Frame with Semi-Rigid Connections E. Artioli, P.L. Gould and E. Viola
Z. Balogh and M. Iványi CST.121 3D Discrete Element Method based on the Bipotential Contact
I. Sanni, J. Fortin and P. Coorevits
15.30-16.00: Coffee
15.30-16.00: Coffee
16.00-18.15: Chaired by: T.J. McCarthy and M. Iványi
16.00-18.00: Chaired by: M. Dhanasekar and J.B. Paiva
CST.151 Design of Welded Steel Beam-to-Column Connections with a T-Stiffener
E.B. Machaly, S.S. Safar and M.A. Youssef
CST.XIII MESHFREE AND ASSOCIATED METHODS
CST.152 Genetic Algorithms Structural Optimisation of Beam-to-Column Semi-Rigid Joints
F.B. Ramires, L.R.O. de Lima, S.A.L. de Andrade, P.C.G. da S. Vellasco and J.G.S. da Silva
CST.126 Element Free Analysis on a Mapped Plane, T. Ohkami, E. Toyoshima and S. Koyama
CST.153 A Non-Linear System for Semi-Rigid Steel Portal Frame Analysis
CST.127 A Meshless Dynamic Finite Element for Beam Vibrations including Rotary Inertia
A.A. Del Savio, S.A.L. de Andrade, P.C.G. da S. Vellasco and L.F. Martha
S.M. Hashemi and D. Pereira
CST.154 Numerical Evaluation of the Response of the Column Web Panel under Asymmetrical
CST.128 Extension of the Fixed Grid Finite Element Method to Eigenvalue Problems
Patch Loading
F.S. Maan, O.M. Querin and D.C. Barton
S. Jordão, L. Simões da Silva and R. Simões
CST.129 The Application of RKPM for the Numerical Simulation of Pressure-Sensitive Material
CST.155 Effect of Loss of Bolt Tightness on the Integrity of Butt Joints under a Biaxial Stress Field
using a Cap Plasticity Model
K. Ding and M. Dhanasekar
A.R. Khoei and M. Samimi
CST.156 Numerical Analysis of the Buckling Behaviour of Rectangular Hollow Members
A. Fülöp and M. Iványi
CST.157 Seismic Design of MR Steel Frames with Slender Shear Walls CST.XVII BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHODS
G. De Matteis, A. Formisano and F.M. Mazzolani
CST.158 Excel Spreadsheets for the Design of Steel Beams with Multiple Web Openings CST.141 Boundary Element Analysis of Orthotropic Prismatic Beams, D. Gaspari and M. Aristodemo
T.J. McCarthy, R. Schneider, N. Cunliffe and C. Barnshaw CST.142 A Three-Parameter Boundary Element Formulation for Bending Plates under Initial Fields
CST.160 Non-Linear Simulation of Steel and Composite Steel/Concrete Beam-to-Column Connections A.V. Mendonça and J.B. Paiva
R.Y. Xiao and F. Pernetti CST.143 A Complex Variables Technique for Evaluating Double Integrals in a Symmetric BEM
M. Mazza and M. Aristodemo
CST.144 Fracture Analysis of Mode III Problems by the Trefftz Boundary Element Approach
J. Wang, Y.H. Cui, M. Dhanasekar and Q.H. Qin

14
Abstract
This paper describes in detail a structural system, FTOOL/SRC, conceived to
perform non-linear analysis of semi-rigid steel frames. The system can be used to
validate the semi-rigid connection approaches by means of a parametric analysis in a
simple and compact form. It is based on an efficient graphical interface and efficient
external solver FEMOOP [2]. A connection finite element, developed by Del Savio
[1], was implemented enabling plastic hinge analysis to be performed on the
structural connections and bars. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate,
through a series of validating examples, the performance of the FTOOL/SRC system
and its implemented strategies, focusing on the newly conceived object oriented data
structure.

Keywords: structural engineering, semi-rigid connections, steel structures, non-

linear analysis, connection model, object oriented programming philosophy.

1 Introduction
The continuous search for a more realistic structural modelling has long been
pointing out to an appropriate consideration of the related non-linear effects that
significantly affect the structural behaviour. Various analysis techniques, with
different refining strategies and associated complexities, can be adopted according to
the non-linear response of a structure model. Hence a suitable modelling analysis
can be selected for each required structural behaviour type.
Generally non-linear effects are related to the structural elements geometrical and
material properties. Recent investigation trends indicated that the non-linear semi-
rigid connection response also played a fundamental role in the structural behaviour.
This paper will describe in detail a structural system, FTOOL/SRC, developed from

1
an earlier program, FTOOL [3] (Two-dimensional Frame Analysis Tool Program) to
perform non-linear analysis of semi-rigid steel frames.
The FTOOL/SRC system enables parametric analysis to validate the semi-rigid
connection use to be performed in a simple and compact form due to the adoption of
an efficient graphical interface and to the use of an external solver FEMOOP [2]
(Finite Element Method – Object Oriented Program). The implemented interface
combines, in a user-friendly environment, the pre-processing, structural analysis
(FEMOOP [2]) and the post-processing phases.
A connection finite element, Del Savio [1], was implemented in the earlier,
FEMOOP [2], system and is employed for the non-linear structural semi-rigid
analysis. This element enables a plastic hinge analysis to be performed on the
structural connections and bars for any type of loading.
The most significant developments of the FTOOL/SRC system were related to
three fundamental issues: First the implementation of its graphical interface,
enabling non-linear analysis and the semi-rigid connection data input to be
performed. Second an evolution from the previous data structure, centred on a
complete topological planar subdivision representation, HED (Half-Edge Data
Structure), to a new object oriented data structure. Third the implementation of a
connection finite element, Del Savio [1], in the FEMOOP system [2].

2 Implementations
2.1 FEMOOP [2]
The program FEMOOP (Finite Element Method – Object Oriented Program),
created in 1991, was based on the object oriented philosophy associated to the finite
element method. Since the program have been widely used enabling its expansion to
solve thermal analysis, non-linear analysis and others.

2.1.1 Finite Element Programming, Martha [2]

Before presenting the class organization of the FEMOOP program it is important to

note that the computations carried out in a nonlinear finite element analysis occur at
three distinct levels: the structure level, the element level, and the integration point
level. The structure (or global) level corresponds to the algorithms used to analyse
the problem (e.g., linear static, nonlinear path-following, nonlinear dynamic, etc.).
These algorithms are implemented in terms of global vectors and matrices, and do
not depend on the types of elements and materials used in the analysis.
The main task performed at the element level is the computation of element
vectors and matrices (e.g., internal force vector and stiffness matrix) required to
assembly the global vectors and matrices, which are used by the analysis algorithms.
The computation of these vectors and matrices is completely independent of the
algorithm used to (globally) analyse the model.

2
 The communication between the global and the element level occurs in two
directions. The upward direction corresponds to the computation of the global
vectors and matrices summing up the element contributions, and the downward
direction corresponds to the extraction of the element displacements from the global
displacement vector. These communications tasks are carried out using nodal
degrees of freedom and element connectivity.
Finally, the computation of stress vector and tangent constitutive matrices is
carried out at the integration point level. These quantities are used in the
computation of the element vectors and matrices, but they do not depend on the
element formulation, provided that the basic input data for stress computation are
strain components.

2.1.2 Overall Organization

The overall class organization of the FEMOOP system is depicted in Figure 1.

Control

FEM

Error Smoothing Element Material Node Load Element DSA

Shape Analysis Model IntPoint Shape Analysis Model IntPoint

Constitutive Model

Figure 1: Overall class organization, Martha [2].

The Control class is an abstract base class that provides a common interface for
solving algorithms. The current hierarchy of the Control class is shown in Figure 2.

Control

Linear Static Linear Stability Equilibrium Path Nonlinear Stability

Load Control Displ. Control Arc-Length Gen. Disp. Control

Linearized Riks Ramm Cilyndrical

Figure 2: Control class hierarchy, Martha [2].

The Finite Element Model class represents the numerical discretization of the
model into finite elements. The main tasks of the Finite Element Model class are to
compute the nodal d.o.f., to assemble the global vectors and matrices used by the
analysis algorithms, to update nodal displacements, and to print the computed results
after convergence.
The Node class basically stores the nodal data read from the input file
(coordinates, etc.), as well as some variables computed during the program
execution, as the nodal d.o.f. and the current displacements.

3
 Material is an abstract base class that provides a generic interface to handle the
different materials (derived classes) available in the program, including some elastic
and elasto-plastic materials.
Element is an abstract base class that defines the generic behaviour of a finite
element. The main tasks performed by an object of the Element class are the
indication of the number and direction of the active nodal d.o.f., the computation of
the element vectors (e.g., internal force) and matrices (e.g., stiffness matrix), and the
computation of the element responses (e.g., stresses). The OOP hierarchy of the
Element class is partially illustrated in Figure 3.

Element

Truss 3D Frame 3D Plane Frame Shell Parametric

Corotational Total Lagrang. Corotational 2D 3D Condensed Total Lagrang.

Figure 3: Element class hierarchy, Martha [2].

The Shape class holds the geometric and field interpolation aspects of the element
(dimension, shape, number of nodes, etc.), while the Analysis Model class handles
the aspects related to the differential equation that governs the problem to be solved.
The Integration Point object holds the parametric coordinates and the
corresponding weight used for the numerical integration, while the Constitutive
Model is an abstract base class that provides a common interface to the different
constitutive relations implemented in the program.
Finally, the Load Element class was created to allow the generic consideration of
natural boundary conditions and body forces.

2.1.3 Software Implementation

In order to include the connection finite element (Del Savio [1]) in the FEMOOP [2]
program structure the only required steps were: creation of a new class on the
Element class hierarchy (Figure 4) and add a new procedure on the file responsible
for reading the data inputs. It should be pointed out all the required information
needed for the new element was included on its class without altering any other part
of the program code. The connection finite element implemented was based on a 2D
non-linear co-rotational beam element.

Element

Truss 3D Frame 3D Plane Frame Connection 2D Shell Parametric

Corotational Total Lagrang. Corotational Corotational 2D 3D Condensed Total Lagrang.

Figure 4: New element class hierarchy.

4
2.2 FTOOL [3]
The FTOOL [3] (Two-dimensional Frame Analysis Tool Program) was conceived in
1991, from a research project of the Computer Graphics Technology Group
(Tecgraf/PUC-Rio) and is based on a function library HED (Half-Edge Data
Structure), Cavalcanti [4], for the internal data representation.
Over the last few years FTOOL [3] have demonstrated to be a valuable tool for
structural engineering teaching being used on Structural Analyses, Concrete and
Steel Design courses on various civil engineering programs of Brazilian and foreign
universities. FTOOL [3] is a structural analysis system possessing, in a single
platform, all the necessary tools for an efficient model pre and post processing and a
fast solving strategy.

2.3 FTOOL/SRC [1]

The newly implemented FTOOL [3], version named FTOOL/SRC (Two-
Dimensional Frame Non-Linear Analysis Tool Program Incorporating Semi-Rigid
Connections), is focused on solving linear and non-linear semi-rigid steel portal
frames inheriting all the FTOOL [3] functionalities.
The present implementation was centred on: the substitution of the previous data
structure (HED, Cavalcanti [4]) for a new object-oriented data structure; enhancing
the graphical interface made with IUP [5] and CD and removing the solver
algorithm from the internal structure of the FTOOL [3] program. Due to the inherent
object-oriented philosophy advantages the FTOOL [3] modules were created using
the C++ language centred on maximizing the program code reuse, and conceiving
generic procedures.

2.3.1 Data Structure

FTOOL [3] is based on a data structure centralized on a topological representation of

a planar subdivision. It incorporates an efficient adjacent information data search
and also being capable of acting as a data structure organizer. The topologic data
structure HED (Half-Edge Data Structure), used in the FTOOL [3] program is fully
described in Cavalcanti [4].
Figure 5 illustrates the HED data structure communication. The grey and white
rectangles represent, respectively, the main registry names and the pointer variables
relating the entities. Figure 6 describes the FTOOL [3] (version 2.11) data structure
communication responsible for registering the entity attributes in the HED data
structure.
The main reason for changing the FTOOL [3], data structure, the HED, was the
challenge to create a new simpler data structure, implemented according to the
object-oriented philosophy, possessing the same functionalities offered by the HED
for beam elements but being capable of dealing with 3D structures, since the HED is
limited to 2D elements.

5
 SOLID SOLID SOLID
*prevs *nexts FACE FACE FACE

*sfaces *prevf *nextf

*sedges *fsolid

*sverts *flout

*u_atrib *floops
*atrib
*u_atrib

LOOP LOOP LOOP

EDGE EDGE EDGE
*prevl *nextl
*ledg *preve *nexte

*lface *he1 *he2

*atrib
*u_atrib

HALFEDGE HALFEDGE HALFEDGE

*prv *nxt VERTEX VERTEX VERTEX

*edg
*prevv *nextv
*vtx *vedge
*wloop *u_atrib

Figure 5: HED Data structure communication.

Tnodalforce
SOLID *next
variables
*u_atrib
Tmbendmom
*next
variables

Tmodel Tunifload
*nodforce *next
variables
*mbendmom
*unifload Tlineload
*lineload *next
variables
*tempevar
*matparam Ttempevar
*sectprop *next

*dimlines variables

Tmatparam
*next
variables
EDGE Tsectprop
*next
*u_atrib
variables

Tmember Tdimline
*matp *next
variables
*spro
*endm
Tmatparam
*unif
Tsectprop
*line
Tmbendmom
*temp
Tunifload
*edval
Tlineload
VERTEX
Ttempevar
*u_atrib Teffplot

Tnode Tnodalforce
*force

Figure 6: FTOOL [3] and HED entity attributes data structure communication.

The object oriented philosophy main advantages are: easy code maintenance and
program developments, reduction of the probability of error occurrence and the
minimum impact caused by new code implementations on the existing code.
Additionally the code reuse also leads to a widely adoption of generic procedures.
The FTOOL/SRC new data structure communication is depicted in Figure 7. The
grey and white rectangles represent, respectively, the class names and the
interrelating pointer variables. The class relations, grey-to-grey rectangles indicate

6
an inherence relation. For instance the Node class inherits the NodalSupport,
NodalDisp, NodalSpring and Point classes.
Model NodalForce
*node
*member MemberEndMoments
*nforce
UniformLoad
*mendm
*uload LinearLoad
*lload
*tpvar TemperatureVariation
*matpa
BaseList
*sprop MaterialParameters
*spring *elem
*dimln SectionProperties

Connection

DimLine

MemberSpring
*kzi
Member *kzj

*elem DoubleGenericLinkedList
*node_i *head
*node_j *tail
*matp
*spro
*mendm
*uload
*lload
*tpvar
*effil MemberEfforts
*effj MemberMaximumMoments
*maxm
Point
*edmax
*edval MemberEffDispPlot
*value
NodalSupport
Elem
NodalDisp Elem *prev *next Elem
NodalSpring *generic

Point
Node
*elem
*nforc
*list_elem

Figure 7: FTOOL/SRC Data structure communication.

The fundamental characteristics of the main implemented classes will be

described on this paper. Further details are present in Del Savio [1].
The DoubleGenericLinkedList and Elem classes possess methods and variables to
manipulate a double connected generic list and are responsible for storage and
control of all program data. Every class that uses this double connected generic list
should declare a pointer to the Elem class optimising the search for data stored on
the list. This pointer is the generic element memory address where the data is stored.
This strategy eliminates time-consuming data searches, element by element, by
directly accessing it.
The FTOOL/SRC program contains several lists: materials, section properties,
etc. These lists presented common functionalities that were generalized in the
BaseList, basic class. This class defines the generic behaviour of the subsequent
classes implemented in the program including: MaterialParameters,
SectionProperties, among others. This strategy enables newly created classes from
the BaseList class only to be concerned with their specific and particular methods.
The Member class reunite all the required variables and methods for the beam
element manipulation storing the nodes adjacent information. The Node class
possesses all the required variables and methods for the manipulation of a node
object. This class contains a list of bars adjacent to a node allowing an efficient
adjacent information data search. The Model class stores a pointer for the main

7
FTOOL/SRC classes to enable access to any program class. When the program
starts this is the first object to be defined.

2.3.2 Graphical Interface

The new FTOOL/SRC system incorporated new graphical user interface elements in
FTOOL [3] program using IUP [5] elements and functions and LED [5] interface
elements.
Figure 8 illustrates some of the new graphical interface features implemented for
the semi-rigid connections pre-processing: the spring element representing the
structural joint as well as its associated initial stiffness; the creations of a connection
list (connection elements); the moment versus rotation curve describing the joint
structural behaviour, by its coordinates, Figure 9, and finally the creation of buttons
for defining the connections on a beam element.

1
3

Figure 8: FTOOL/SRC: Semi-rigid connections pre-processing menu.

Figure 9: Connection moment versus rotation curve input menu.

The next step was the implementation of the various types of structural analysis
executed on the FTOOL/SRC, Figure 10. The user can choose: linear or non-linear
analysis, co-rotational 2D beam elements and co rotational or plane connection
elements.
The solving algorithmic includes Newton-Raphson, modified Newton-Raphson
(Load Control), Displacement Control, Generalized Displacement Control, Energy
Control, Deformation Control, Arc Length and Orthogonal Residue controls. Non-

8
linear post processing needs required the creation of a C++ program to visualize
load versus displacement curves, Figure 11.

Figure 10: FTOOL/SRC: Analysis configuration menu.

2.3.3 FEMOOP [2] solver use

FTOOL [3] uses an internal solver, FRAMOOP, that is a simplified version of the
FEMOOP [2] (in C language, 1991) adequate for linear analysis. In the new
strategy, the FTOOL/SRC program was responsible for the pre and post-processing
phases, while the FEMOOP [2] program performs the structural analysis. This
strategy helps future implementations and independent code maintenance in both
programs.

Figure 11: Load factor versus node deflection curves.

9
3 Case Studies
This section objective is to validate, by means of comparisons to literature results,
the implemented connection finite element, Del Savio [1]. First a steel portal frame
study made by Steenhuis et al [6] will be presented. This will be followed by
comparisons with non-linear analysis of semi-rigid portal frames performed by
Keulen et al. [8].

3.1 Single storey semi-rigid frame linear analysis

Figure 12 depicts a steel portal frame investigated by Steenhuis et al. [6] to evaluate,
on a non-sway structure, the effects of the semi-rigid joints over the frame internal
force distribution and associated deformations. The portal frame span and height are
six and four metres, respectively. An IPE360 steel profile was used on the beam and
columns. The loading configuration consisted on a horizontal load of 25 KN and a
uniformly distributed load of 40kN/m. The portal frame deflected shape and
associated bending moment distribution is present in figure 12.
The portal frame was modelled using half of the joint tangent stiffness as the joint
secant stiffness, as suggested in Eurocode 3, [9]. The adopted joint stiffness were
35kNm/mrad, 60kNm/mrad, 130kNm/mrad and a fully rigid joint.

40 kN/m
MC
25 kN dh MA

dv
MB
4m

6m

Figure 12: Portal frame loads, deflected shape and bending moments, [6].

In this example a second set of results produced by Brito [7], for the same frame
will also be presented. This investigation was centred on the proposal and validation
of a simplified model for semi-rigid beam to column connections using the Ansys
program. The authors used a linear joint stiffness and performed a non-linear elastic
portal frame analysis.
The portal frame results are expressed in terms of a moment versus joint stiffness
graph, figure 13 for the upper left corner (MA), beam centre span (MB) and upper
right corner (MC), respectively. Horizontal and vertical displacement versus stiffness
curves for the upper left corner (dh) and beam centre span (dv), are also illustrated on
Figure 14.

10
 Moment - Stiffness
140,00

MB
120,00
MC
100,00
Moment (kNm)

80,00
Steenhuis et al. [6]
Brito [7]
Del Savio [1]: Connection Element
60,00

40,00

20,00
MA
0,00
30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135
Stiffness of Connection (kNm/mrad)

Figure 13: Bending moment comparisons.

Displacement - Stiffness
30,00

Horizontal Displacement (dh) Steenhuis et al. [6]

25,00 Brito [7]
Del Savio [1]: Connection Element
Displacement (mm)

20,00

15,00
Vertical Displacement (dv)

10,00

5,00
30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135

Stiffness of Connection (kNm/mrad)

Figure 14: Horizontal and vertical displacement comparisons.

Generally the bending moment and displacements obtained with the present
formulation were similar to Steenhuis et al. [6] results and better than Brito [7],
demonstrating the adequacy of the proposed connection element implementation.

3.2 Single storey semi-rigid frame non-linear analysis

Comparisons were made with Keulen et al. results [8], using full moment versus
rotation curves ad a bi-linear approximation. This approximation uses a well-known
simplified joint representation named half initial secant stiffness method. A steel
portal frame spanning 7.2 metres and having 3.6 metres of height, figure 15, was
investigated, [8]. The beam and column sections used, respectively, IPE360 and
HEA260 steel profiles. The adopted joint and element moment versus rotation
curves are presented in figure 16. The beam to column connections are bolted flush
endplates, Figure 15.

11
 The horizontal load αF represents wind load, but is also used to take into account
imperfections affecting the second order effects. The α-factors are taken as 0.1, 0.15,
0.2, 0.3 and 0.5. The vertical load w is equal to 1/6 of the vertical load F.
F [kN] w [kN] w [kN] F [kN]
225/96/20 10

aF [kN] 45 170 45
200/390/20

10

200/390/20
M 20 8.8

3,6 m
225/96/20 IPE 360
S355

200
10 260

HEA 260 HEA 260

S355 S355
7,2 m

Figure 15: Single storey frame and associated beam to column joint details [8].

Moment - Rotation Characteristics Spring Elements

400,00

350,00

300,00
Moment (kNm)

250,00

200,00

150,00

100,00 Eaves Joints

Base Joint
50,00
Beam
0,00
0,000 0,002 0,004 0,006 0,008 0,010 0,012 0,014 0,016 0,018 0,020

Rotation (rad)

Figure 16: Moment versus rotation curves [8].

The curves illustrated in Figure 17 represent the results of the three earlier
mentioned analyses. The first two curves were performed by Keulen et al. [8] while
the third used the proposed connection elements, Del Savio [1]. The Keulen et al. [8]
analysis comprised:
- Reference Analysis was analysed using ANSYS version 5.5. To obtain the
reference solution, a second-order elastic-plastic frame analysis is used. Plastic
hinges in the beams are modelled using rotational spring elements at locations where
plastic hinges are expected to occur. These rotational spring elements have a rigid-
plastic characteristic neglecting the influence of normal and shear forces on the
plastic moment capacity. Figure 16 illustrates the spring properties used for the base
joints, eaves joints and the beam springs.
- Half Initial Secant Stiffness Approach, modelling the portal frame using a bilinear
moment versus rotation curve considering half of the joint secant initial stiffness.
It can be observed in Figure 17, for the considered values of the α factor (0.1,
0.15, 0.2, 0.3 e 0.5), that the displacements obtained with the proposed formulation

12
are very similar to Keulen et al. [8] results demonstrating, one more time, the
adequacy of the proposed connection element, Del Savio [1].

Load - Deformation Diagram

1200 Keulen et al. [8]: Reference Analysis
Keulen et al. [8]: Half Initial Secant Stiffness Method Ratio = 0.1
1000 Del Savio [1]: Connection Element
Ratio = 0.15
Applied Load (kN)

800

Ratio = 0.2
600

Ratio = 0.3
400
Ratio = 0.5
200

0
0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00

Horizontal Deformation (mm)

Figure 17: Load versus deformation diagram.

4 Final Remarks
Linear and non-linear analysis methods as well as a connection finite element for
semi-rigid portal frames proposed by Del Savio [1] were implemented with success
using the numerical solver present in the FEMOOP [2] program.
One of the main contributions of this newly created formulation was related to its
data structure implemented in the C++ programming language, according to the
object-oriented philosophy. Some other implementation key points deserve to be
mentioned:
- The fully integration of the FTOOL/SRC program to other related systems.
- The program easy maintenance and expansion.
- The possibility of programming code reuses enabling the use of generic
procedures.
Finally the implemented graphical interface, based on a simple and efficient user
interface for the mentioned structural analysis also deserved to be mentioned.
In order to validate the proposed formulation, some structural models present in
literature were utilized. These comparisons lead to the following considerations:
In Steenhuis et al. [6] and Brito [7], semi-rigid portal frame structures the current
formulation lead to very similar results when compared to Steenhuis et al. [6] and
better results than Brito [7].
The modification of the connection element stiffness matrix, Del Savio [1], when
used in a non-linear structural analysis produced results close to the Reference
Analysis [8], (second order elasto-plastic analysis), and better than the Half Initial
Secant Stiffness Approach [8].

13
 References
[1] A.A. Del Savio, “Modelagem Computacional de Estruturas de Aço com
Ligações Semi-Rígidas”, MSc. Dissertation, Civil Engineering Department –
PUC-Rio, Brazil, (in Portuguese), 2004.
[2] L.F. Martha, E. Parente Jr., “An Object-Oriented Framework for Finite
Element Programming”, Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on
Computational Mechanics, IACM, Vienna, Austria, Jul. 2002.
[3] L.F. Martha, “FTOOL: A Structural Analysis Educational Interactive Tool”,
Proceedings of the Workshop in Multimedia Computer Techniques in
Engineering Education, Technical University of Graz, Austria, 51-65, 1999.
[4] P.R. Cavalcanti, P.C.P. Carvalho, L.F. Martha, “Criação e manutenção de
subdivisões planares”, IV Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Gráfica e
Processamento de Imagens, São Paulo, SP, 13-24, 1991.
[5] C.H. Levy, L.H. Figueiredo, M. Gattass, C. Lucena, D. Cowan, “IUP/LED:
A Portable User Interface Development Tool”, Software: Practice &
Experience, 1995.
[6] M. Steenhuis, N. Gresnigt, K. Weynand, “Pre-Design of Semi-Rigid Joints in
Steel Frames”, Proceedings of the Second State of the Art Workshop on
Semi-Rigid Behaviour of Civil Engineering Structural Connections, Prague,
Czech Republic, 131-140, 1994.
[7] O.F. Brito, “Desenvolvimento de Sistemas Estruturais Semi-Rígidos em Aço
e Mistos para Edificações Residenciais Multi-Familiares”, MSc.
Dissertation, Civil Eng. Depart. – PUC-Rio, Brazil, (in Portuguese), 2001.
[8] D.C. van Keulen, D.A. Nethercot, H.H. Snijder, M.C.M. Bakker, “Frame
analysis incorporating semi-rigid joint action: Applicability of the half initial
secant stiffness approach”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, v. 59,
1083-1100, 2003.
[9] Eurocode 3, ENV - 1993-1-1:1992/A2, Annex J, Design of Steel Structures –
Joints in Building Frames, CEN, European Committee for Standardisation,
Document CEN/TC 250/SC 3, Brussels, 1998.

14

View publication stats