SOUTHERNSIDE MONTESSORI SCHOOL

Camella Homes IV, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City

Lesson 3
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT - These are also called patterns of organization and some writers
called it as text structures.

A. NARRATION - the most basic pattern of development - describes how, when, and where an event or occurrence
actually happened - used to tell a story or focus on a set of related events
 It is creating a world based on the writer’s imagination.
 It is considered by many people as the easiest pattern because it is like storytelling, which is very familiar to
almost all people.
 In writing, you need to develop the use of narration to be able to explain your thoughts well.
 It is not enough that you know well about the subject you are writing about.
 You must also know how to arrange your ideas and you must consider the details you should put on your
paper.
 Your write-up must answer the 5W’s and 1H questions.

Components of Narrative Text

1. Logical Actions - are considered the very movements within the plot or the narrative that drive the characters
forward, be it during the dialogue, or within a scene
2. Way of Narration - refers to how the writer presents the story - includes the pace by which scenes are given out *
Having natural progression of time to the events of the story makes a good writing.
a. Clipped Narration “He came and talked to us. Then he left the house and then he drove the car back home.
b. Paced Narration “He came and talked to us for a few moments. He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands before he left the house come twilight, he seemed to feel better
now that he had delivered the news.
c. Terminology - places emphasis on the fact that concepts are critical to the narration * Writers must choose
how to address terms and which ones they want to use in order to create an appropriate setting.
 Concrete Terms - words that identify things, places, and events that can be measured and observed -
terms that have physical manifestation in our world Examples: spoon, dog, house
 Abstract Terms - refer to ideas or concepts that are intangible Examples: love, freedom, feminism
 General Terms - commonly used to denote groups - refer to an individual component of the group
Examples: cabinets, desks, chairs Example: furniture Specific Terms

B. DESCRIPTION - the pattern of development which goes into details about a specific object, person, or location, in
order to firmly set its appearance What does it look like? What are its characteristics?
 It is a representation of something or someone in words.
 It creates a mental image of a thing, a person or character, or an event.
 It is an organized account of vivid sensory details that appeal to the reader’s senses.
 You need to activate your senses all the time to be able to describe.
 As a writer, you need to utilize sensory details to form images into your reader’s mind. This will let your
readers see clearly through their imagination a person, event, or situation. This will help them understand
easily what you are trying to write about especially if the subject is a bit complicated.

Characteristics of Description
● has a clear focus and sense of purpose
● uses sensory details and precise words
● presents details in a logical order

Varieties of Description
1. Objective Description - looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as
possible * The writer stays away from emotional impressions or responses and instead, describes the scene as it is.
2. Subjective Description - a sort of description that the author would normally use to “paint a picture” of how he sees a
character, or how he wants the reader to see a character - also used in a literary discourse when there is stereotyped
image that can be attributed to a person, place, or an event.

C. DEFINITION - explains not just what something means or is, but also what something does, what something is used
for, what something looks like, etc.
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  It answers the question “What does it mean?”.
 Your sources of definition must be credible and valid.
 Defining is putting an identity to something. It is assigning an existence to something that was relatively
unknown before.
 When looking for definitions, your most trusted basic reference is the dictionary.
 The definition given in the dictionary may be your guide at the start, but what should be highlighted is your
own definition of a term based on your own understanding, experience, and/or observation.

Various Types of Definition

1. An intensional/lexical definition specifies the necessary and sufficient set of features or properties that are shared
by everything to which it applies. All good dictionary definitions are lexical, since they state how native speakers
employ the words in all of their various senses.
Example:
Term Definition
Baked goods Foods that are cooked in an oven of some fashion that uses prolonged dry heat, usually
based on flour or corn

2. An extensional/demonstrative definition is usually a list naming every object (or at least enough of a list to create
clarity in the reader’s mind) that belongs to the concept.
Example:
Term Definition
Baked goods Breads, cakes, pastries, cookies, biscuits, scones and similar items of food that are cooked in
an oven of some fashion

3. Parenthetical definitions are words that quickly explain a term and are included within the same sentence as the
word being defined. These informal definitions can be a synonym or a short phrase. The definition will be placed
in parentheses immediately following the word being defined.
Example:
Our company should invest in creating sinistral (left-handed) office supplies to meet the growing market
demand.

4. Sentence Definitions - There are times when a few words are not enough to explain a technical term. In this case,
the definition provided needs to be more extensive. Sentence definitions can provide the additional information
needed to help increase comprehension. Sentence definitions are an explanation of a word using one sentence.
These are more formal explanations than parenthetical definitions. Sentence definitions follow a similar form,
which includes:
Example:
The word being The class to which the The feature that distinguishes the term from other words
defined word belongs
The heart is an organ that pumps blood through the body.

5. Extended Definitions – Although sentence definitions provide more specific details to define a word, there are
times in technical writing when the term is so important to the document or so complex in its meaning that an
entire paragraph or more is needed to help explain the term. This is when an extended definition is necessary.
Extended definitions are the use of a paragraph or more to expand on a word that may be difficult to comprehend.
An extended definition almost always starts with a sentence definition, but then expands on the word by providing
additional sentences about one or more of the following:
a. The function of the term
b. The location of the term
c. The physical traits of the term
d. The causes and effects of the term

Varieties of Definition
1. Scientific Definition - defines concepts in the most factual way, which is often used in scientific, proper, or real-
world facts
2. Subjective Definition - defines the objects in a more personal way - usually derived from the author's own
experiences and opinion - often used by a writer to state something from the point of view of the characters or in
relation to the setting

The term could be emphasized by the following:

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 1. Characteristics or features
2. Function
3. Effect
4. Origin

D. CLASSIFICATION AND EXEMPLIFICATION - divides things into groups, classes, or categories - organizes
ideas into divisions based on criteria or standards

 Exemplification - provides examples and illustrations in order to further clarify or explain the concept or subject
matter - presents the general statement and then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main
idea
 Exemplification is an example of the concept that you are discussing. Examples can come in the form of texts,
images, or illustrations and diagrams.
 When you provide examples for general ideas, you can be able to label or group those ideas (classification).
Classification in writing is used to provide you as a writer a clear picture on how the ideas are categorized, and in
turn help your readers understand what you are saying.

E. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST - organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things, and concepts are
similar to or different from one another a. separately -involves describing one item first followed by the second item
b. side-by-side -involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison
 This type of paragraph development focuses on the ways things and ideas are similar and/or different from
one another.
 Comparison is used when the writer wants to point out similarities between or among ideas, while contrast is
used when the writer wants to point out the differences.
 Before you can compare and contrast, you need to make sure that the topics have a point of comparison.
 There are two forms of writing comparison and contrast paragraph.
 subject by subject (AAA-BBB)
 point by point (AB-AB-AB)

F. CAUSE AND EFFECT - explains why something happens or what results a particular event produces
a. Paragraph emphasizing cause
b. Paragraph emphasizing effect
 It is a pattern of development that shows causal relationships between events, ideas, and trends.
 Writers often use the cause-and-effect pattern in historical and scientific writing.
 The very purpose of establishing cause and effect in a paragraph is to point out to your readers the relationship
between events and situations.
 When you intend to analyze why something occurred or happened, you are to discuss the cause.
 When you intend to analyze the product or result brought about by something, you are to discuss the effect.
 When writing, you may either focus on just the causes, or just the effects unless you prefer to discuss both. It
can be in several forms:
 one cause with one effect
 one cause with multiple effects
 multiple causes with single effect

G. PROBLEM-SOLUTION - focuses on either a problem or solution in a particular area or situation

 It is a pattern of development in which a problem is stated and analyzed and then one or more solutions are
proposed and examined.
 It prompts the writer to subject a problem to careful analysis and later offer sound solutions to solve it.
Enough details are needed in discussing the topic.
 In analyzing the problem, you need to look at its different angles.
a. Parts of the problem – require you to analyze 5Ws and 1H questions.
b. Cause and effect of the problem – expose the root of the crisis and its implications
c. Possible solutions to the problem – generate the most logical and practical solutions
d. Future implications of the solution – refer to the potential future effect of the offered solutions to the
problem.

H. PERSUASION - convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic.

 It is the use of facts, emotions, and logic to convince an audience.

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 The writer discusses the issue and takes a stand. The writer presents arguments and counter-argument with
ample details and support for each.
 In writing this pattern of development, you have to consider the three types of appeal to fully convince your
readers that what you are saying is true.
 The three types of appeal are:
a. Ethos – appealing to credibility or to what the readers already know about you
b. Pathos – appealing to emotions particularly pity of your readers
c. Logos – appealing to logic, or known facts generally accepted as truth

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