BACHELOR OF MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT WITH HONOURS

MPU3313_V2

HEALTH AND WELLNESS 2

TASK 1

Question 1(a)

Introduction

New discoveries and technology advancements have enhanced literacy and knowledge of the
importance of preventative and promotional elements of healthcare preservation over time.
As a result, expectations are shifting away from just being healthy and toward hopes for a
better quality of life (Robinson, L., 2015). The words "health" and "wellness" are frequently
interchanged. Although one cannot have both, they are two distinct concepts with distinct
meanings. Health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as “a condition of
complete physical, mental, and social well-being, rather than just the absence of sickness or
infirmity (illness).” The diagnosis of a sickness or illness, susceptibility to disease, and any
unforeseen damage all fall under the category of health. People no longer believe that staying
healthy and disease-free requires adhering to the "pill-popping" culture. Rather, they want to
get stronger and fitter, therefore they participate in sports and leisure physical activities to
prove their better wellness. The term "wellness" was originally used in the early 1970s to
describe people's efforts to improve their health. Dunn (1977) used the term "wellness" to
describe an active process in which an individual becomes aware of and makes deliberate
personal choices to attain a better state of being in all essential aspects of his or her life.
Wellness is defined as a proactive and preventative strategy to achieving optimal physical,
social, and emotional health. It may be viewed as a dedication to working within one's own
limitations and potentials, as well as a process of continuing to strive for optimal health rather
than relying just on illness prevention.
Expression specifically of the difference between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body
Composition Analysis (BCA) in relation to the management of body weight.

The words Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Composition Analysis (BCA) are often
misunderstood. BMI is an abbreviation for “body mass index”, while BCA is an abbreviation
for "body composition analysis." There is a great deal of overlap between the two, but there
are also some significant distinctions between them. A measure of body fat such as the body
mass index (BMI) is calculated depending on your height and weight at the time of
measurement (Donatelle, R., 2009). Despite the fact that it can serve as an excellent
foundation for determining your general health, it may not give enough additional
information in order to accurately identify health risk factors on its own. Because it considers
the amount of lean muscle and how it is distributed, a body composition analysis, or BCA,
provides additional information.

Despite the fact that BMI provides some useful information, studies have shown that it is less
useful than body composition in predicting health. To put it another way, the manner in which
and the location of excess weight are carried is equally essential (Edlin, C., 2010). It can also
be used to assist assess your risk of acquiring certain illnesses, such as adult-onset diabetes or
type II diabetes, in the future. Carrying excess weight around your midsection, for example,
raises your risk of heart disease and stroke. The key is not just to eliminate all calories from
one's diet and expect to lose weight. Because not all weight is created equal, it is important to
understand this. While some weight gain is produced by lean, metabolically active tissues, the
majority of weight gain is driven by adipose tissue (fat).

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is the proportion of a person's muscle to fat ratio based on his or
her height and weight; it is calculated by dividing the person's weight by his or her height. It
is, in essence, a measurement of total body fat. It aids in the determination of a person's
overall health in relation to his or her weight. It provides an indication of a person's health.
When it comes to controlling one's body weight, as it indicates how much weight is possible
at a certain height, the BMI plays an essential function (Hoeger, W. K., 2003). However, it
only provides an indication of body fat and does not account for other key aspects of the
body, such as water level and tissues. When it comes to weight control, all aspects are
significant. The body mass index (BMI) is the most important factor to consider when
determining the optimal body weight for a certain height. The drawback of BMI is that it
does not provide extensive information about the various elements that influence our body
weight and shape.

Body composition analysis is a composition of determining the body of fat, bones, muscles,
fluids, and tissues in the body (Insel, P. M., 2008). It provides a thorough analysis of body fat
based on several parameters such as muscle mass, water level, and body fat percentage in the
body's overall composition of fat and muscle. It provides a more accurate measure of the
body moulding’s finer details. When it comes to weight management, the total composition
of our body is extremely significant since it indicates the proportion of all elements in our
body, such as muscle fat, water level, and tissue, among others. However, BCA has a
disadvantage in that it cannot determine the optimal body fat percentage for a certain height.
It can be useful in weight management when we understand our body composition.

Conclusion

The body mass index (BMI) of a person is calculated using the individual's mass and height.
The body mass index (BMI) is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body
height, and it is represented in kilogrammes per metre squared (kg/m2), where mass is
measured in kilogrammes and height is measured in metres (Zainalabidin, M., 2014). Using
body composition analysis, you may determine how much fat you have in mass to how much
lean body you have. Even while it is critical for the health of all persons to understand their
body mass index, it is especially critical for athletes to keep track of their body composition
on a regular basis.
Keeping in mind that the most essential information you should be aware of is the variables
that contribute to extra body fat, it is critical to remember that. The majority of us claim that
we eat a healthy diet, but we continue to gain weight. This is due to the fact that our body
weight and body composition are controlled by a variety of factors that might differ from
person to person, including genetics. Genetic, physiological, behavioural, and psychological
variables can all be classified as risk factors.

References

1. Donatelle, R., Snow, C., & Wilcox, A. (2009). Wellness: Choices for health and
fitness (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
2. Edlin, C., & Golanty, E. (2010). Health and wellness (10th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones
& Bartlett.
3. Hoeger, W. K., & Hoeger S. S. (2003). Lifetime physical fitness and wellness: A
personalized program (7th ed). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
4. Insel, P. M., & Roth, W. T. (2008). Core concepts in health (10th ed.). Boston, MA:
McGraw-Hill.
5. Ismawati, S., Zainalabidin, M., & Golnaz, R. (2014). Healthy eating: The preventive
factors among Malaysians. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, A4),
257-261.
6. Robinson, L., Segal, J., & Segal, R. (2015). Healthy eating. Retrieved from
http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/healthy-eating.htm
Question 1(b)

Introduction

Obesity is a medical condition that is difficult to understand and treat. Obesity is caused by a
combination of variables, including individual characteristics, that all work together to create
it (CDC, 2015). Nutritional examples, physical activity, dormancy and medication usage are
all examples of practises that may be used to protect against various exposures. Additional
contributing factors in our general population include the state of one's nutrition and physical
activity, one's training and talents, as well as one's involvement in food promotion and
advancement. Obesity is a legitimate cause for worry because it is associated with worse
emotional wellness outcomes, reduced personal satisfaction, and is one of the leading causes
of mortality in the United States. In 2016, it was predicted that 41 million children under the
age of five were overweight or obese. When seen as a high-salary nation concern, overweight
and obesity are on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban areas,
according to the World Health Organization (CDC, 2017). Asian children under the age of
five who were overweight or obese in 2016 accounted for over half of all such children. In
2016, more than 340 million children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 were classified as
overweight or obese. Obesity has a long-term detrimental effect on one's health. Every year in
the United States, obesity-related illnesses cost more than $150 billion dollars and result in an
estimated 300,000 unanticipated losses.
The risk of health problems related to obesity that will affect a person’s lifestyle.

Hypertension is one of the negative repercussions of obesity and overweight on an

individual's health. Additional fat tissue in the body requires oxygen and nutrients in order to
survive, which necessitates the expansion of the veins to provide more blood to the fat tissue.
An increase in the amount of blood flowing also means an increase in the weight placed on
the supply route dividers (Insel, P. M., 2008). Additionally, extra weight might increase the
heart rate and reduce the body's ability to transport blood through the arteries. Then obesity is
a key contributing factor to type 2 diabetes. This kind of diabetes, which more frequently
than not begins in adulthood at the same time, is currently occurring in significant numbers
among children and adolescents. When obesity causes insulin blockage, the blood glucose
level rises as a result.

Furthermore, obesity is associated with various coronary illnesses. For example,

Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) is present multiple times more commonly in obese
persons. Coronary corridor disease is also becoming increasingly frequent as a result of the
accumulation of fatty deposits in the conduits that supply the heart (Insel, P. M., 2008). Chest
Torment (Angina) or coronary failure can be caused by a lack of supply channels to the heart
and a reduced blood flow to the heart. At the same time, blood clusters might form in
restricted channels and trigger a stroke. Then there are some joint problems, such as
Osteoarthritis. Obesity can have an impact on the knees and hips because of the strain placed
on the joints as a result of the excess weight. While joint replacement surgery is routinely
performed on injured joints, the counterfeit joint has a higher risk of slackening and causing
further damage than the original joint. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of heart
disease. It is possible that fatty deposits will build up in the arteries that feed blood to the
heart over time. Obesity is associated with elevated blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein
(LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood sugar levels that are higher than usual, all of
which are associated with heart disease.
Sleep apnea is a condition in which a person's breathing is interrupted for brief periods of
time while sleeping. People who are overweight or who are obese are at a higher risk of
developing sleep apnea than the general obesity (Insel, P. M., 2008). This is due to the fact
that they tend to have more fat deposited around their necks, which causes the airway to
narrow. Snoring and difficulties breathing during the night might be caused by a narrowed
airway. Losing weight can assist in reducing the amount of fat in the neck and lowering the
risk of sleep apnea, which is a sleep disorder. In addition to this, another danger of health
condition associated with obesity that will have an impact on a person's way of life is stroke.
Many of the risk factors for both stroke and heart disease are the same. Stroke occurs when
the blood supply to the brain is cut off for an extended period of time. The damage caused by
a stroke can result in a variety of impairments, including speech and language difficulty,
muscular weakness, and alterations in reasoning and problem-solving capabilities, among
others. Obesity raised the risk of stroke by 64 percent, according to a 2010 assessment of 25
trials involving almost 2.3 million participants.

People who are overweight or obese are at risk of developing fatty liver disease, also known
as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This occurs when an excessive amount of fat
accumulates in the liver. Cirrhosis is a condition in which scar tissue forms on the liver as a
result of excessive fat accumulation. Fatty liver disease is generally asymptomatic, but it can
progress to the point of liver failure if left untreated. The only method to reverse or control
the illness is to lose weight, engage in physical activity, and refrain from consuming alcoholic
beverages. A substance known as bile is stored in the gallbladder, and it is responsible for
transferring it to the small intestine throughout the digesting process. Bile aids in the
digestion of lipids (Ismawati, S., 2014). Increased risk of gallstone development is associated
with obesity. Gallstones form when bile piles up and solidifies in the gallbladder, causing
pain and discomfort. People who are obese may have greater cholesterol levels in their bile,
or they may have big gallbladders that may not function properly, both of which can result in
gallstones. Gallstones may be extremely painful and necessitate surgical removal.
Metabolic dysfunction has been identified by the National Cholesterol Education Program as
a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease (Zainalabidin, M., 2014). Stomach obesity,
increased blood cholesterol, raised circulatory strain, insulin resistance with or without
glucose narrow mindedness, height of specific blood segments that show irritation, and rise
of certain thickening components in the blood are the six major components of metabolic
disease. In a culture where the ideal of physical attractiveness is sometimes overly meagre.
People who are overweight or obese are usually blamed for their condition and may be
perceived as sluggish or weak-willed. It is not uncommon for persons who are overweight or
obese to have lower incomes or have fewer or no emotional ties. Certain individuals's
dissatisfaction with overweight persons can lead to prejudice, segregation, and even torture.

Conclusion

Obesity may have a negative influence on both your physical and emotional health.
Individuals are more likely to manage their condition correctly when they have more open,
personalised goals, such as the ability to do more at work or keep alert of their children,
rather of focusing solely on nearly dynamic targets like glucose levels (Keyes, A., 2014).
Various studies show that those who have a higher sense of wealth had fewer hospitalizations
and emergency department visits, miss less days at work, and use fewer prescription drugs.
Focusing on wealth may appear to be a simple concept, but it differs from the traditional
approach to general health, particularly for chronic disease sufferers. Many people only see a
specialist a couple of times a year for quick checkups, and there isn't much time for anything
other than lab testing, medicine, and a few categories to investigate. Obesity, when seen as a
whole, is undeniably a global issue that currently affects everyone in some manner. This
recognition should also serve as a source of motivation, because there is some good news in
the middle of the bad: obesity can be avoided. By changing open attitudes and behaviours, we
can flip the patterns that led to the current epidemic, with the objective of making healthy
nutrition and activity decisions easier for everyone.
References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2015). Division of nutrition,
physical activity and obesity.
2. Insel, P. M., & Roth, W. T. (2008). Core concepts in health (10th ed.). Boston, MA:
McGraw-Hill.
3. Ismawati, S., Zainalabidin, M., & Golnaz, R. (2014). Healthy eating: The preventive
factors among Malaysians. Journal of Economics Business and Management, 2(4),
257-261.
4. Keyes, A. (2014). InMgraphic: Obesity skyrockets across the globe.
TASK 2

Reflective Journal

There are insights such as those from the Malaysia Health Overview, which show that 74
percent of 4,894 adults describe their health as "wonderful" or "outstanding," with only 8%
describing their health as "bad" or "exceptionally dreadful." In a survey of 1,839 teenagers,
95% of them said their health was "outstanding" or "usually excellent." There are many
people in the future who will live sound lives, but it is also possible that there will be many
who either don't understand the significance of living a sound life or can not acknowledge to
themselves or others that the way they are living their lives is not sound.

When it comes to eating habits, just 22% of adults in 2019 claimed they ate the recommended
5 portions of foods produced from the ground per day, while children ate an average of 2.7
bits each day. An unhealthy eating routine may have a significant impact on a person's well-
being since it can lead to coronary artery disease, nutrient deficiencies, and obesity, all of
which can lead to a variety of other medical problems. We are living in a time when no one
has time. As a result, ready-made suppers, sauce packets, and low-cost meals are always a
good choice. However, many of these include hidden fixes, such as salt, which, when
consumed in excess, can cause renal problems, hypertension, heart disease, and brittle bones.
Obesity can also be caused by a lack of physical activity. In the example, 64% of adults
claimed to follow the proposed week-by-week practise requirements. We might say that
Malaysia is a mostly dynamic nation, with the majority of the country adhering to these
standards.
From my experience, I believe that as internet networking has grown in popularity over the
years, people have begun to create increasingly solid and vibrant lifestyles as a result of it.
The ages of online customers are being stirred as wellness gurus become good models for
some and individuals share photographs of the modifications, they have seen via a healthy
eating regimen and activity. In addition to these factors for weakness, I believe it is necessary
to include alcohol consumption and smoking. Despite the fact that, despite the recognised
hazards of lung cancer, smoking continues to exist in Malaysia, and until it ceases to do so, it
will contribute to our high mortality rates and poor overall health. Furthermore, our style of
life has been accepted that today's people drink to become alcoholics. Drinking excessive
amounts of alcohol can not only affect the liver, but it can also have a mental influence on
people.

The psychological well-being of Malaysians has a significant influence on the country's

overall strength. Around one out of every ten adults have experienced at least two symptoms
of despair, with 5% claiming to have attempted to end their life at least once. Malaysia isn't
the poorest country in the world, but it isn't the most logically sound either. Nonetheless,
support for this is growing, and I can confidently say that I have witnessed an increase in
available help as well as a decrease in shame associated with emotional well-being
difficulties over my lifetime.

In this sense, it is plausible to conclude that, despite Malaysia's high claims of good health,
the death rate is unnecessarily high and the NHS is overburdened for these instances to be
significant. An excessive quantity of sugar and salt, as well as a lack of nutrients and
minerals, are seen in a huge number of eating regimens. Even if many people promise to
follow the guidelines of working out every week, there is still a group of people who do not
exercise as much as they should. Obesity, smoking, and alcohol abuse continue to be major
problems, putting increasing strain on the NHS's ability to provide adequate social insurance.
While emotional health concerns are more widely recognised, they are frequently exacerbated
by the pressures that our society sets on individuals. Inferring that Malaysia has a long way to
go before it can be considered 'solid.'