U3. Classification of matter.

Mixtures

1. Mixtures
IES MAESTRO HAEDO
2. Methods for separating mixtures Dpto. Física y Química
3. Changes Prof. Ángel Viñas San Narciso
1. Mixtures:
 They are substances formed by a combination of
different kinds of particles (atoms &/or molecules)
 They do not have well defined specific properties.
 Types of mixtures: homogeneous and
heterogeneous.
• Homogeneous or solution:
o We can not differentiate between their
components with the naked eye or microscope.
Besides, it’s not possible to distinguish it from a
pure substance.
o Parts of a solution:
» Solvent: substance that makes up the majority of the
solution. Water is the solvent in an aqueous solution.
» Solute: substance dissolved in the solvent. It is the
minority component of the solution.
» Both solvent and solute can be in a solid, liquid or
gaseous state, although typically the solvent is liquid
and the solute is solid.
o Examples
of solutions:
 o How do I measure the concentration of a solution?
» The concentration of a solution is the amount of
solute in a certain amount of solution.
» We can calculate the concentration of a solution
𝑚𝑠 (𝑔)
(C) in grams per litre (g/L) as follows: 𝐶 = ,
𝑉𝑇 (𝐿)
» Where ms is the mass of the solute in grams and VT
is the total volume in the solution in litres
• Heterogeneous: we can distinguish between their
components. E.g. A salad, oil in water, milk, an egg
The air is an homogeneous mixture of
elements and compounds
Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of
metals
Heterogeneous mixtures
Remember!
2. Methods for separating mixtures:
 For heterogeneous mixtures: they are physical
methods based on the different values of some
property of the components:
• Decanting:
o Property used: the different densities of the
components of a mixture.
o Example: immiscible liquids in a mixture.
o Procedure: after some time, the less dense
component floats, so they separate and is
possible to pour the one on the top into a
beaker.
• Filtering:
o Property used: the different size of the particles
of the components of a mixture.
o Example: mixture of solid particles in a liquid.
o Procedure: we pour the mixture into a filter
which captures the solid particles, while the
liquid passes through.
 For homogeneous mixtures: they are methods for
separating the solvent from a solute. The method to use
depends on the state of the solute:
• Crystallisation:
o State of the solute: solid.
o Property used: different volatility of the
components.
o Example: salt dissolved in water.
o Procedure: evaporating the most volatile
component (the solvent). The saturated solution
will precipitate the solid solute into salt crystals.
• Distillation:
o State of the solute: liquid or solid.
o Property used: the different boiling point.
o Example: alcohol dissolved in water.
o Procedure: heating the solution. The component
with the lower boiling point will evaporate and
condense in a refrigerated tube into a container.
3. Changes
a) The concept of change
 A change is any transformation that can be
measured.
 Material systems and bodies change. They
change when they interact with each other or
with itself.
 In any change, an exchange of energy occurs
between a material system (or a body) and its
surroundings
 Classification of material systems:
• Open systems: they can exchange
matter and energy with their
surroundings

• Closed systems: they can only

exchange energy with their
surroundings

• Isolated systems: they cannot

exchange energy and matter with
their surroundings.
Examples of material systems
b) Types of changes
 Physical changes: they affect some properties of
matter, but no new substance is produced. E.g:
• Changes in movement. E.g. the displacement of a car
in motion.
• Thermal changes: due to variations in the
temperature. E.g. Evaporation.
• Electrical changes: due to the exchange of electrical
charges. E.g. A storm
• Changes due to light and sound. E.g. A storm.
– Chemical changes: chemical reactions
• Chemical changes produce new substances.
• Pure substances (reactants) are transformed into
different substances (products) in a chemical reaction.
• Chemical reactions are very important to us because
energy and new materials are formed.
• E.g. Photosynthesis: new materials for life are formed
CO2 + H20 + light energy glucose + O2
• E.g. Combustion: energy out of fuel is produced
Fuel + O2 CO2 + H20 + energy (heat & light)
Chemical reaction: combustion

Reactants Products
Chemical reaction: photosynthesis

Reactants Products