JSPM’S

Jayawant Public School & Jr. College

Class: VIII Sub: Science

18. Pollution of Air & Water

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Notes:
Air consists of a mixture of gases. By volume, about 78% of this mixture
has nitrogen gas and about 21% is oxygen. Carbon dioxide, argon,
methane, ozone, water vapour are also present in very small quantities.

Air Pollutants: The substances which contaminate the air is called air
pollutants.

Pollutants may come from natural sources (as forest fires or volcanic
eruptions) as well as by human activities.

Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, methane and

sulphur dioxide Eire the major pollutants of air.

Carbon Monoxide

 It is produced by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels such as

petrol, diesel, etc.
 It is poisonous gas, it reduces the capacity of the blood to transport
oxygen.

Smog

 It is made up of smoke and fog. Smoke is made up of oxides of

nitrogen and other pollutants.
 It causes breathing difficulties such as asthma, cough and
wheezing in children.

Sulphur Dioxide

 It is produced by combustion of fuels like coal in power plants.

Petroleum refineries Eire a major source of gaseous pollutants like
sulphur dioxide Eind nitrogen dioxide.
  It can cause respiratory problems including permanent lung
damage.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

 These are used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and aerosol

sprays.
 CFCs damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

Tiny Particles

 These particles are produced by industrial processes like steel

making and mining.
 These remain suspended in the air for long periods Eind reduce
visibility.

Acid Rain: Oxides of sulphur Eind nitrogen react with water vapour
present in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. When
these come down with the rain, it makes the rain acidic. This is called
acid rain.

Marble Cancer

 Acid rain has resulted in corrosion of the marble of the Taj Mahal.
The phenomenon is called Marble cancer.
 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) emitted by the Mathura Oil
Refinery, has contributed to the yellowing of the marble.

An increasing amount of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere is

responsible for global warming. It has resulted in rising in sea-levels,
reduction in rainfall and proved to be a serious threat to the existence of
life on the Earth.

Greenhouse gases: Besides CO2, other gases like methane, nitrous

oxide, water vapour also contribute to the greenhouse effect. They are
also called Greenhouse gases.

Water Pollutants: Sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial waste

are some of the major contaminants of water.

Ganga Action Plan: It is an ambitious plan to save the river, Ganga. It

was launched in 1985.

Water Conservation: Water is a precious natural resource. We must

learn how to conserve it, following the mantra—reduce, reuse and
recycle (3Rs).
Air Pollution: When the air is contaminated by unwanted substances
which have a harmful effect on both the living and non-living
components, it is referred to as air pollution.

Chemical Contamination: Discharge of harmful chemicals into rivers

and streams causing pollution of water is called chemical contamination.

Global Warming: The average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere

is gradually increasing due to increasing levels of greenhouse gases like
CO2. This is called global warming.

Green House Effect: The trapping of radiations by the Earth’s

atmosphere due to increasing levels of gases like CO2 is called the
greenhouse effect.

Pollutants: Pollutants are the substances which cause pollution.

Potable Water: Water which is purified and fit for drinking is known as
potable water.

Water Pollution: Water-pollution is the contamination of water by those

substances which are harmful to life.