~.

~~1Sfq -·b·~~ · a • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~m
~1!Jlc1'6t-1f :.pii-P,itf,

sin i I
•µ a =r-:--=-
SIO r 0
µ0

aµ/J xb µa = l
<fl,

~ b ~ lilt~ 'a' ~ fll\!l>i414 ~t 'a' ~ ~-.,t-... b ~~ ~,..v:.; ?:. ~<-" ~ e ~ £<!: ~

~~l.ff~ I

~I~ l i l t ~ . :!:INl>i41$ 1.33 ~ ¥-'Bl cc;; ~ ~ -r'.i: Z1 ~·~ ~ t'~e-; e ~ ......_. • 0

! W f ' f i R t i ' l ~ ~ ~ " ' i ~ ~ l.33W !

17'.8 9!'f et6J@a1-1 ~NS.-t-1 ~t ,,.~ Ccfil"'f l!lg mm (Explain the meaning of total
Internal Reflection and critical angle) :
~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cw-, ~ eft1 ~ 1'11t.-!- ~ !.'<: .. :;:,,..:e ~ ~~ ~ 3 ~,.., ~ ~
aR!; '>Iii \?I ~. £.,. ,, ~ ~ =· ~ , - ,.
,...~ ~~ a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l!Jq~ ~ ~~r '< ! s. ::""<,';,: :i: !.~ :. E :. '.=- ¢s "'J TT ~
~~~!WPl<!S C4'~~C<fil't ""I~ ~ ~ ~~=-~~ .,.<.. ~-~!.3 ~

~ '4P'!I ~ ll"!' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~to-. ~..,~ 1

n '.:<. -S--'T"! ~ .:,; ! ~ :.c;.,1 :.:rr,

~ iRti'I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '11 ~~ ~ ' "' <-s'-:_ ~ ~ -:;-~ ~ ~ ~~ ~

~~(3~~~,~~~'ll'rn l
N

~ Ir .Ir

~ ~ . 'a' ~~ 'b' ~ ~ 1lflff11 1 'a' 'qo{ ~ l!J<st 'b' ~ ~ 1 POQ ~ ~ ~t~ ~ . .-\0 ~
mifr a ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ OR ~ f.!~ ~ 1 ~-.,~-1 ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~
'llfTCcJ 1 '11~ ~ ~ '111A l'lcll ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ LBON =Br , ~ ~~1~ m ~ ~
~ ~ OQ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~llft'. ~>ti M ~Cf ~ LNOQ = 90 0 l!l~ ~ i51l ~ C<filCfC<l'i ,,~<l'ii, C<filCf
~I
~ I ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ '<3 '5lt ~ 151IC611C41~ qCcfu
©9r<i H._;il

oE "ft 9- 1~ ~ 1
.!J~~ ~~ ~c rn ~~ ~~ ~· a· m~
<Tr-a~ 9ft9-I ~ ~ ~ ~ m<1PT ~
ff ~6flct flfQ,¥'fM11 'f~~ 8 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ m~
~~~~~ ~~ ,'fi I ~
- ~~ ~cm ~ C<lfirf ~Cf ffl ~ ~ ~ '5ft ~~¥j

1f1( ~91 ~N5qfip,3 ~ I!!~ 9tcf 151-oJ'3m"l

I ~t.66 1-l ~ 1

~~-
ff ~J,st)ct ~f?!q'fC-i'A -t'-t 8 9tcf ~ C f ~N51Ji'1C-lil ~ xfit ~ 1

~~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ lflifl m ~ N>4'41-olC<l
~'Om 9R~ @9Rf
) I .
1;5 (f~ ~ I

~ I 1;5ff ~ C<fitCf j'f~* C<fitCf '51'C9f'!lii ~ ~ I

~ ~ ~ ~ mtfIDI -a ~ <Tl1T ~
'It.~ ~ ~~ 8 ll~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ m<1PT
~ "'!~<l'iU C<fil'f ~ ~
~ 90° ~, ~ 15( /~ 'il'M! ~ mtfJDI ~ 15(/9fi5 C<l'iJCf ©~9m
'5Wfi I
~C f (<lSlCf l!l'il'
Ill~ 0r ~ ~ <l'i'il'l ~ 1mm L BON
= 0r = "'!~"41U C<l'il'l 1

'It.~ ~ Ill~~ ~fQi>t'!'.IIC4'!'.111'ClfT ~ (Relation

between Critical angle and Refractive index) g

1~ mtfIDI i51T ~ C<l'i!Cf i l!l<!~ ~ mt:!Wl

W!ffl, ~ 'il'Mi ~ lfllfTlf ·a' ~ ~ m<1PT ·b· 03 ~ ~
~'1 C<lS!Cf r ~ 'II'! ~ ~Ni>iill'!i A l!l<!~ ~ mlflm ~ A ~ . ~ >fJll•J.>llCil,

µn = Sin r
µb sin i

b 11ll1J11 (ll-l)
µb .

.......................;.: ................ .'

~ lr.~

Ill~~~~~~ ~"qll, C<fllCf i = 0c ~ ~ 'Il'!tfIDI ~c

m ~ 90° ~~~ r =90° 1

~l!l< ! µn = sin 90°

' µb sin 0c
1
bµ = - -
a sin BC
a 111'01! ~ )

b 11l'IJ'II (1PJ)
 101 ~~, " '"''~ 1 ''i
,rn f'IYfiltD 'f•'l!lil
~~ \1'f♦1 ~lt\ lf lflMt• ~~ \lllffNl t111~.ilt \J•~ m•nr,,1(1 ll(11111 Cifilr.•1i ,,r,r,
1

·t I ~ JI~ ~ \11'1100 it~~" / I ~\

l
ll ' - " - rJ
, ,_ ~n fl,. ·
} ._
, t,,,., I
~ ~m
' JI
~ ~ ~ ~•t ~tcm ~ J) l f l ~ ~~m N.-rffr
1
ey; ,ri-rmi ,rf(fi'l

~IM~~ l 4• •1'f ((t.1

9(J° l11 ~
~ l tff ~ ~ ~ 1ft ~Cl! llt-alfflf ~t'll ~c111r~ illfwllil 1$1~ 24°
C•1ll'•I Q,tt, ~fw,ff ff (,ltil'l
~rcf'fr<TJ ~ ,"lvlll f:iv-.rr-~
~ ~ .2-So ~ ~ ~ \1Ml'i2 C-tll'i! ,21~ '1 ~ 4 ,(J 1 •~/l~•I

~' t " f f ~ l l ' I ~ ~ ~~ ~ I

I
~ I~ !tlis>tffl~ JI : 1
:::: 2A5K
sin 2-1'
V x -.111 24°=0 40(,74 Vo
~ l ~ ~ ~) ~ 'l'!lttl11~'\1 ~V o ~ '~ '1c-r> ~r'frr<'.lls! C<tf! 11
~f~ C~l •l ~--y[ cr, r.T ~ I ~~ ~
S I "fU' (1ft ~) ~ ~ ~ t11 r~~ lTC'Sl
•ll?!C&1 ~1"11-!l' '1~
0
'1~11'-&ll'ii Sin2-l is"'t m,
Reflection)
v.~ trf ~e.t•ffi'1 ~R!t1'1t1:n l'tl~ 'f (Give.' Exampks of Total Internal
( 1 J-f1l"I "'1r.Qfl4l ~-n .r-w ~ ~
~ ) ~ -ettt t¥ CINl1' aC"f9fl~ -.snnt;~ ~ .f!f4"'t "11~1<11 .rf--o ~(,,-1-1 r(~r
1 1

T1 '1.'1' ~G f ?rf•IT
~~~~ ~r-t ~~ ~TD -.s ~~1 1 mu~ fs1r'8\f-!it'1~ ~"f<I ~ "ff"~ {lr r,;, J-f <IWI

fl'f~ ~f•ar~ $~1Ur• <1 vrr1111~1 cef•r q-J{.<fl cf~ ~ W1 (;QI!

!Sfs-,.,.:, ~ I ~~~~ ~~i )q .i1 ~
~~~~~,
~ C'INl1I g {r~c~ ~~~ 2.42 .n'lt ~
(~) ~ '11 1♦1tH ISi• ~ tff Jl♦ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ 1'1 ~ 42° -.!l<1~ <ITV '(J ~ Cl!'~ l!Jcp
~~
::,fs'ffllS J.52 ~ C!Nl lllll, ~ '8 ~"ll 1 l ~ ~~
vn.i ~<.:11"1 ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ lllll , ~~ ~ ~ ~M~
,.-i,,.-i i,cf ~ ' I ~
~9f'tl ll ~ I.7 ~"I czji,f ~ ~
~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11ltJ'ffl 'ft<11U ~q
m
1lmJ ~ I ! ! ~ ~ 'i:IIIC61fcpii~ ~cf ~ ' 1
~ l'!ll♦ltH di♦~~ lfNJ l'!llt'fll~~firn ~ ~
.;Jff
~fffit~ • ~ dl'G t~~ mm -lfm I l!l1SFU l!lut ~ 'lJm ~ C'Nm
"fl ,

C'INl1I g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ¥1 e
(tf) t"lii l~ ~~ ~T flt 'f ~ ~ ~ ~
'1m

~ ~ ~ dl~ ~ ft ~ l1ll1 I lfl~ 1Siltfll<11~firl!

ffi ~ ~ ~~ ti,j'J ~ ~'GlITTf ;:mi 'flt~
11~ "~~ "'1C! (4802d) ~9f" fl ~ ~ .
~ ~ 1 A ~ 'i:111(."lilflfwJJ $tl'ffif ~ C'1l1'1 ffi \:3 ~
~ ~~ ~t1Si1'1'1 ~C 'f~1 filrs ~ 1c f~q ~R!JJl
,•H 'RU, VC?'\ ~ ~~ ~ ~ Q,~ 1

~ ) --~ ('f-V) -tll•til'I (fes t tube) $ ..-tJ ~ c f ~ ~A~t"t ~ ~~ ~ ~ Aii ~ i,f'I

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~<3~ l!SWI
~ 'ffN ~ 'ffl I ~ ~ ~ ~ ·lfPl ~ ~ 1l'1J
1 (clM C<Tlie'I W1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ef~~
~~ems~~~~ llnl I ~ ~~ii ~ct ~91'lfi
~ *~i !'f ~ ~, Tf l:li~ fl'l ~ ~ ~ ~ f-111t.'3 ~~1'f ~ ~~
~~tl 'rl

~)'< 1~ -ill!ft t~ ~
) ffl ~ lffil'! 9rf ~ ~~ ,cf ~t 'l ~ ~ ;,j I ~ 1!3~91 ~
~ f.a1fici1! ~11'/ ~ ~ 'lT I

•
 ~IC'!lt'lltl ~fun;r,;1, 1 ~I!>)

,
~ (Mirage) I ~~ ,er ~~ t,, ~1
~ ~~ ~ r2t, i!,~ }~ 15! ~ i!l<I~ ~er ~r,1 (.Tl~ 151~
01 If" ~
if' ~ ~ '10i I !Jl~ ~r"! I

~ ~ ~ I 1'/llfl- A

~ r R1i ~ 'C3

fu<lJ l:r. ))

.f< ll'u r~ ~~ 21 ~
· lf! rn 1~ ~< fta l;r c. im ~~ R <T iU ~~
'iF C' !~ ~f
'5fl?fre'i5 ~ I <ro'f -a~ Jfft~ >i"'"f<!l ~
'<3
'5[ "~ ef•a q-•m Cl>l"C'<I
~ ~ c-f~I <Tm I ~ITT< ~ ~ ~ 'i rfl 1 ~~ -a~
~ qm_ ~ r ~rn ©m ~ iSFlJ C<WJ m-:~ <11~ ~ ~ '{rc<J
~~ c-i ~ '1Tt< ! 1

?f f.~ ~ I ~l!l <I ~ ~ ?ffr<f. -TI I

-are qi"/ ~ ~f(<l'i (;(flr-1 lf'i <I" ~ iSi<Wfcml
~~ f ' ( 3
m ~ ~ ~ Cr! 8R
C ~

~ <lST~ ~ ~~ W< f~ fi< fm ~ l:51<!>W'I q-•

~ ~1/Jfi'?C•BI ~ ~
I
1 ~ 9f!Fl rfl C9fe!J
~~ ~ ~ 1 21~ ~91 if~ q'J
ef~ ~, it ~<I I I C<I ff 15/P'lnl ~ m-C<l5 <!ITT
1 ~~ ~ ~ \!l~ ~
(

~~ 'G - ~I~ ~ ~ I l!Jt'If(jl] 'if1ref ~ Rm! m-c-<1

Ill~ ~
~ GM!
I -!l<I~ l!l'?I ~ '<3 ~ f l $ 15RWrJ ~
~ I tlf( ~ g "~2 1~ ~ 151 ~ ~~ ~ ~ C<Jfil ~ ?flt<I
9 C<!IF1 l!J<t-m '5fC1 '1~7 91~<!-t'i i59fm
©"'Im ~~~r Jl,ll"I WC911IFr<f5 @'<13 '</'rc<l'i -!I<!~ f.rr0
iq-Cl-!''lf) c-<ff•r ~ I f~ l!J~

~~ 'G~ <;f ll!i ctr :T~ I

 - -- - -•H_L f
C
fbJ1 • t, ) >!I

~i> fm ~ I ! ! ~ ~ ~ WT
'l-
1 ., ~e,1 ,,, 1 •111 • Pi ..,~ ·,'"1' W4 l \I I( fl
~ : /\C FD , :\Il l I > :J IH I I ,
1!1 ~ . l:llli!t5l,qSl-ll ~ ~"C "fl
1 , ~~1 1 -1,1--1<1 t(l., ,c,1
1 j ,,, 1 , .,fr; •••1 ~,,11 ~,· r• ~,.,, ., t t<1"'' 11
DEF , ~ ~ ~l:fT 'flu ~ ·-v~ Qfrc-<1
AB ED ~ f BCFE, AB C '(3 DEF \,0,
~ -lfC' 1/lll I
ACFD '(3

~ ~~~ 4C~.PfG ~~\li!'l 8

r
l.!l ~ ~ r..1r. Yf: ~~ CQ"IJC' 11 , ... 111' ' '1' .JI OP'lll~U
u.
fac es) B • .,.. U "I/ II lif?f i1 ..,.,
~~.>!111,qi ~ (Ret'racJ.ing Sur ·.i.iv '
l WI I
~ ~ ' f ~ 11 .!l~ ~~'11-ll,q

m ACFD .'<3 ABED ~N>'lliil41 ~ 1

/
of the Prism) 8 iJN>>ih'l<lf ~r n 11
~ ~' f (Angle L.D
m C<f ll~
·
f~
~ (qll 'f (I J ~f'-li11r11~ , ., ,~, ,,,,.,, ''/
'
~ ~'f = LA = ,

9Rl""'i~C<l'i ~ ~ ~~ .~ li1•"'11-t•
ffl (Edge) B ie!~'lli:141 ~ ell Cif ~ ·
11 {1~ tfh7 -r1 f-tr'BTC'f4f ~111 .,,
"il~ P
~ ,m A D ~ ~~>i1-s1q1~,
~ ~ ~ 1 fbut1 BCF ,.
~ (Base) s ~ ~crn ~f fi' ~. J. ~(~ f~'ll! C'•JO "qll/ I
~r -, _ fj .
fl'~ ~ (Principal Section) • a!l~>
i111q1 tflm )fl~
m l!l<flffJ ~tfr-1 ~-~~ I mr~~ fa1t1--..l[ (1) f. ~ "T "H'l f.1"1 'i\'t'
ISi.,,.
~ti~~ ~ I m PQ R ~ ~ ~~ 1
0tli•
l ,ti Q rf tjffl , ,11 , ,.,
• CW-! ( Iii ·r.lG fli'm \/(,t, ) rJij°f ff•f\l
~~~ 1)
•
~t'1 it4il ~ C f

fi,ar i!51IC'114 ~Ji<SIC'1<51 ~ (Describ Refraction of Ligh

t Throul!h u l'rlsm)
tr' .~ ~ W
I AB ~ AC~~~- LA ~
C'll'if'I, ot ~hr I
~. ABC Jj~ ~ ~ (f6ill: tr.)" ) l!lfu ~ ~ ~
~ - > F i l l • rn-f 1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
m-tJ ~ f.r,r,tr<Tfl 'G C<1 1
- ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~
~ . ~ ~ ~ ~C4C"f'l1 ~ m-tl ~
~~m ~ 1

~
Ifft ~- PQ I!!~ ~~ ~ 1 l!lfu AB ~ Q
~ ~ i5ITT 15fl" !m ~ 1 , (JM l 11 /J , Q fur~c
~ ~ l1f"i MQT \'JlN5<'1lO ~ m .nc,, QR
"ll9' IICl'I
1itlf1t11 ~ ~ ~ PQ # ~ m AB
~ ~ ~ ~ 1 .!!<R AC ~ 15f°rcfll NRT ~ ~"1
C"ll<Ti
1llll I Q R # ~ AC ~ R ~ ~
~R S~ R~ ~ I
P ~ S ffl ~ ~91Qf ~ PQR S 1
~iilc f, 1
~ ~ m ~ ~ 1 f;i,.ful fl~O RS- C<Tl f<-1~1 f•n~
~ (Deviation) s ~~ ~ PQ C<IS V
~ I LSU V ~ ~er f;wf>rr
<!lul 1 .!I (cll1Cf[~ ,fltfW f\3 6 (Clbl1ftil j ~1<11
~ iilfu PQV - C<IS U ~ cm1

~< Rt ~ I :. L SUV = <5 I

C?fl'l ~ 1
'!~Ill 3 ~~ ~ '(3 f.{~ ~ ~ C?1 l~ ~
(j_M i,,
~ ~ tm I Q f-r~ . ~f~•I (<l'ffCf - / l '
~~ g QM 'C RN \!51N9'1 'il:1U ~ T
/ SUN i, 1 Ii 1, r 1,
. ~ ' I C<IS!'I = L TQR ='i , R ~ . ~~
(<rJ'IC'J = L TRQ - r , . fflS>n'!C'J r<111c1 -

; , rz C<IS llflftilliCll d!IQ/al ~ 91Wol ~ct . ~Qf11',

!!i ~ c t ~'1 . t.-!m ~~ (.71S"lct, ~ ~~ra c1 c•ri1c1 1;,r,1c'1 ~,.,,nfTu

2
.,,.,.., ~ 11
~ lTll1 I i2 C<II ~ <1\' ~ Fl~ ci,rlC'J '<3

V, . /
,
--· ... .-N

C
B

l:lQRU ~

6 = LRQ U + L QRU
~- J = (i, - ,J + (i rJ
2 -

~- J = (,:, - ,'i) + ('i - r2) ------------- (i)

AQTR ~ I ! !
LA= LT- = 180°
l·: L.AQT = LART = 90°J
j en, L T = 180° - LA ------------- (ii )

i ~. !1QTR c~ ~.
}I ' LT + 'i + r 2 = 180°
,I,✓

~ ~.LT = 180° - ('i + r2 ) - ----- - - - -- - · (iii)

 ~08

0 L--- , - - - -- X
J1~

,.,,.. ~~.

(1) i1=ii
@iJf 11'.~<l

(2) r1=r2
ll'tr ~ ~f?§>i1115IC4 ~ ~ ~' .
~ ~~!I~
(3) ~ f4}Jfel t'll'tiJJ l:lllt11P41ilf-f! ~
G t.ft1l 11RB,i11'1 ~ 1:111C111
4:af-flt·ISl 'T~ ~ ~ "'1rA m ·,

~fJR! c♦ IC'TIJ ~ (R ela tio n between

'f~
Ir. ct ~ "11flt-fl a!ffQ,.>ftl•
d1~~ ij_-iN>il
sn1) ·
Refractive Ind ex , Mi nim um Deviation an d Angle of the Pri
.flR!i>i'SII$ = µ 1 I.!) ~ m,
-~- . 'ill1fJt1J ""~ ~~ I m ~ 111 ~ ,m ;~ ..,~ re~
..ti, IIJ ~ tif1ti1Ccp -~ Cl1 ~ ~ ~ ~ I IQ
1/Ji<l~IC-i,
~ 'll ll~ ~ I \li fr~ m-Jl '<3 ~ '1Fil-tlffilif$ ~ IQlfrl
. .

(i) e (ii) ~ ~.

_. A+c:5' •••

...,, ,, = --- --- ------------- (m )

111

~. A = r, + '2 ='i + r, =2r,

A
'4't r., = -2
'
;,.y • _ A +c:5'
..,,, z, - 2
111
------------- (i V)
(, A+o
1' 11ln- .:._:.:.i,i
2 ••••••••••••• 1(iii) '(j (iv) ~ mJ

. A+o:n
Sin - - - ' -
2 - ----------- -- (i)
µ = _______
. A
sm -
2
IG«-1, A= m ~'f 111~~ o~ = ~ ~ ~ c t
AtJ 8"' f.t4f1Pllnl ( i) ~~ ~ ' 1 ; 1 ~ µ f.1'111 "fll lffil
1

A~ I
~~~~~~
(1) I i i ~ ~ (ABC)-C-<!J Ill~ 'fflfi ~~ ts~ l ! J ~ ~
I

(2) t'lfirtlRI ~ ill'f ~~ UFll ~ 1

(3 )- ~ ~ ~'1 C11t11 c-M ~ I

o,.~•
(I) Iii. it~ c11l11Wf ~~ ~ ©9R '51(G4liCrli ~ I ~
(AB C)~ ~'Tt fl ts9R I!)~~

'(Cl 'lllll t'i!~ tflff flllf ITTS I

(2) t ~ ~ ~1 1 ~11,u1"¢l uron ~ , IR, AB

'(j Ac .!lR3>t,gq5 '5v! ,

(3)·~ ~ ~ P ' ( j Q i ; J t ~ ~ ~ ~ 1P(3

Q~i j,fuf 9r~~ ,li?J l51C q~~ I

(4) ~ WP{ m R (3 s ~ ~ lifu ~ l!J~ m~ ~ ~ 1ll:IJ M ~

P,Q,R,S ~ ~ IJ)~ >Bl61t§-ffll ~ I l!J~ ~ ~ 9f1ra ell PQ ffi ~9f1il ffi

PQRS1
~ Ill ~ ~
(5) Q ~ MQT IN GAY WIT I PQ ~ V ffl ~ RS
Iii~ ~ "lfrnl
Cffl i1 (LPQM) ~'f ~~
~ ~ ~ ~ PQV ~ U ~ ~ ffl, ~~ ~~
c.1'1 b'(LSUV) ~ 1

(6) 1i1~ p "It ~ ~ -m ~ t5 f.l'TI1 'flt ~ 1 ~'(ii '5 ~ i .uN ffl ctr-! l!1 ,m b'.
cq wt wn I "l'lt-f (i) ~ ' 1 '5m '(j A ~'f 'JTR ~ µ f.l'TIJ 'fl! "Wit I
 ._oq• ~~ c~ q1 ~~
Ir.t r c,r.J- ~l ~~wt (Definition of
Lens)
~ 1iffl ~ ~~ ~ ,
,:ffl l!Jf ~ ~ ~ Ill~ ~ ~ m .
~~~~~~
c'flfffm ~ ~ m ~ ~ -wr I
. ~ -
- ..... ~ 91!
f~ I ~ ,. .. ·iu
- - ~ l!J~~ C4lilit'et ~ ~ <R
-
'-"'" ' • 11 tfl; f~ ~ . .
'f l
ilr -{, re ~~ ~~ 9[ 0q ce
11 j~ ~~ ~f i:\ u~ ~~ 9f

Ir.~ ~- ~l 41♦ li1"5'1 (Kinds of

Lens)
~~~ ll~ g
~ -i1♦1<iiCIBC5f ~ ~ l5ITT
I

()) ~~ (C on ve x Len s) -e
~~ (Conczve Len s) ~ ~ ~~~ql~
1
(~)
8 ~ ~ ~ cm'u1 <£Jq ~ ~ •
()) ~ C"fWf (Convex Lens)
(Co nv erg ing )~ <W'T 1

j
If
fuclllr . ) !:i

~ ~ <£J<t~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ "!.~
(~) ~ ~ (Conczve Lens) 8 ~ ~
:r,;-::;nri

(Diverging) ~ cW'J 1
ff l C'ft'll'f ef♦ l'IIC'd'i 8
g ClJ ;;?:.-i ~ :;,::,J. 36ii'l ~ ,;i,o !'I
Bicon vex Lens)
-!.-"'~
(~) ~cel~'I ~~ ~( Do ub le or
~cW 'J I
[l; :;y ~ .!.~ ,,.~ :. <-!.=- ~ "'~ vh
(.,) ~ ff l 'fl ~-4\bCi'fM'I ~ (Concavo- Con ves Lens) ~
'
9["0' ffl ~ ~-illbC'll'6'1 ~ qC<'f I

~
(11 ( II)
~ '(
I 1111

~ lr.) 9
.-- ~ • n
Con vex Lens) : ~ ,:;'@ I~ ~
(ff) 'li10t'll'd'I ~ ~ ff l cwrtr (Pla ~ .-
no- ~~ E
ffl ~> til \bC 'll~ i'f ~~ 1

~ ~ d:1♦ 1<ilC'd'i 8
_
e or Bi-concave Lens): tli
{'f) l9el ◄\!>'I ~ t. ~~ (D ou bl ~ ~ ,:,-S {~ ~ ~
~ ~'d/.qlbij ~ ~ I
 ~C 'iiC fl~

( i) (ii) (iii)

f5i1! lr.~lr
ave Lens) 8 rl! ~ ~ IQ4S 10 ~ -o R~
(•) h'l l◄\6'1 ~ ff l- ~ C'f'f (Convexo-Conc
~ ~ ~ ~'d i'll◄ \!'1 C'f'f cWT 1

no-Concave Lens) ~ ~ .!Jq'i 10 ~ -o

(~) ~-~ ~ 'lill6'1i'.4l6'1 ~ (Pla
g rl!

~~ ~ ~ 'li116'1 l◄\!'I C'f1f cfCif 1

,-e
I ~ ~ ~
~ 4SC~4i$ '!a ~ ~ Q ~ ~ ~
IQ~ 1511\/;il1511fG,15IC4
~ fii;l'T I l!l~
~~ I
~~ t-f ~~ ~~ tll fl! l., m
. ~ ~c m ~ ~
Wi ~ c,ra l ~ ~ ~~~
™ I ~~ mi \5ITCfflq'i

~ ~ ~ ~ ~fl ,;m f.s rn , ~~ tfR ~ c~~~~~'6m

~~ 1~ l!l~
I ~ 6 oc A ~ ~ ~~ 1511J1i
~~ 151" 1~ l5IW'frll

I
~. ~t fC ~

~~~~ ' ~~~Cf~

:::J~>
~
i?llG C~'l ~ ~ ™
I

r.)o Clft'ff ~f' B'f )f~4?1't (General Equation of Lens) 8 .!f1Ttct fl Clf,
1 1 1 ·

! +.!. = _!_ (General Equation of Lens 8 Proof that ; +-;; =f )8

u I .
.!l<l5fu~ P~ AP .!l'4'~0P
, ~~~~~~t~~©/~PQ
V
) ~ ~
I v~ 't'r'r I l:fm W<IS, MOM !Qq,1
"Wit PQ-.!l~ ~ ~
.

~ g-t, AR ~ E)L ~ :!!l~>iMl5 ~ p' ~ ~ ~. ~ p'Q

u
'O I

M'
 M'QO \ll~~ ~P'Q'O ~.

!Q ..z OQ ------( l) (~ ~~ <flJJ)

P'Q' OQ'
\!111m MF O Ill~~ !JP' Q' F ~.
'
AO = 0 F ------------ ---------(2)
P'Q' QF'
tff PQAO \!IIIJN>C'ljlilJ ~ , AO = PQ
~- (2)-i~ ~.

PQ _ OF ----------------- ----(3)
P'Q' - QF'

( 1) '<l (3) •R ~ ~.
OQ OF _ OF ------------ ------ ---(4)
OQ' = Q'F - OQ' - QF

m oo = ~ ~ = u, oo =
. I~
i!:111:11<1" ~= v

l.!l~ OF= ~~, = f(4) -{~~ ,

~ =_ j_; uv - uf = vf; uf + vf = uv
V v- I
⇒ vf + uf = ~ ;_.!_ +..!. = _!._ ($l'Tl'l':5)
uvf uvf uvf u v J

~,~~8
1 P ~ AP -!i~t QP ~ f'f
l!I~~ l!l'if ~lfR ~ ~9f'if PQ -9~ ~ -
~ . MQM I ! ! ~ ~ C"f>Jf
p' ~ ~ ~ m . P'Q ~ ~ E ~-
~~~AR '(l OL ~ ~NS>tral§ ~. AR ~ <ll~ ~
~ I
1
MQ O 1!1~M'Q O ~.
PQ OQ
plQ' - OQI .--------------------- (I) (~ ~9 1 qzyJ)

1 1
~ . MF O \!I~~ M Q F ~.

AO OF
p lQ' = FQ' ---------------------(2)
L
m PQAO \:i/HMC'lfiJJ 'fCl'r, PQ = AO
~. (2)- {~~ ,
 - - -- - - --
r PQ _ O F
p'Q' - Q ' F --..- --- --- --- --- --- --- (3
)

(J) '(j (2) "~ ~ .

OQ _ OF
OQ ' - Q'F
OF 4)
==OF - OQ' ---- ------- ----------(
= ~ ~ = -v
fff OQ = ~ ~ = u, OQ'
, ( ) .,~ ~ ,
..a~~ OF = C ln ffl ~ . = f~ 4
u - / - vf ;u f + vf = uv
- - - f + V ;u v- uf =
V

uv I I I
;;+-;; =7 ( ~)
uf vf
⇒ uv f + uv f = uv f
na tio n of To w Thin Lenses and
~ 11l~~ 'll l~ 'IJ ~ (C
om bi
~ 9fll!'rl ~ ., ,. -~
Equivalent Lens) Hll Wll. -m ~ ~
..!l~ 'J_ill~ .a ~
CC'ml
~ ~
~ ~~~ . '!ffei ~ )~ ,.,~rec <1>
9fl<
<ll~ C'lfv1l f! ~ ~~ T ~ ~ 91'T'SID Wll, ~" 'l ff ..!
~ -~ l.! J~ IT
..! )~
~ ~ lVTffl ~ ~
m ti elf <.!Jff ~ ~ ~ CWcll'Pf ~ ~
I i3if<ITTl .!1~91
~ ~ l.!Jq~
'I ~ ~ ~~ ~
ll'l19R ~ ~ cW'!
~~ C'ft'nJ ~'C
I
RRl1 ~ ..!l~
'5IC<l <.! J~ lf1'll ~ l1i3
~ ~~~
'fl fii~\?J
(cPII ~~ ~
~ tc
lffi1 Cl/ , l! l~ ~
~~ ~ ~ (f?lf1 ~ IC<4 1~ ll m <. !J ~
~~ere
l! l~ ~ ~
~ (3 ~ QfITT5 1

~ ~ 'J I ~ ~~~ ~ 9fITT I ~~ g

l~ll ~ ~ ~ ~~~ I~
!lNlA l ~(c,-Jj
~ I
I!) "' !~ 1 .! Jq~
~ 1 ~ (3 ~ (? '!
) lf f l~ ~ . m ~ ~ ff i ~ l.!J~ ~~ ~
~ (~ ) ~ ~ W
. @C\:li\!i<4 . <.!J~
(~ ) l!Jq
~ Ir.~~ l!l~ (~ ),
,
'1 1 R rn 'R ~ ~ ~ il ~ ~ I
~ ~ ~ (3 ~ WT
. ~~ ~ ~ ~ >fll<llrni!l
) ) l.! l~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ !~ tr '. ~ )( ~
~ . L 1 l!l ~ L2 ~
~
~~ C 'l " r~ a ~ ~~ ~ ~ = U
I I.! ]~

~~
~~9R ~~ I ~ XY
"1i!l""1Ci!li!l ~
~ f1 l.!J~ f 2 I l ! l ~ l!l
.1
11 A ~ ~ oY 9f ce llf fi1
o~ l!l ~ ~ m i1 1- 11
 1 1 1
-+ -= -
~ ~ :a~>BIC'f9 ~ 0 \£1~ Q"fCf ~ I c:,__
u J; .
""::>
-,,,._.@=~ ~ ~ l!l<f~ L2
V1
o.! l~ r1 ~~A t~'! ! L2 ~ C'll'vD
~ m , iic?l-,srn, ~~ ~~A t~'! I ~ = v

:. ~ ~ \ f l ~ 9AJ ~ ~
.

1 1 1
V -;;- f2

'1~4'!1'1 ~ C1ll'l ~ ~ ~ .
1 1 1 1
-+ -= -+ -
v U J; /2
'111-..,1 ~ o.!l~ ~ ~ F ~ ~
~.

1 1 1
-+ -= -
v u F
,Jj~ (~~ ) ,JjcJ~ (~~ ) ~'1 ~ ~ .

l 1 1
-=-+-
F J; f2 ~... ...., , 'I,Pim
-
n .,,~ ~ ~ '111....,,n ~
- fn ( ijlf¢ 1>i 11c;i~ f<,f.ra
'17, f1, f 2, f 3 .. ... .... ·· · · ·· .. ·· ·· ·· · · · · ·
t..
~~ ~lc ?ll l1rn I
I l I I
~F ~ , - = - T - -
- - ..... .... -r -
~~~~~~~ J~ I {,,
F Ii

~~ I_ = 2:--!_
F f
~ ~
~~~~~ C~f+tl l>i 'i_c;JC~c;J ,~
"j·~-~m. 12: cJt ~ ~ ~ '1'!l"""ICU ~~
~ I
~ C¥141'1 ~ ◄J\11llt-i'l1 ~
"l~ClJl™'3 ~ ,;;_t8 ¢
~~ ~ J I ~~ <f ~ ~ ~ p ~~~
~~~ C¥14 1.>t ~ \ ! ~1(J
.
P2, P3 ··············· ······ ······· P o ~ ~ ~. P= P ,+P2+P3+ ..... .. ............... ..... Pn...... .......
l l ~ P1,
"Fil\!lc;J ~ ~ I
~'- , ~ ~ ~ ~ 1111f4 ~
.~ ~
~

.,,__ ...,... ~~

9Tfat~1ai1 R'rn ~ ~
.>tai◄ 1cn '9ftiij" ~11W6U clJSl41)f '(3 ·"i1'~~,;g ~ ~ ~
:.,. _

~ -I cJt ~ \:,~ ~ _, ~
'111◄ itn ~ ~ I ~ ~~
~
~Cf~~ Cl7 ~ !ff fi ~
llQflllflf ~ ~ ~ I
·

f I~~ m
\illtdflb-il I (◄S) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ f1 ~ f2, 'R 1

_l_l+l-~
.. F - J; /2 -.
 ~' iit <l lit ~ C f

~ _!_ = l, / 2
' F J; +'/ 2
vr ~ I , ~-
"'~ "'- .ta r~ C IY t" f'f ~f fi J; • ,
,rn t~ "" • •
- - ' : . \ . . ·. . ,. .. .
(~) 1ffir ~..n, -..-..<1-.,. "11ft. ~'Rr· ft
~
~ ~. ~
~ ~
-
C'J il< !Sl >t- ~, f1 =:=•~ ~~~ ~ ~
-
~" {1 \1 , f2• flf-11,•m
'

. ,:... · ....
-:. 2.. = _J + 2.. :.: - .1, + l 2
F I, j ~ f, /2

~ _!_ = 1;12
'F J; - 1~
~~ ~ ra,.m ~
. lll'l-1, 'f1>f2 ~ F tpHffM, ~~ c.,-.y ~ ~~ .. 1
m~1
lW Y F 'fli'fmM, ~ ~ ~ ~ i'l ~ ~ ~ , u r n rai;
. Ill~, f1<f2
lffl' ..,.ci..,,., ~ r,
. l1e11• •-111-;q,;qs m ,
r2
(tt) ~ l.(Jcf~

:, !_ = ~
• F
- ~
.I, 12
=-(.!~1; )=1llcn,'1M
+
/, ./2

:. f' = - ( /,/ 2 J
~ + /2
~ rfJ ~~ I
F · ~ 1"P'f ~'<31Tlll )i)l<Jlflffl ~
nl
.
~I. Q~
n of.Lenses) g
tlr'1r a- nl ~9 ftl l (I de nt ifi ca tio ~ ~ -g
~ ~ ~ 1 ~ <!)-.,sfu ·91~'!1>1'!1 ~
. ~ 'Cf19r ~ ~ ~
~~~ 41rn~ro
~ ~~~,. o'f1fp <mr ,-~
~
~~f<i'il
f.mJ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~c ft ~ lllfJ ~ . •. . . ,• .
~I .
~
l~~ ~~ ~
Il l~ ~ 1.(1 . . .• •

~ , ~ ~~ \:ill:4Slt:n ff l cm ~~ I
-~ ~ C~ ~ ~ 00U ~ Wf ~
' l!ffif-~ ~~ \:51<!1\t<!, IJI ~ \:ill4SI

(~) ~ ~Jlilf(I" I
(~ ) \:5IIC¢tf,45 1fCY ~
~
~ ~ <!)<!~\& ~
) I~ I (~ ) .
~~
.
!i ~ (~ ) ~ ~ ~
('1) ~ ~ ~C>iC<l <lJ4~\
<lM~\!i ~ I
(\ I) ~ l:illl¢114S 91~""1>1{)
~,~~8
"-1>'1 -~ <l)<I~\!) ~
(c,s) ~ <l)<l~\& ~ (~ ) ~~ ~~
<lJ~<;§ ~ (~ ) ~ ~
I
('l ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~'!I l.:i(<J'fl.lii, ..,.-,., ~. ~
~< l,lt ~ ;q ~~ tf~MC
g p
~
~ I ~ ~ llftiU I
_

~~8~~ ~ ~Q
~~~~
- . ,~
 ~·~'11~~ 1
~ •·m<<l ~~~ 1 • •

('t) ~ t•l•lt>SI t.'l'f ~ cal"i 'll"" ~ l .Qt"'o'I Q

~ ~ ~ m,'1 ~ ~ ~ -
tl~Ciiii'I ~ I f <3 2f-JIJ ~
1
p_ ___._ _........
~l~~~~I
~lm<l~~~I
(~) ~ "lill-\111 c,ftlT (20-~ l;C'f I l!lt"ftill
~~ -
. Qi..----A~.::..:::....-

~·~ et~~,w ~ 1 ~ ~ (v ::: 2f) 1

~S~~~~I
~sm==l.~~~1
r ~ -2r~~ 'Jfro l;twf s ~~~~
(s) • . !I ~ ~ct P~ · F Q

~~·~ I Q ~~
. et~f'IC,r'li ~ g ~'1 ~ ~ (v > 2f) I
~ g tr .~~
~ S cffiR ~cR. ~ I

~sm>l~~1
(ct)VC♦l♦IC>t~~li::J~ffl~· ~ 1

et~f'lc,n1 ~ -• ~ (v =oo ) 1
~S~'<3Pll11/~'<3~ I
- ~lm>>l~~Ref"~i
(~) 'Q Nl♦IC>t'li 1100 ~ g l!l~ ..!I~ 9flt1'I ~ p' ~ 1

~fijC\1'11 ~ I ClJll41c.>BI i.!l~ -9flV'f 1 .

~ I ~ (3 Pfl1l I ..

~lm>l~'.R"ffli

...
► -

lllf li. ftl tff ~

~~ 'liiJfJl◄ fir

f'll♦-l~t◄ I s ~oott,oi.(9ffi:)J

t/µW = l .33
1.50 nµ, = l.5Q •
1.33
=1.127
,.. .

1 1
-- =0.887
~. si nl t = -- x =1. 127
~µ
1
~. lt = 62°30
lfta- 62°3o' 11 • ✓2 Wl'~~C◄Sl'
f~?
◄l'l't 60 °1 i! ~t jK ") f1
~-~ 1·Jl~~~ctC ol '» ,)o ,)~ )'- ') ),o q,
f◄ l◄Slf-ft◄ I 8 ~o o~ (~

~ r- ll lf M fl ~•
Jm ~~.
. - A+- -
sm A = 60 °
µ =. 2 . µ.= ✓2
. A
sm -
2
.. 60°-+o m
sm --
~. ·,n;= . 60
20
sm-
2
. 600 +§m
sm- - -
~. .f i = . 2
1
-
. 2
1 ~ . 60° +-- Jm
~. -X v 2 = s m - 2
2
~ l . 60° +J,,,
. 7 i = sm 2
~88

600
.
qt , s1· n 45° =sm +t5m
--=
2
21 600 .+§m = 450 ·
~,,
,I z.
ell, 60° +§m= 90° .

<11. t5 ::, 30°

m
. .
1
I~~ "'1'f 60' .m~> i~ 1.5-~ ~ ~ ~ ""'
~3- 30° ·
-~_1(11·"
f◄t♦1Ptro a ~C\(~),)~1 .
• • I

"'f1rtlf~3-~13ftf.f · . .. IS-(fr,i.
A== 60°
··. A+§ . µ=1.5
sm m

µ " 2
. A .. /
srn-
2
(

... 60° +§
sm m

ell, 1.5 = 2
. 60°
sm-
, 2
.0
.,., • 6_O +§ ,
~,, sm 2 ,,, =0.75

. ·. 60° +§ .
ell, Sm . 2 m = sin 48°36'
' I

60° +b' 1
<11, "' = 48°36
2
~. 60° +o: =97~12'
1
<11, § m= 37°12

ffl8- 37°12' .
~
(Ss,l(IJl'f-8 I~~ C'ft'B . .
· ~ ~ 25 cm ~
~ i!i1R'
1lnTTrt

~,-., ..u.-,8- .,. .. ,.,, 'ff,.

.

I
P=~ -
J(m)
f = 25 cm
1 _) m
qi, P=- =O_7~
0.25 p = ')
:. P =4D
ffi8- 4D
 P= +20
t= '!

1
~. f = p

I
(ft, f =2
:. P = 0.50 cm
~~ ~~~~~
hfl- ~ "l-1{ 0.50 cm
~ t'ff ~ i 4t ♦ 1Rc1111 a ~ooi .(ilff f) I
~~ I"'~ C"rC"A ~ +2D .a ft~ ~~ ~'.f Cl> l• i'.'1
. t1-.r~ .
tm~ •- ~ wnf, 1,
t =- 20 cm
I =-0 2 m
/>
J p- )

111, /J
(J 2
... p = 5 I)

rn1- - 5 D
~ . ~ ~ ffl
~ ' t-'\ I~.., ~ ~ 0.J 01 ~ q "1~ "ffTil ~ ~tf. .! ~ ~ •
('fT4' 1f-, c<11 1 3 ~oo iY I
ff?
"'10 ~1- ~ ~~.
\ I I'
m = - ;J = - : ,. = 311

l 1
" l
" u =0 .3 m = 30 c m
~.. - + - = - m=3
\' " f
f = ')
l 1 l
'11\ - + -=-
3u " J
4 1
'11. -== -
3u f
<11, f = 3u
. 4

<11. f = 3x3 0
4
'11, f = 22.5- cm
~ 1- 22.5 cm
 -

~. 7,= 1
f

1
~; f =- 5

~.P = -0.5'2'metre
:. P.=-20 om
~~.. ,~~C ff"lfb ~lllll~C1'tlJf'f~ 20cm 1

"111- ~,20 cm 1 ~
~ - ) ~ 1111-.f't C'ftt'AI ~ +21rtff1trl I ~ llf!1'f ~ 'Jft ~ ~~ ~ I
l~lf'r~ *~6(,.1}H~,}.t1« ,1

~•- ~d. P ::: +2 D

_,,
P=.!._ f _,,
f
1
~
' / =-
p
1
~
1
f s::-
2
· ~. f = 0.5111
:.f = 50 cm
~~~~~-!l~~~ ~~~h'I
'111- ffl; 50 cm 1
7
1~1mrX1 , ~•1
~-)~
1
~~ C'lt" fl~~ ( 50 cm~ Jrf ~ ~ I

• Jl~vl.
'll{l~a- ~ ~ I
r ::: 50 cm
1 r ~()
P =- .-. r = 2 251Ill '
f 2

f
I
A,
I
1
~. P =-
1
-
4
t :. p = +4 ~ '1,fil
~1- +4 ~~
.,,.,.. . - 1~ _.. f'li:ldir>K..,.,. "1M\ l,JJ l#Jll 1A'1 4l7if 11tr;irlf ~ _,,, ~ •~1
_,.' Ifft ~lff•"'4 • µ,, • ~ . . . . & J,i,1'IPl'~~O~
,rftt" ~•trff~ (}trJII
ff1t
.ii.,,.
fft.)f,,_,. 'flrW ~ ~ '"' · • ~~ l #.lf 'J'f' ~•,' t1'trlf !"1' 4' 'YI ~u,

J'Z t in 0c • JA-) tin 9lt "' µ.,

133
-,, sin 0c II J!t.~
• -J Ai u 0,~J1
. • tit, (A"'4'J'
.-. a, =64''49'
(Ans.) 64''49'
, tilflu-1 s -e) 1.,...n,..., ~ Off.r,J -r.-. 2'J l m •~ "'~ 2'J cm ,r~ 1"f9 • ~ 4JJ • ~ '
-,t,f'CQ .... '(JIii filftf• .W I
~ :~ llftf,I, trr?f
,
J J IJ 2/Jan
+ -::: -f
u f LIJ<.m
l ) J " c:: .,

;+ 20 = 20
J I
-.i. -V =-
20 20
I
-.i. -V = O

-.!, v=oI
-.!, V ::: oo

._ , ~1tt1~A• ~ m ,

..
~a~,~ IW'f ~ ,.,.,,. ~ 10 cm ,~ ,~ 30 em~ ~

~ = ~~.
~~ ... ,
-- ~ q ,csfeRt~•

! +---
I I
v u- / u = 30 '-m

.! l l J= I (J cm
., V +3{) :: JO
V = ·1
I I
~, -I ==---
v 10 30
~, ! _..l_
• V - J5

: v ;.; I C, i,;ffi
 ,
1 ·
A-L-
,~~q-,, m
V
=-~-= - 2 =-0.5
:·.m -.'1 11f .iil~ ~~~ ,
~ : 15 cm [W I~ 9fft'II]
~ i w~~
1 . .
~: 2
"11-,...-00 f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 20 cm
1 ~~~~~30. cm~ ~
~t.At'lfl ~ f.Ww -.r I
~:~ lftf .t, ~ .
~
u 30cm
I J -l .
·-+- =- f =20cm
v· u. f
I I 1 v =?
; +30= -20
1 J". - 1
q'J,
; =20 -30
I. 3+2 3 +2 5
q'J, ;=w =- 60 =-60
1 · 1
q'J, ; . = - 12

q'J, V: 1.2cm.
v•cmf-1
~ -~ .a" "cl t'J~ ~ 'jflm
~ V
-!l~ •~~~., m=- -
. u
-12 -
=- 30 = + 0.4
-m ~
: . ~C' fl-.i l

"fi~i\~-0-
$ ~~ ¢~1'6'9

.
-h ~,€1. ¢ ~""'3 ~ .. ~~ ~ I
ffll- ~--"' 9f "ffl'T ~ ~ tide>i1M'61~ ~>ilk\$1~ 111(~~

~C?ft"' ~ (IN I
4

~ , ~NSJfiit'ff tWl'f ~ ~ l !<1411"-it<I ~ ~-:.~ R o~.oe R,~ R )~)~

{~U. ~ ~ ~ tsin-?l ~
ffll-1. !liA ~ -ffilll ~ -e IQ~~~~~~ £~

~~~- ~~~.!R I .
 /'1/'l'l/11/ f.'/I ~ /il!1 iil~;1 ' I U •111
1
1
I( ,, ~10 I{ j

~ I ~~ 1 '~ ~f f;
('N I 11,/1/ '•l/ l/ltl l/1,i1~u ,,
11111 l\!\ lj ,p1111r. ,1 l"ljl vll111111 "" · •11/(j/ ~·111.1•
1/ltl lll'//1,1/ ~/1,1/l •/•I
~ f- ~ ~ ~~ f~ \l Rt~llj\Sl-cr, '-Vlf.tll
~" ' ~'~nrrr.111 ~lf.'1lt1 i1l
\tli-111•1 <1 r, ..1 ,
~~ /ll/f(llf ~11,11 1 ~ j dt }
?,--~ ')~ ~" \!' 1 Jl~ fil~ ,1 fo

!' I ~ ~f)fi!~ #'erllft ~ I

r, ,., 1 1
~ s- ~ ~ l l ~ : ( I
) i 1 == "3 t 2)
'J ,'1'1u .:i ,1,J ✓ ,( ,~11
1
~~~,-1
1)

~r~~'fri10 •1\6 1i1~ r.~

~111 '1/'f/11-1,, '11 1- ')
'l"f
: ,ff ~t¥ffict ~ ~ v' R ~ ~ , }l)J l/ ,1 11 "-"lll''/1..'l•I
1, •P/'•/ l /~•r1f1 t,•Ht: l·I
1,lil,1/ ·I' ; t,H 1,/~~"
I i,1 1,~, ~ 1,~ r/

~~
1
~t fTC)I '1W.·~i1
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~[ ,¥ , T/ 111 ~ lvrn \..~IC,-1 I -ti 1lfll.·l,1 .>1 /'Jllrr.>J •/(.
,11 ·,1 Y/l •, 1pr11, , •1~'71
:n "J·•/''l/ '' if''~

!~ m ~ '>T'"1 ~ 1 ~\T
n ~ :
~~~~N :j~ ~' 1t •r
<((\!> Q/, ·1 I
~ "l\ j '1/'ll.lfr.l l.'l//•1l\/:)1!>
4,

() ) ~ ~~ ~ 1lltfl11
~~ ~.i-1 1
111~ )l,.pG ( ..P/'1 ~l~1'i/•/ '11.\)
(~) ~•'fl:5'~ ~' W fi

e l~ ~ ~ , -1~ ;-11',pr,r,1 ,1 ~-W.'•l-:1 ~,r~.1

1·1~-, r.--r1c,1,1 )110 -1 .11
..o~ft rrfri1'1 "1Ffil r;:;r/l"ll'l"•~1H1w l.'l/
~ - .o,:s CSil1?I ~ ~
.!Jq~

.£~ Wi~ ~ '°~ ~

IDM I
~ Si ll/
~ ,, - .- = ~
sin r

\S/•l/ ;a(0if1'f (1-1'1

;-,,~ ·, C? I, -~?fl(,
lff i )llP.-J ,.a..pfG !'lfi;i'il
l.'l/l"f\!J•I (. ,fil '/
~ 1111:!Wl ffl
ffl:- ~ IC=il<fSilfa}) ~ ~ ~~t C--Plct <ire, ,
Ac~"'"., ~ l:l'rn , ~ 15 l1 ~ ~~ ">!
~ zji-J ol r J< , ) ~, ) ~ I< )
9 1( ,ll>lr,ll>lb,o ~l <, ,o 9, o9 1( ,o tr,
[ ~ 8 ll>1!,,ll>
~ I dilC"IIC~~ ~~>rnc~rn ~ ~ ~ t
'>Pl-:iC'-'I ',fl f.'f. I

ir0 5 '5/"f-P-.:> '5111!,G'J'ii ..!I-Pd

~ "il' M 15 l"f ~ ~,
ffi:- ()) ~ 91 ~ "il'M. ~
.!Jq~
l!/-1~ .~ h, ..,11ci
~, (<ti1c,,(, ..,(Id .,
l.! J~ ~ q1;cfu 15l1r"c-rr.i m 15 11 ~ e•Hdl. \!l//'1
(~>19~ ~ ~ <; fl~ 1(3

~~ ,
~~~~
~ ~? .0 8 1< )
~ ltq~dl l>1~~'1 1 ~ [<rr<f!MC-</1 8 il,il, 0~ .~
1

~ i!l-~1-i>ilC~ ~
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