1.

Write and explain control survey methods

Traverse:

Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also used in
geodetic work. Traverse networks involved placing the survey stations along a line or path of
travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point.
Traverse networks have many advantages of other systems, including:

 Less reconnaissance and organization needed;

 While in other systems, which may require the survey to be performed along a rigid
polygon shape, the traverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate a great
deal of different terrains;
 Only a few observations need to be taken at each station, whereas in other survey
networks a great deal of angular and linear observations need to be made and considered;
 Traverse networks are free of the strength of figure considerations that happen in
triangular systems;
 Scale error does not add up as the traverse as performed. Azimuth swing errors can also
be reduced by increasing the distance between stations.

A Traverse may be of two types. Namely,

 Open Traverse
 Closed Traverse

Open Traverse: A traverse is said to be open traverse when the traverse starts at one point and
terminates at another point as shown in the figure. Open traverse is also called as unclosed
traverse. It is suitable for surveying of roads, coastal lines, etc.

Closed Traverse: A traverse is said to be closed traverse when the traverse formed a closed
circuit as shown in the figure. In this case, both starting and terminating points of the traverse
coincide with each other. It is suitable for the survey of boundaries of ponds, sports grounds,
forests, etc.

Triangulation
Triangulation is a surveying method that measures the angles in a triangle formed by three
survey control points. Using trigonometry and the measured length of just one side, the other
distances in the triangle are calculated.

Triangulation can also refer to the accurate surveying of systems of very large triangles, called
triangulation networks. This followed from the work of Willebrand Snell in 1615–17, who
showed how a point could be located from the angles subtended from three known points, but
measured at the new unknown point rather than the previously fixed points, a problem called
resectioning. Surveying error is minimized if a mesh of triangles at the largest appropriate scale
is established first. Points inside the triangles can all then be accurately located with reference to
it.
As we have seen the figure in the above, Triangulation may be used to find the position of the
ship when the positions of A and B are known. An observer at A measures the angle α, while the
observer at B measures β.

The position of any vertex of a triangle can be calculated if the position of one side, and two
angles, are known. The following formulae are strictly correct only for a flat surface. If the
curvature of the Earth must be allowed for, then spherical trigonometry must be used.

Trilateration

Trilateration, method of surveying in which the lengths of the sides of a triangle are measured,
usually by electronic means, and, from this information, angles are computed. By constructing a
series of triangles adjacent to one another, a surveyor can obtain other distances and angles that
would not otherwise be measurable. Formerly, trilateration was little used in comparison to
triangulation, a method for determining two sides and an angle of a triangle from the length of
one side and two angles, because of the difficulty of the computations involved. But the
development of electronic distance-measuring devices has made trilateration a common and
preferred system. Except that only lines are measured, while all angles are computed, the field
procedures for trilateration are like those for triangulation.

The surveying solution technique of measuring only the side of triangle is called
triplication.
Because of the development of highly accurate electronic measuring devices, a
triangulation system can be completely observed, computed and adjusted by measuring
the lengths O the sides in the network. This procedure is known as trilateration. No
horizontal angle needs to be measured because the lengths of the sides are sufficient to
permit both the horizontal angles and the positions of the stations to be computed.

2. Write the difference between intersection and resection

Two techniques commonly employed in extending horizontal control surveys and in
setting out are intersection and resection.

Intersections are the group of planar surveying calculations where we use two control

points (three in the case of resection) with known coordinates and certain angle/distance
measurements to compute the coordinates of an unknown point.

On the other hand, in surveying, free stationing (also known as resection) is a method of
determining a location of one unknown point in relation to known points. There is a zero
point of reference called a total station. The instrument can be freely positioned so that all
survey points are at a suitable site from the instrument.

Resection and its related method, intersection, are used in surveying as well as in general
land navigation (including inshore marine navigation using shore-based landmarks). Both
methods involve taking azimuths or bearings to two or more objects, then drawing lines
of position along those recorded bearings or azimuths.

When intersecting, lines of position are used to fix the position of an unmapped feature or
point by fixing its position relative to two (or more) mapped or known points, the method
is known as intersection. At each known point (hill, lighthouse, etc.), the navigator
measures the bearing to the same unmapped target, drawing a line on the map from each
known position to the target. The target is located where the lines intersect on the map. In
earlier times, the intersection method was used by forest agencies and others using
specialized alidades to plot the (unknown) location of an observed forest fire from two or
more mapped (known) locations, such as forest fire observer towers.

The reverse of the intersection technique is appropriately termed resection. Resection

simply reverses the intersection process by using crossed back bearings, where the
navigator's position is the unknown.

Two or more bearings to mapped, known points are taken; their resultant lines of position
drawn from those points to where they intersect will reveal the navigator's location.
 3. Determine the coordination of point C from the following data.
Coordinates of A = (200m, 350)
Coordinates of B = (400m, 600m)

50o and 80o angle are measured clock wise from AC to CB and counter clock wise from
AB to BC respectively.