Dey, MSIT, 2020

8/20/2020
Live Webinar Series

Spectrum: Civil Engineering Today
Department of Civil Engineering
Meghnad Saha Institute of Technology
Dr. Arindam Dey

Associate Professor
Geotechnical Engineering Division
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Guwahati
18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 2
A brawl where no one Signpost at the crossroads Angry couple facing

wants to budge away from each other
1
8/20/2020
Blending Theory and Practice
A Typical Geotechnical Project
Geo-Laboratory Design Office

Soil properties ~ for design & analysis
for testing
construction site
2
8/20/2020
Geotechnics to Infrastructures
 Infrastructures are the physical components of interrelated systems providing commodities and
services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal and economic living conditions
Geotechnics to Marvels
 Helps to create marvels of infrastructure
3
8/20/2020
Geotechnics to Failures
Vistas of Geotechnical Engineering
 Geotechnical and Geophysical Investigations

 Shallow, Deep and Hybrid foundations on horizontal grounds and slopes
 Ground Improvement for constructions in difficult subsoil conditions
 Soil Dynamics, Earthquake Geotechnics, Ground Response and Liquefaction Analysis
 Soil-Structure Interaction
 Rainfall Induced Landslides, Landslide Hazard and Slope Stabilization
 Geosynthetic Engineering and Reinforced Soil Structures
 Rigid and Flexible Earth Retention Systems
 Pavement and Railway Geotchnics
 Dam and Embankment Engineering
4
8/20/2020
Investigations for Subsurface Characterization

 Intrinsic or Extrinsic geotechnical properties
 Specific Gravity and Water content
Index Characteristics
 Particle Size Gradation
 Relative Density and Consistency Indices Hydraulic Characteristics
 Hydraulic Conductivity and Soil-Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC)
 Shear Strength and Shear Strength Parameters
Strength Characteristics
 Stress-strain-time Behavior
 Stiffness Characteristics of Soils Deformation Characteristics
 Compaction and Consolidation Characteristics
 Dynamic Characteristics of Soils
 Shear modulus, its degradation and Damping characteristics Dynamic Characteristics
 Response of soils to waves
 Shear wave velocity of soil and the corresponding stratification
 Electrical, Thermal and Magnetic Characteristics Special Characteristics
5
8/20/2020
Experimental Investigations for Soil Properties

 Experimental investigations
 Laboratory tests
 Sieve and Hydrometer test
 Density index and Atterberg limit tests
 Saturated and Unsaturated Permeability tests
 Direct Shear, Triaxial Shear, Torsional Shear, Simple Shear tests
 Proctor Compaction and Oedometer tests
 Cyclic shear tests (triaxial, direct or simple), Bender Element Tests, Resonant Column Tests and Ultrasonic
Pulse tests
 In-situ tests
 Exploratory borings or Borehole Stratigraphy
 SPT, SCPT, DCPT, DMT, PMT
All the above tests are conducted on DISTURBED
or QUASI-DISTURBED soil samples
Representative Exploratory Borings

 Most common method to identify representative subsurface stratigraphy Geological or
 Most common method to collect representative soil samples Morphological Profiles
Discontinuous stratum
Undulated trail
WHY REPRESENTATIVE ???

Subsurface
Stratigraphy
6
8/20/2020
Exploratory Borings vs Geophysical Surveys
 Exploratory borings
 Drilling and boring technique is excessively costly
 Spacing between boreholes have every possibility of
missing the subsurface profile variation
 NDT surveys
 Application of waves and propagation geophysics
 Continuous subsurface profiling
Not Replacement Surveys
but Complementary surveys
Help in demarcating appropriate

locations of borehole drilling
Various Types of NDT Geophysical Surveys
Ground Penetrating
Nuclear/Proton Magnetic Radar (GPR) Seismic Refraction and
Electrical Resistivity
Tomography (ERT) Resonance (NMR/PMR) Reflection Surveys
7
8/20/2020
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)

 Identify variation of ground stiffness
 1D, 2D or 3D formats
Gmax  Vs2
Roll-Along Mode
Types of MASW Survey

Active MASW
 Active seismic source e. g. a sledge hammer
 Linear receiver array
Lesser depth of investigation
Passive MASW
Passive Remote Passive Roadside
 Uses surface wave generated from local

 Uses surface waves generated from
traffic sources
ambient sources
 5-20 Hz frequency conforming to 30-100m
 Uses 2-D receiver array and gives deeper wavelengths
investigation depth  Uses 1D receiver array
- Laborious field operation -Easier field operation
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8/20/2020
MASW Survey Components

Hammer
Plate Offset and
spacing – 2m
Geophones Geophones placed

The energy medium in a linear array
Data Acquisition system
Data Recording
Basic Procedure of MASW

 Three-step investigation: Data collection, Dispersion analysis, Inversion analysis
Phase Velocity
Vs
Dispersion Curve
Soil
Layers Depth
Frequency
Principle of Dispersion
Waves of different frequency

travel with different velocity
through the heterogeneous media
9
8/20/2020
Dispersion Analysis
Fourier Transformation

x  t   c0   cn sin nt  n 
n 1
Inversion Analysis
Vs Model
Updation
Error
Real problems Backpropagation
have Non-
Unique Solution
Initial Vs model can

Result Cause be from SPT-N profile
Vs  97 N 0.314
Inverse Optimization Problem
10
8/20/2020
MASW Survey at a Jia-Bharali River Bridge Site

 A new 4-lane (1.2 km) carriageway bridge over
Jiya-Bharali River bed
 National Highway and Infrastructure Development
Corporation Limited (NHIDCL)
 Located in Tezpur District, Assam state
 Connects NH-52A and NH-37
 Project completed with Simplex Infrastructures Ltd
MASW Survey at a Bridge Site

 Superstructure span 1.2 km - 24 Piers
- 2 Abutments
 Pier spacing 48 m
 MASW test - Active mode

 10 kg sledge hammer impact as seismic
source
 4.5 Hz Geophones
 Piers 1- 4
 Submerged under river water
 Roll Along method of Active MASW
test
 Shifting equipment from pier to pier with
a 12 m overlap
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8/20/2020

 Bandpass filtering with mild temporal muting
 Dispersion image stacking to enhance resolution
Dispersion image from single record
Dispersion
Filtered and
Raw Data image after
Muted Data
stacking 4-
records

 Automated extraction of dispersion curve and Inversion
 Profiles obtained as a roll-along method
 Test at each pier location
 Tests at intermediate locations between piers
Extracted multimodal
dispersion curve
1D Shear wave velocity profile
12
8/20/2020
Jumrik
Madhulatha
Rana
The longest single stretch of MASW survey done in India until date
Chiranjib
13
8/20/2020
Ground Response Analysis

 Response of soil substrata subjected to vertically
propagating horizontal shear waves
 Inherent Assumption: Horizontally layered soil deposit
 Fundamental principles required

 Wave propagation and wave mechanics
 Strong motion characterization
 Dynamic characterization of soils
 Dynamic properties and liquefaction parameters
Types of Ground Response Analysis

 Several variants of GRA
 Linear / Equivalent Linear / Nonlinear analysis
 Dependency on the induced strain and solution
1D GRA
approach
http://deepsoil.cee.illinois.edu/Default.html#
 Time-domain / Frequency domain analysis
 Mode of analysis
 Total stress / Effective stress analysis
 Dependency on the consideration of pore-pressure
 Masing / Non-Masing analysis
 Type of loading-unloading-reloading rules applied
for the cyclic hysteresis generation
 1D / 2D / 3D GRA
 Problem and rigor depedent
Nonlinear Time-domain Effective-stress based analysis using Non-Masing rules
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8/20/2020
Requirement of Ground Response Analysis

 Shear wave velocity profile of the substrata
Roll-along 2D MASW
1D MASW
Cross-hole test SPT-N

Vs  97 N 0.314

 Strong motion input characteristics (Amplitude, Frequency, Duration)
SEISMOSIGNAL
Software
15
8/20/2020

 Dynamic soil properties
 Strain and Stress-controlled Cyclic Triaxial or
Cyclic Simple Shear tests
 Shear modulus degradation curve
 Strain-dependent damping ratio
 Liquefaction potential parameters
On-sample Transducers Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus

0.12 1
(a)
 Dynamic soil properties 0.09 0.9 (c)
Excess pore pressure ratio (Δu/σʹc)
0.8
0.06
0.7
Strain-controlled tests
Axial Strain (%)
 Strain and Stress controlled Cyclic Triaxial tests 0.03
0
0.6
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 0.4
 Shear modulus degradation -0.03
-0.06
0.3
0.2
0.1
 Strain-dependent damping ratio -0.09
0
-0.12 0 10 20 30 40
Number of cycles Number of cycles
 Liquefaction potential parameters 50 50
(b) 40
(d)
40
1.0 30 30
30
Deviator stress (kPa)
20
Deviator Stress (kPa)
20 10
25 10 0
0.8 0
-10
-20
Damping ratio, D (%)
-10
G/Gmax_BS 20
-30
-20 -40
0.6 G/Gmax_RS -50
-30
D_BS -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
G/Gmax
0 10 20 30 40
Number of cycles Axial Strain (%)
D_RS 15
Stress-controlled
0.4
Dynamic 10
0.2 parameters 5
0.0 0
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
Shear strain (%)
16
8/20/2020

 Dynamic soil properties
 Strain and Stress controlled Cyclic Triaxial tests
 Shear modulus degradation
 Strain-dependent damping ratio
 Liquefaction potential parameters
Brahmaputra Sand
GRA of Guwahati City and IIT Guwahati, Assam, India
IIT Guwahati
Guwahati City
17
8/20/2020
GRA of Guwahati City and IIT Guwahati, Assam, India
Input Strong Motions
1.0 30
25
0.8
Typical Borehole Profile
Damping ratio, D (%)

G/Gmax_BS 20
0.6 G/Gmax_RS
D_BS
G/Gmax
D_RS 15
0.4
Dynamic 10
Vs Profile 0.2 parameters 5
Vs  91N 0.314 0.0 0

1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10
Shear strain (%)
Typical GRA Results and Representations

Hysteresis
Loops
Spectral
Acceleration Maximum
Strain Profile
PGA Liquefaction
Susceptibility
18
8/20/2020
Typical PGA and AF Contour Map of Guwahati City

 Manifestation of Local Site Effects due to varying geology
 Local Amplification and Attenuation of bedrock motion
PGA AF
Nepal Eq: Peak Bedrock Acceleration (PBRA) = 0.18g
Typical PGA and AF Contour Maps of IIT Guwahati

 Manifestation of Local Site Effects due to varying geology (How much local?)
 Local Amplification and Attenuation of bedrock motion
Sikkim Eq: PBRA = 0.36g
PGA AF
19
8/20/2020
Liquefaction Susceptibility FoS Maps of IIT Guwahati

 Influence of peak bedrock acceleration
 No liquefaction susceptibility for lower  Substantial liquefaction susceptibility at higher
bedrock motions bedrock motions
 FoS > 1 at all places in the campus  FoS < 1 at many places in the campus at both shallow
and deeper strata
1m 10 m

Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) Maps of IIT Guwahati

 Indicates severity of liquefaction Why LPI is better than FoS ?
 LPI < 5  No liquefaction
 5 < LPI < 15  Moderate liquefaction
 LPI > 15  Severe liquefaction
Shiv Devdeep
0.02 g
0.06 g
0.18g
Sikkim Strong Motion 0.36 g
Madhulatha Pankaj
20
8/20/2020
Landslides
 Landslide is the movement of a mass
of rock, debris or earth down a slope
21
8/20/2020
Landslides: Causes and Triggers
Landslide causes
 Factors that make the slope
vulnerable to failure
 Factors that predisposes the
slope to become unstable
Landslide trigger
 The single event that finally
initiates the landslide

Landslide Analyses Local-Scale Landslide Analyses
22
8/20/2020
Rainfall Induced Landslide Hazard of Guwahati City

 Study area and characterization of hillslope soils
250
200
150
τ
100
50
0
0 150 300 450 600
σ'

 Local-scale deterministic slope stability analysis
23
8/20/2020

 Local-scale probabilistic slope stability analysis
 Application of Random Field for soil parameters for catering uncertainty in soil parameters
Regional Landslide Susceptibility and LHZ of Guwahati City

 Regional Scale Stability Analysis
 Landslide Hazard Zonation and Landslide Susceptibility Studies
 SHALSTAB, TRIGGRS, SINMAP, Physically-based Models
 GIS platform for Digital Elevation Models (DEM)
DEM
Stability Index Map
24
8/20/2020
Rainfall Induced Landslide in Guwahati Region

 Regional Scale Landslide Hazard Analysis
 Incorporation of variability in rainfall and soil depth
Variation of weathered soil

thickness and slope angle
25
Depth of Soil Formation

20
Estimated Soil Depth (H) H = 25.0e-0.075β Monthly mean rainfall based on 100 years
15
Soil Depth from Bore-hole data data (1901-2002) at Kamrup metropolitan
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Slope Angle in Degrees
I-D-F curves for Guwahati region
Rainfall-Induced Landslide Hazard Map of Guwahati City

Influence of
Return Periods
Hazard Map is a combination of

individual return period maps
25
8/20/2020
Probabilistic Landslide Hazard Analysis of Guwahati City

 Incorporating uncertainty of soil parameters
Probability of Failure (PoF) Map of Guwahati City
Chiranjib
26
8/20/2020
Soft Ground Improvement using Preloading with PVDs

 Accelerated consolidation through vertical and radial drainage and excess PWP dissipation
Solo Preload
Vertical Drain Installation
Preload with PVD
27
8/20/2020

 Finite Element Modeling and Analysis
2D Plane-strain OUTCOMES
Deformation
PWPmax = 90 kPa
Full 3D
Shear Stresses PWP before consolidation
PWPmax = 76 kPa
Plan of
Preload
PWP after consolidation

Smear: Reduction of permeability
 Influence of PVDs around the drain due to driving (ks<kh)
Preloading Excess PWP vs Time
Sai Kiran Rajesh
Preloading + PVD Settlement vs Time
Reduction in PWP zone
28
8/20/2020

 Influence of PVD
spacing and depth
Uniform fine spacing
Choose per design

thick soft stratum
Floating PVD for
requirement
Uniform sparse spacing
Unequal spacing
Heritage Railway Station, Udaipur, Agartala

 Application of preloading and PVD for developing of railway
yard in a ditch marshland
29
8/20/2020

 Incorporation of strength gain in the analysis
 Saves unnecessary preloading requirement
Strength gain during consolidation

 Application of preloading and
PVD for developing of railway
yard in a ditch marshland
30
8/20/2020
Final Remarks
Theory V/S Practice Theory + Practice
Acknowledgement
 Organizers of the Conference
 A platform to discuss interesting issues
 All my students Zeevaert Terzaghi

 The workforce to bring out the intricate findings
 All my academic and industry partners

 The brains and The funds
 Those researchers who laid the foundation
of present day discussions Seed Coulomb
Rankine Taylor Cassagrande Peck Skempton Bjerrum Janbu
31
8/20/2020
Thank You for Patient Hearing
http://www.iitg.ac.in/arindam.dey/homepage/index.html#
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Arindam_Dey11
32

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8/20/2020

Live Webinar Series

Dr. Arindam Dey

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 2

A brawl where no one Signpost at the crossroads Angry couple facing

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 3

Blending Theory and Practice

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 4

A Typical Geotechnical Project

Geo-Laboratory Design Office

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 5

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 6

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 7

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 8

Vistas of Geotechnical Engineering

 Geotechnical and Geophysical Investigations

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 10

Investigations for Subsurface Characterization

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 11

Experimental Investigations for Soil Properties

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 12

Representative Exploratory Borings

WHY REPRESENTATIVE ???

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 13

Exploratory Borings vs Geophysical Surveys

Help in demarcating appropriate

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 14

Various Types of NDT Geophysical Surveys

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 15

Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 16

Types of MASW Survey

Passive Remote Passive Roadside

 Uses surface wave generated from local

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 17

MASW Survey Components

Geophones Geophones placed

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 18

Basic Procedure of MASW

Waves of different frequency

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 19

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 20

Initial Vs model can

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 21

MASW Survey at a Jia-Bharali River Bridge Site

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 22

MASW Survey at a Bridge Site

 MASW test - Active mode

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 23

MASW Survey at a Bridge Site

Dispersion image from single record

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 24

MASW Survey at a Bridge Site

1D Shear wave velocity profile

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 25

18-Aug-20 Spectrum, MSIT, 2020 27

Ground Response Analysis

 Fundamental principles required