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 Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Operations and Computers

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/susoc

Dentistry 4.0 technologies applications for dentistry during COVID-19

pandemic
Mohd Javaid a,∗, Abid Haleem a, Ravi Pratap Singh b, Rajiv Suman c
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
b
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
c
Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Keywords: The term, Dentistry 4.0, coincides with Industry 4.0, in which the traditional methods of manufacturing and
Dentistry 4.0 information are made more precise to enhance process efficiency by using automation and advanced computer
COVID-19 technologies. The main of this paper is to discuss the major potential of Dentistry 4.0 technologies in the field of
Dentistry
dentistry during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Thereon, Dentistry 4.0 is advancing on its way with the use of
Technologies
advanced technologies in dentistry. Dental healthcare makes an essential part of the overall health of the masses.
Tele-dentistry
New technological advancements are essential to make the dentist work quicker, patient comfortable, and process
reliable. So, we introduced the concept of Dentistry 4.0 to improve efficiency and impart innovation in dentistry
during this pandemic. This paper briefs about the Dentistry 4.0 technologies helpful for the COVID-19 pandemic.
Further discusses various issues and challenges in implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry during the COVID-19
pandemic. Finally, the paper identifies and discussed fifteen significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies
for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic. With the onset of the pandemic, globally, the healthcare sector is
taking initiatives to strengthen affordable and high-speed data connectivity. This up-gradation and investment
will also help dentists to access patients’ data from smaller towns or villages using Dentistry 4.0 technologies.
Thus, globally there is the onset of the fourth dentistry revolution, and we understand that this will change the
trend of dentistry during and post-COVID-19 Pandemic. Dentistry 4.0 technologies are helpful during the COVID-
19 pandemic to create teledentistry, virtual clinical practice and connect all dental devices to improve health
conditions. This approach is to help progress towards the integrated capabilities, patient-centric remedies with
predicted results in an easier way than the traditional way of the health care industry.

Introduction Internet of Things (IoT) enables the dentistry equipment to collect

With fast-paced technological advancements, especially during the
COVID-19 pandemic, we are at the cusp of a new age in the dental
healthcare sector. Here, new opportunities with focused treatment are
opening up via smart systems and personalisation. Dentistry 4.0 pro-
vides innovative problem solving with new manufacturing opportunities
and automation, data exchange, and various advanced technologies. It
uses the Internet of Dental Things (IoDT) to connect various dentistry
tools and devices. Industries produce high-quality dentistry customised
products with real-time intelligence under Dentistry 4.0 technologies
[1–3]. In Dentistry 4.0, various technologies are used to create rapid
growth in dentistry. With significant innovation, dental professionals
achieve better innovation during the COVID-19 pandemic. These tech-
nologies significantly impact dental professionals in treating their pa-
tients and improving the dental healthcare environment.
and exchange data with the help of software, sensors, embedded elec-
tronics, and networking connectivity. Manufacturing with this kind of
technology turns in to Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Thus to make
appropriate decisions, machines communicate with each other on real-
time data for the exact treatment process. It results in high-quality treat-
ment and surgery with minimum wastage of time. Dentistry 4.0 makes
new opportunities by transforming traditional manufacturing dentistry
parts with enhanced competitiveness, as per customer demand, with
high quality and quick response to end-user [4–6].
Dentistry 4.0 will upgrade almost every element of dental health-
care, from manufacturers to patient services, given the price, margins,
product intricacies, production, and draconian regulatory acquiescence.
Grater intricacies or complexities of products lead to the quality risks
that need upgraded technology with more investments and the need for
in-depth analysis of production data for process improvements. The In-

∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: mjavaid@jmi.ac.in (M. Javaid), ahaleem@jmi.ac.in (A. Haleem), singhrp@nitj.ac.in (R.P. Singh), raje.suman@gmail.com (R. Suman).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2021.05.002
Received 18 February 2021; Received in revised form 18 May 2021; Accepted 22 May 2021
Available online 29 May 2021
2666-4127/© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al.
ternet of Dental Things will provide personalised patient-centric care or
devices by combining the medical devices and their application through
the internet [7–10].
Healthcare workers can quickly examine the procedure followed and
tests carried out to better treat the patient. With the help of the inter-
net, dentistry devices will act like a Cyber-Physical System where the
information within the devices through sensors is more important than
the devices themselves. Information of patients gathered from a smart
device through sensors helps in early detection or prevention of disease
by reducing the all-embracing financial expenses for the care model. A
wearable electrocardiogram or blood pressure measuring device is more
valuable and connected to a central single care platform for any disease
continuum [11–13].
Detection of diseases associated with one’s lifestyle is a rapidly grow-
ing market, such as a mobile device can trace chronic or lifestyle-based
diseases like diabetes, which is based on connectivity or system provided
by the Internet of Things. Similarly, the kind of contact lenses that can
detect glucose levels is now possible with modern technologies. Minia-
ture bioelectric medicines also play an essential role in curing various
ailments like asthma, arthritis, and diabetes. These bioelectric medicines
are implanted in the body, and they cure the ailment by affecting the
electric signals in nerve pathways [14–16]. Dentistry 4.0 prepares a
rapid change through innovations, inventions, and patient-centric cure
possibilities using digital technologies. This article addresses the follow-
ing research questions:
RQ1: To brief about Dentistry 4.0 technologies helpful during
COVID-19 pandemic;
RQ2: To discuss various issues and challenges in implementing Den-
tistry 4.0 for dentistry during the COVID-19 pandemic;
RQ3: Understanding how Dentistry 4.0 technologies help on improv-
ing treatment quality;
RQ4: Identify how smart Dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 Technologies
during COVID-19 Pandemic
RQ5: To identify significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technolo-
gies for dental healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Dentistry 4.0
Dentistry 4.0 is the fourth dentistry revolution that uses new modern
technologies to treat dental patients [1] better. These technologies are
also playing an important role in dentistry during the COVID-19 pan-
demic. The real-time data from Artificial intelligence and other wear-
able devices with improved analytics driven by the electronic health
record system network helps dentistry. Due to the portability of the pa-
tient’s data, the medical practitioner can access it from anywhere. The
improved analytics help the practitioner for continuous and differen-
tial diagnosis to predict timely and innovatively medical responses. Ar-
eas that need improvements can be quickly pinpointed in Dentistry 4.0
technologies, allowing data so effectively for more informed decisions
[17–19].
Health insurance companies also demand the health-related data of
their customers regarding dental healthcare to forecast certain things
related to probable claims. Dentistry 4.0 technologies can store all req-
uisite information for such insurance companies. Nowadays, everyone is
seeking immediate information along with better service, even from the
health sector. So, to meet out the customers’ increasing expectations,
the healthcare providers like surgeons, physicians, and even hospitals
are nowadays of the opinion for the increased use of Dentistry 4.0 with
enhanced efficiency and more accurate results. Another factor is to pro-
vide patient-centric care that needs a drastic change in the traditional
manner or model of healthcare. This challenge can be quickly under-
taken by these new technologies [20–22].
In the current scenario with the traditional healthcare system, if
someone is not well and approaches the doctor, the next step will be
rapid treatment. These technologies are available, which can be helpful
to perform a rapid treatment process. These technologies are limited to
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Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
providing health care and provide the medical history of the patient and
the medical history of his/her family, lifestyle, and or eating habits of
the patient with demographic data and the ability to ingress the health
care services. Dentistry 4.0 uses such factors to provide a personalised
experience to patients, enabling them to have coordinated and focused
treatment with benevolence and approbation [23–24].
Dentistry 4.0 technologies positive role in COVID-19 pandemic
In the present scenario, new technologies are evolving at a rapid pace
to create rapid change. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, the require-
ments for these technologies are increasing. Various technologies intro-
duced in dentistry are to improve people’s oral health during the COVID-
19 outbreak. Various supportive software used by these technologies
helps attain the new stage of digitisation. Sensor-based dentistry de-
vices are connected, which give accurate information and timely alert.
The virtual technologies provide various dentistry-related training dur-
ing the COVID-19 pandemic, which enhanced the teaching and learning
process [25–28]. Tele-dentistry services can be easily provided to the
patient in their home without any risk of infection. Various Dentistry
4.0 technologies helpful during the COVID-19 pandemic are shown in
Fig. 1.
Artificial intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence refers to a variety of methods by which ma-
chines are designed to perform with human-like intelligence. It entails
combining enormous volumes of data with advanced algorithms to cre-
ate machines that can do jobs autonomously. AI is effective in healthcare
by enhancing old systems and hastening innovation. This technology is
playing an essential part in the COVID-19 pandemic response. It is used
for medical research and development, diagnose individuals, test poten-
tial treatments, assess public health consequences, and more.
Internet of Dental Things (IoDT)
The Internet of Dental Things is a novel strategy for preventing and
managing dental caries, oral malignancies, periodontal disorders, and
other dental disorders. It offers a ’smart’ dental health care strategy that
has enormous promise in reaching out to patients in an increasing range
of dental disciplines, including oral and maxillofacial pathology and
surgery, prosthodontics and implant dentistry, periodontics, and oral
public health. The dentist can evaluate the individual’s teeth based on
the data collected by the camera during the brushing activity. All of the
data can be exchanged in real-time with the dentist, thereby improving
the preventive care process. It provides us with greater freedom and less
time lost on home-work journeys, allowing businesses to economise on
physical space and have teams working in different places.
Augmented and virtual reality
These technologies can be applied successfully in dentistry for cre-
ating appropriate advanced 3d imaging of human teeth and other parts.
Off-site and in-person training can benefit from augmented and virtual
reality imagery. Furthermore, these are being marketed as a long-term
solution for content capture, development, and delivery. VR technol-
ogy introduces new features to the market, such as eye-tracking, hand
tracking, and higher-resolution headsets.
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
The CAD software requires the user to log in to a specific machine
that enables design work and helps customise numerous medical instru-
ments. It will be critical during the COVID 19 pandemic to allow individ-
uals to work from home without significantly impacting your business
procedures. It would allow designers to connect from home to their of-
fice computers and continue working as usual.
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al.
Fig. 1. Block Set Representation of Various Dentistry 4.0 Technologies.
5G. Technology
5G must be marketed as a telecommunications revolution that will
revolutionise the healthcare treatment process and enable the IoT to
learn and seek trustworthy, secure, and long-term solutions. The 5G-
based IoT ecosystem is a network of linked devices that use the 5G
network. The advantages of the 5G network include new technologi-
cal capabilities that increase productivity compared to earlier mobile
technologies.
Robotics
Robotics is crucial in the fight against the COVID -19 pandemic.
Robots are being used to treat patients at medical facilities in order
to reduce human-to-human contact. It delivers goods to people in or-
der to maintain social distance. COVID-19 has shifted its emphasis on
vision-guided robots, decreasing unnecessary human contact in medical
facilities and hospitals. Many hospitals have implemented food delivery
robots, sterilisation robots, and directional guiding robots that guide pa-
tients.
3D. printing
Every day, 3D printing companies throughout the world pledge their
help in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 impacts
the healthcare business in terms of the production of various medical
equipment to ensure the safety of the COVID-19 pandemic. It resolves
the worldwide medical supply chain. The customised medical tools and
devices can be printed easily by using this technology.
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Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
Blockchain
Blockchain has been a game-changer in the medical and pharmaceu-
tical supply chains to improve patient data storage. Blockchain-enabled
supply chain management enables the smooth delivery of any drug from
the manufacturer to the patient. This technology boosted transparency
and made medical supply more efficient. Now Blockchain technology
is utilised to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and aid in the recovery
process.
Drones
Nowadays, drones are utilised to combat the coronavirus in a va-
riety of ways. Drones have applications in agriculture, infrastructure
inspection, construction, and the delivery of critical medical devices.
This technology is well used to collect comprehensive geographic data,
which is crucial for determining links between disease transmission and
environmental factors.
Big data
The COVID-19 outbreak has pushed new big data-driven infectious
disease surveillance approaches to the forefront of efforts to follow cases
in real-time. Healthcare practitioners with the correct analytical ability
can quickly evaluate millions of data points and investigate the protein
combinations of deadly, contagious viruses. With massive data handling,
big data assist medical researchers in shortening the medicine develop-
ment timetable for the current pandemic.
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al.
Dental 3D scanner
While several imaging technologies are being employed in the field
of dentistry. Dental laboratory scanners are also suitable to build a 3D
digital model from an accurate physical dental model or impression. It
provides automatic scanning for the individual body part of the patient
in lesser time and cost. Dental lab scanners are now available as part of
a dental lab’s digital workflow.
Biosensors
Biosensors and point-of-care devices have the potential to transform
healthcare delivery. This technology can be utilised to provide contin-
uous monitoring in implantable devices and various point-of-care de-
vices. By using biological materials, a biosensor can turn a biological
reaction into a readable signal. A biological recognition element, such
as biological material, biologically derivated materials, or biomimetics,
is coupled to a physicochemical transducer in this system.
Cybersecurity
It is becoming evident that cybersecurity is the risk-reducing element
in health care data. Demand for health informatics experts conversant
with the current state of cybersecurity in health care increases as busi-
nesses seek to secure their patient information from these escalating
threats. Cloud keeps a growing amount of sensitive health information;
without sufficient encryption, this might be a vulnerability for health
care companies’ security. Data breaches in health care have a consider-
able financial impact. Health informatics and other experts are playing
a vital role in ensuring that medical organisations remain secure. Mo-
bile devices are being used at work by a growing number of health care
practitioners. Encryption and other safeguards are essential for ensuring
the security of any data stored on these devices.
Wearable and monitoring technologies
These devices are designed to track, collect, and monitor users’
health data, ranging from step counts and calories burnt to heart rate,
perspiration levels, glucose level, stress level, and even oxygen satura-
tion level, to provide continuous and reliable health results to improve
patients’ treatment. Originally, fitness trackers were intended to mea-
sure step counts, heart rate, and calories burnt, followed by exercise
advice. Smartphones are now regarded as a useful medical tool, capa-
ble of a wide range of functions, including assessing cardiac rhythms
and assessing blood pressure and daily physical activity. It allows the
devices to monitor and analyse the relationship between daily activities
and blood pressure levels. Practitioners can acquire relevant and accu-
rate data instantaneously and take action faster with these technologies.
Smart devices aid in the early diagnosis of health concerns, resulting in
better patient care. Wearable technologies provide an intelligent means
to monitor a wide range of physiological variables, presenting a plethora
of healthcare possibilities.
Intelligent apps
Intelligent apps are pieces of software that use historical and real-
time data to help users make important decisions. The intelligent in-
tegration and application of predictive and prescriptive analytics, cus-
tomer data, and product insights enable these apps to engage in a con-
tinuous learning technique. It provides predictions and decisions in or-
der to provide users with the super-rich and personalised experiences. It
provides tailored and contextual material to encourage continuous en-
gagement. It analyses many data sources to provide significant insights
and aid in the automation of simple everyday processes. These even-
tually assist in determining the best possible reasons for symptoms. It
90
Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
directs consumers to the most appropriate care while also tracking and
managing their health.
These technologies provide disruptive innovation to improve the oral
health of the patient. It helps to upgrade the knowledge of dental profes-
sionals and patients. These technologies perform the latest innovations,
which can keep growing various more possibilities in dentistry.
Issues and challenges in implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dental
healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic
The proposed philosophy of Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry healthcare
supports most of the problems usually reported in the dentistry domain.
However, there also exists some issues and challenges that are needed
to be taken care of as future aspects. The safety, privacy, and sanctu-
ary of the patient’s data must be given more attention while attempting
to implement the proposed concept in dentistry, especially during the
COVID-19 pandemic. The applicability of the latest smart biomaterials
for dental care is another thrust for future research in this domain [29–
31]. The smart sensors and trackers are new to this domain, and hence
an extensive attempt should be made to look into the more in-depth in-
sight for their accurate and appropriate functioning, especially in some
typical and complex tasks too. Fig. 2 exemplifies the various issues and
challenges while implementing Dentistry 4.0 for dentistry during the
tough COVID-19 time.
Digital dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Digital dentistry is all about the digital information system, which
can provide appropriate information through the Internet of Things, Ar-
tificial Intelligence, cloud computing, and other emerging technologies.
These technologies digitise the entire dental industry with digital med-
ical records and the patient’s status. The treatment plan in dentistry
is to be quicker to improve the existing healthcare processes. By ap-
plying Dentistry 4.0 technologies, there is an application of the highly
automated process to connect the new dental ecosystem. Dentistry 4.0
lowers the cost of complicated dental procedures and makes dentistry
automated [32–34].
Dentistry 4.0 provides great innovation and advancement in den-
tistry. This approach is to manufacture various dentistry parts, which
are incredibly beneficial in the current scenario. Smart devices such as
telehealth management systems minimise the routine check-up of the
patient. AI-based technologies are used to analyse the scan and image
of the cracked teeth or any other abnormalities. Technologies are avail-
able to analyse the brushing techniques which can improve the teeth’
life. The significant achievements of Dentistry 4.0 technologies are as
under:
Improving treatment quality by using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Nowadays, the medical field is nearby, delivering a high-class per-
formance with the help of modern technologies. These are for the col-
lection and analysis of quality-related techniques with an appropriate
information system. This appropriate information helps to perform a
quality treatment process. Traditionally the quality control of medical
tools and devices manufacturing is done by utilising various techniques.
Now, these technologies digitally controlled the entire dentistry tools,
implants, and devices manufacturing. These technologies are used for
the inspecting of the quality of every dental product after its manufac-
turing. Moreover, it provides robust and appropriate information during
the treatment process [35–37].
Dentistry 4.0 technologies take multiple sources of quality-related
information. These provide positive effects and improves the overall ex-
perience of the doctors and patients. Now hospital management can in-
corporate constant patient feedback via online social media. It permits
patients for the essential for the medical facility and service. Dentistry
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al.
Fig. 2. Issues and Challenges in Implementing Dentistry 4.0.
4.0 can easily undertake the systematic collection of real-time informa-
tion and medical services. It is helpful for the quality inspection process
and carried out individualised tests of the patient. The significant bene-
fits of these technologies are to improve patient satisfaction by changing
the way of the traditional treatment system [38,39].
Dentistry 4.0 technologies are used to decrease the treatment delay
time because some processes are automatic. Another key advantage is
reducing the whole treatment lifecycle time by which technologies can
be monitored and continuously examined. Therefore allows the manu-
facturer to address various post-production issues and positively affect
the overall patient experience.
Digital manufacturing of dentistry parts using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
Digital manufacturing refers to circumstances where entire manu-
facturing and supply chains are digitised and are entirely automated.
It brings consistent improvement of dentistry equipment manufactur-
ing because of vast data produced by the new information technologies.
Dental industries take advantage of IoT and other internet-based tech-
nological platforms. Hospital management is attempting to transform
its traditional treatment system into a smart treatment system by giving
them more productivity and efficiency with lesser wastages [40,41].
The health professional manages the implementation of new devel-
opments in information technologies and improves the entire treatment
process. The most significant change is maybe the move for investiga-
tion and problem-solving. It improves quality with the help of better
inspection after the manufacturing of the dentistry products. This ar-
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Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
rangement of changes is found generally in manufacturing, where prod-
ucts are manufactured through an extensive focus on product quality
and service using Dentistry 4.0 technologies [42,43].
Quality Management using Dentistry 4.0 technologies
The main aim of quality management is to maintain its quality in the
hospital in the entire process. The quality data is crucial, which provides
appropriate information and fulfils various ongoing challenges in den-
tistry. Now healthcare can improve quality with better problem identifi-
cation using modern technologies. These provide appropriate real-time
information with the help of connected sensors and other electronic de-
vices [44,45]. New digital technologies are available to analyse various
types of information during the COVID-19 pandemic. These are innova-
tive way to monitor and improve the product’s quality.
Dentistry 4.0 technology for risk management in dentistry related treatment
and surgery during COVID-19
There have been numerous dentistry-related issues, namely, tooth
decay, diseases in gums, oral problems, erosion and cavity formation in
the tooth, etc. Those are quite serious and commonly occurs in humans.
The resolutions of the above-highlighted dentistry issues have become
complicated and more challenging in this COVID-19 pandemic situa-
tion as the healthcare providers are not in a favourable condition to
touch or treat their patients as per past practice because of coronavirus
issue. In such cases, Dentistry 4.0 has various tools and techniques to
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al.
Fig. 3. Features and Technologies offered by Dentistry 4.0.
overcome the challenges reported in COVID-19 time [46,47]. The smart
sensors and tracking concept, virtual reality tools, IoT tools, and many
other such facilities with the proposed method enable dentistry patients
to get treated more effectively without getting affected by the coron-
avirus. The physicians and healthcare providers are now able to treat
their patients in a safer and impactful mode. The overall risk involved
is at the downside now, and our system can have happy and healthier
patients at the end of the treatment process.
Smart Dentistry using Dentistry 4.0 technologies during COVID-19
pandemic
The advanced and latest technologies have enabled the Dentistry 4.0
philosophy to offer more effective and impressive solutions for the den-
tistry domain even in the current pandemic COVID-19. Fig. 3 is reflect-
ing the major technological elements associated with Dentistry 4.0 con-
cept. The remote area-based services offer productive solutions, espe-
cially to remote locations, through the integrated applications of virtual
reality, telemedicine, augmented reality, etc. Internet of Dental Things
based healthcare features have also been proposed along with the digi-
tal dentistry care tools [48–50]. The proper drafting and design devel-
opment of dentistry related issues such as; oral care, bad breath, tooth
decay, erosion of tooth, etc., can be adequately planned through the
utility of CAD/CAM based technologies, which further empowers the
overall philosophy of Dentistry 4.0.
Significant advancement of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry
Various advancements like improved Image Processing, X-ray tech-
niques, and the use of Pace Makers during dentistry 3.0 was a boon for
many patients. As the X-rays almost deracinated Tuberculosis as well
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Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
as the antibiotics reduced the complications during the surgeries. Nu-
clear Magnetic Response and Semi-conductor technology are the next
important step in the healthcare industry as part of Dentistry 4.0. As
the regulatory approval needs vast data for the complete life cycle of
the product. Life cycle data of a new product includes the data from de-
sign, manufacturing system, and processing engineering and any kind
of discrepancy that impacts the efficiency of new product release. So, to
move with new advancements, Dentistry 4.0 technologies create inno-
vation and dentistry-based opportunities [51,52].
Dentistry 4.0 helps the health sector adopt rapid changes with in-
novations, while strict regulatory procedures may slow down this tech-
nology adaptation for a patient-centric environment. It analyses data in
compliance with regulatory norms and presents a pathway for the effi-
cient production of more intricate products to be available for the mar-
ket. Dentistry 4.0 ensures high-quality products along with the compli-
ance of regulatory norms and customer satisfaction. The manufacturer
should also be ready to adopt the dentistry field’s rapid changes [53,54].
Dentistry 4.0 will provide a high degree of atomisation and intelligence
to customise higher quality patient-centric devices.
Dentistry 4.0 technologies create a system to build a backbone for
integrated portable electronic health records. These provide good initia-
tives to increases the chances to fulfil the aim of equal health care for all.
All dentistry devices and instruments are easily connected through in-
ternet applications, sharing data for better communication [55,56]. All
medical and fitness-related activities are shared quickly through the In-
ternet of Dental Things. Dentistry 4.0 technologies to assist the clinician
to offer high-quality dental care. These are helpful for the better predic-
tion of treatment outcome. The accuracy of complex planning for den-
tistry is improved to enhance the clinical decision-making process. Thus
quick screening of the COVID-19 patient can be carried out. Dentistry
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al. Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96

Table 1
Applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during COVID-19 pandemic.

S No Applications Description References

1 Teledentistry
2 Comfort dental
treatment
3 Virtual clinical practice
4 Smart toothbrush
5 Exact fit dentures
6 Analysis of teeth
cancer
7 Diet monitoring
system
8 Replica of hard and
soft tissue
9 Detection of
periodontal diseases
10 Dentistry inventory
management
11 Identification of the
most affected area of
teeth
12 Connected all dental
devices
13 Privacy and security
With the help of internet service, dentistry patient can now advantage of these technologies of elderly and [59–61]
disabilities patient
It provides digital consultation in rural, remote areas during the COVID-19 pandemic
The dentist can now share information through live videos and the digital information sharing process
During this COVID-19 outbreak, the patient generally afraid to open their mouth to avoid the virus [62–64]
Technologies like the intra-oral camera are used to look at the status of patient teeth with comfortability
Dentists can now see images of fracture of teeth or any other problem in an efficient manner
Technologies like virtual reality and holography are used for the clinical practice of a new dentist [65–67]
This is an innovative technique for the teaching and learning process for dental professional
It is the best online tool for clinical training of dental students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Dentistry 4.0 achieves innovation by the applications of smart toothbrush [68–71]
Smart toothbrush consists of sensors which can monitor the brushing habits of the peoples
Kids can now also learn to brush their teeth’s regularly with better cleaning
With the help of digital manufacturing technologies, the dentist can create precise fit denture in lesser time [72–74]
and cost
Advanced software’s are used to design dentures, which replace the traditional way of denture
manufacturing
Complex shape dentures are possible with lesser wastage of materials
Dentistry 4.0 technologies are available to analyse teeth cancer at its early stage [75–78]
Used to identify any abnormalities based on routine data
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, there is better management of patient having an oral cancer
Any other important issue, if neglected by the people, can be well identified
During COVID-19, people reduce their visits to the dental profession, so these technologies provide a better [79–81]
monitoring system
Technologies are used to monitor the diet which the smart dentistry devices
With the help of a proper diet monitoring system, the immunity of the peoples can be improved
Dental 3D scanners are available to create accurate replication of hard and soft tissue [82–84]
Useful for to entire treatment process efficient and avoid multiple follow up visit during COVID-19
pandemic
Fulfill various other essential requirements during the COVID-19 outbreak
Research can be carried out to detect periodontal diseases at an early stage [85–87]
With the help of wireless biological sensor devices, bone loss can be identified during this ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
Patient can now access their data to avoid further risk in treatment
During the COVID-19 Pandemic, inventory of all dentistry tools can be well managed with the help of the [88–90]
Dentistry 4.0 technologies
It helps dental professional for best practice and better treatment process by proper management of all
dentistry tools and devices
Used to track the inventory using smart supply chain
Devices are available to identify the significantly affected areas of the teeth [91–93]
Used to calculate the maximum amount of pressure on teeth, which is helpful for effective treatment
With proper analysis, these technologies reduce the requirement of doctors during COVID-19
Patient data can be easily collected using internet-connected dental devices, which can further helpful for [94–97]
personalised treatment
Provide an opportunity for the better management of disease during COVID-19 days
All devices can be tracked and available at the time
By the implementation of IoT, privacy and security challenges can be easily fulfilled. [98–100]
Important dentistry data can be stored, which can be further used in emergency

The status of the disease can be stored privately, which can be helpful to future treatment and research and
development process
14 Teeth scaffolds Advanced manufacturing technologies are used to produce teeth scaffolds and other dental prosthetics [101–103]
Useful for various types of prosthetic restorations and other development processes
Patient customised teeth scaffolds are helpful to create new artificial teeth that can be an exact fit for the
patient
15 Improve health Used to analyse the food chewing conditions which helps to improve the health conditions [104–107]
condition High strength dental crown with appropriate tribological properties is produced in lesser time and cost
Dentistry 4.0 technologies provide appropriate information during COVID-19, which improve the health
condition of the peoples

4.0 technologies reduce the planning and delay time of the treatment
process. These helped to monitors and analysed the entire treatment pro-
cess. Quality control process, proper management, and hospital mainte-
nance system in the hospital can be done quickly to better healthcare.
The integration of multiple real-time data sources for patient treatment
can significantly advance the current healthcare situation. Dentistry 4.0
technologies connect all dentistry devices, which helps to capture and
store a large amount of patient data for better dental care.
Applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry during
COVID-19 pandemic
IoT, along with technologies like "cloud computing," enables the
users to handle, analyse, and use a considerable amount of data from
anywhere, anytime with ample storage. It processes all inputs from dif-
ferent sources to turn them into valuable information that can be used to
rectify any discrepancy during the process [57,58]. This improves the

93
M. Javaid, A. Haleem, R.P. Singh et al.
whole treatment process and the quality of the product before reach-
ing the end-user/customer. Complex event processes and "In-memory"
are real-time analysis techniques that can be used to drive efficiency
further. Table 1 discusses the significant applications of Dentistry 4.0
technologies for dental healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The dental industry can now adopt new opportunities and innova-
tions through various technological advancements for a patient-centric
care system. Dentistry 4.0 provides high-quality manufacturing by us-
ing new technologies [108,109]. The considerable benefit of the patient-
centric device market depends upon the decentralised and smart manu-
facturing of high-quality products as per the needs of a particular patient
[110,111].
Discussion
Adaptation of Dentistry 4.0 will improve many traditional health-
care methods, including devices for retaining compliance and quality
systems. For the benefits or financial growth over time, this transforma-
tion of technology planned a better business strategy. With the transition
from traditional pathways, these latest technologies can be managed
with the innovative platform, ensuring business process rule control,
quality/production control, and managing compliance. Costly break-
downs and non-productive time can be avoided easily by investing in
the latest technologies like the Predictive Maintenance system.
Significant applications of Dentistry 4.0 technologies for dentistry
during the COVID-19 pandemic are teledentistry, comfort dental treat-
ment, virtual clinical practice, smart toothbrush, exact fit dentures, anal-
ysis of teeth cancer, diet monitoring system, a replica of hard and soft
tissue, detection of periodontal diseases, dentistry inventory manage-
ment, identification of the most affected area of teeth, connected all
dental devices, privacy and security, teeth scaffolds and improve health
condition. Dentistry devices put challenges, along with opportunities,
before the manufacturers. Advance scanning techniques are enabling
the manufacturers to produce more intricate and complex medical de-
vices with better precession. These technologies provide a substantial
positive impact on oral health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Future scope
In the upcoming year, the dental practice system can further be im-
proved with the help of emerging technologies. This dental revolution
will have better solutions for the drug delivery system and makes them
patient-centric or personalised, improving the delivery of medicines to
the right patient at the right time. Older manufacturing methods are re-
placed by new manufacturing technology like additive manufacturing.
The quality control element has most of the possibilities for improve-
ment in the entire process governed by medical 4.0. Unplanned down-
time can be reduced by using some sensors during manufacturing that
can detect any error quickly. A dentist can take the benefits of these
technologies for better practice and learning process. Shortly, Dentistry
4.0 technologies will change the basic ideas of healthcare distribution
and measurements for better treatment outcomes. These technologies’
future is to create smart dentistry, which helps to incorporate best prac-
tices and better treatment for dental practitioners.
Conclusion
Toady modern dentistry is taking advantage of advanced technolo-
gies and following various engineering solutions. With the applications
of new technologies, various soft and hard tissue parts are replaced,
and further help performs intended functions. Various biomaterials meet
various dentistry requirements and are now available to manufacture
implantable devices. Dentistry 4.0 makes the inventory control auto-
matic as the machines interact with each other and demand the raw
material. It provides various applications in dentistry clinical applica-
tions and developments in various stages. The patient’s previous treat-
94
Sustainable Operations and Computers 2 (2021) 87–96
ment record is easily identified through this, which positively affects
the treatment process. With smart devices’ help, a patient can access
his data for predictive treatment in dentistry. Dentistry 4.0 technolo-
gies also create a higher level of flexibility, which improves dentistry-
required products with customisation. These technologies also provide
highly automated and computerised management systems, which min-
imises the involvement of humans. We foresee that these technologies
would reduce dental treatment duration, minimise his visit to dental
clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic, and ultimately improve dental
healthcare.
Conflicts of Interest
None.
Funding
None.
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