i•· .

;Copy ~ I
First Technical Session : General Theory <?{
I
;_
- ' .
J-.J'

/~'f

Stability oj" Slopes CE 38i

Tuesday morning, 21 September, 1954 RESEfi
Ne+-z Re+:
Se-:..sion 1/l

THE USE OF. THE SLIP CIHCLE IN THE STABILITY

ANALYSIS OF SLOPES
by
AL... :\ \\'. BISHOP, ~1.A., Ph.D., A..M.I.C.E.
l~THODUCTI0::-0

~ Errors ma ·be i d into the cs imate of stability not only by the use of approximate
methods 0 stability analysis, but also by the use 0 sampling aml testing metfiods v;hich Clo
not reproduce sufficiently accurately t~:_ soil_ ~Ol~_d_~tJ_ons and state of stress in the n~fiual
ground or compaCted fill under consideration... l.Jnless equal attention is paid to each factor,
an elaborate mathematical treatment may lead to a fictitious impression of accuracy.
However, in a number of cases the uniformity of the soil conditions or the importance of
the problem will justify a more accurate analysis, particularly if this is. coupled with field,
-measurements of pore pressure, which is the factor most difficult to assess from laboratory
data alone. Two classes of problem of particular note in this respect are :
(i) The design of water-retaining structures, such as earth dams and embankments,
where failure could have catastrophic results, but where an O\'er-conservative design
may be very costly.
(ii) The examination of the long-term stability of cuts and natural slopes where large
scale earth movements may inYolve engineering works and buildings.

THE USE OF LHUT DESIGN' :\IETHODS

It has been shown elsewhere ~ya relaxation analysis of a typical earth <lam (Bishop, 1952)
that, even as2!!rajngid~~ll~eci__cl?-stic pro~ies for the soil, local overstress will oc.<;_1._!!" whe~
Circle
the factor of saf~tr. (b}~_j.fu'.> method)_!!~~ ~-e~9w ay~li1~_of__a~g~!_l:_~. As the majority
orstability problems occur in slopes an<f dams having lower factors of safety than this, a
state of p_la~ti~~_i!~"Qrium must be considered to exist throughout at least part of the slope.
- ·"Under these conditions a quantitative estimate of the factor of safety can be obtained by
examining the conditions of C'quilibrium when incipient failure is postulated, and comparing
the strength Fecessary to mainta_i!l limiting equilibrium with the available strength of t~e
soil, The ·factor of safety (F) is thus defined as the ratio of the available shear strength of
the soil tothanequifeato·maintaincquilibrium. The shear strength mobilized is, therefore,
equal to s, where:
s = ~ { c' + (a,. - ti) tan rp' } • . . . . (1)
where c' denotes cohesion, } . f r . *
sf/ ,denotes angle of shearing resistance, m terms 0 e tectm.! stress.
a,. denotes total normal stress,
u denotes pore pressure.
• Measured either in undrained or consolidated·undrained tests with pore-pressure measurement, or in
drained tests carried out sufficiently slowly to .ensure zero excess pore pressure.
7
 8 ALAN W. BISHOP

Failure along a continuous rupture surface is usually assumed, but, as the shape and
position of this surface is influenced by the distribution of pore pressure and the variation of
the shear parameters within the slope, a generalized analytical solution is not possible and a
numerical solution is required in each individual case. The rigorous determination of th<'
shape of the most critical surface presents some difficulty (see, for example, Coenen, 1948),
and in practice a simplified shape, usually a circular arc, is adopted, and the problem is
assumed to be one of plane strain.

MECHANICS OF THE CIRCULAR ARC A~ALYSIS

In order to examine the equilibrium of the mass of soil above the slip surface it follows
from equation (1) that it is necessary to know the value of the normal stress at each point on
this surface, as well as the magnitude of the pore pressure. It is possible to estimate tlw
value of the normal stress by following the method developed by ..E..ellenius (1927, 1936), in
which the conditions for the statical equilibrium of the slice of soil lying vertically aoove each
element of the sliding surface arc fully satisfied.
A complete graphical analysis of this type is most laborious, and this may result in tl11.·
examination of an insufficient number of trial surfaces to locate the most critical one. Several
simplified procedures have been developed using the friction circle method (Taylor, 1937,
1948; Frohlich, J95J), in which an assumption is made about the distribution of normal
stress, but their use is limited to cases in which 4'' is ~nstant over the whole of the failun·
1 surface. More generally the "slices" method is used; with a simP-lifying assumption about
.· the effect of the forces between the sljccs.... .
1
\ - The significance of this assumption may be examined by considering the equilibrium of
the mass of soil (of unit thickness) bounded by the circular arc ABCD, of radius Rand centre
at 0 (Fig. J (a)). Jn the case whC're no external forces act on the surface of the slope,

Fig. 1. ForcH in th• alic•• method

''
,_.,.y. Tiii' t1S:E OF TllE Slit' CIHCLE DI TllE ST,\lllLITY ANALYSIS UF SLOPES 9
1 equUibrium must_exis~_~en the wcight__Qf the.soil above ABCD an.d t_he resultant of the
; total forc_es acting on ABCD. - - ----- -
. L~t £ 11 • £;-~-i-<knotetfieresultants of the total horizontal forces on the sections n and n l +
respccti vcl y.
(- and Xn, Xn+1 the vertical shear forces,
w the total weight of the slice of soil,
.;. p the total normal force acting on its base,'
s the shear force acting on its base,
h the height of the clement,
b the breadth of the dement,
l the length BC,
IX the angle between BC and the horizontal,
x the horizontal distance of the slice from the centre of rotation.
The total normal stress is a,., where
p
a,.= I (2)

Hence, from equation (1), the magnitude of the shear strength mobilized to satisfy the
conditions of limiting equilibrium is s where: ,

- s= ~{ c' +( f - u) tan 9>'} . (3)

The shear force S acting on the base of the slice is equal to sf,, and thus, equating the
moment about 0 of the.weight of soil within A.BCD with the moment of the external forces
acting on the sliding surface, we obtain :
1
.EWx = ESN. = EslR (4)
It follows, therefore, from equation (3) that : \
F - !?__ . ..r[c'l + (P ~ ul) tan 9>']
= .EJJ'x (5)

. From the equilibrium of the soil in the slice above BC, we obtain P, by resolving in a
( ._·direction normal to the slip surface:
' .. · P = (W + X,. -'X,.+ 1) cos IX - (£,. - £,.+i) sin ex (6)
The expression for F thus becomes :
~·.

F = .EWx
_!!_ . ..r[c'I +tan ef>'. (W cos ex - ttl) +
tan cf/. { (X,. - )(,,+ 1) cos ex -- (E,. - E 11 +1) sin ex}) (7)

Since th~re are no external forces on the face of the slope, it follows that :
- .E(X,. - Xn+1) = 0 (Sa)
__ . r .E(E,. - En+1) = 0 (Sb)
However. except in the case where 9>' is constant along the slip surface and IX is also constant '·
··'(it., a plane s?p surface), .the terms in equation (7) containing X,..an<l En do not disappear.
!simplified form of analysis, suggested by Krey (1926) and Terzagh1 (1929) and also presented
by May (1936) as a graphical method, implies that the sum of these terms

,.... .· .Etan ef>'. {(Xn - Xn+1) cos IX - (£,. - E,.+ 1) sin ex}

inay be neglected without serious loss in accuracy. This is the method at present used, for 1~
example, by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Daehn and Hilf, 1951).
l*
 10 ALAN W. BISHOP

Putting x = R sin Ot, the simplified form may be written :

(1 I\
5;,.. f. ).-t~ ~,)
,~:-:'<:
1 [
F = .EW sin ex . .E c'l +tan ef>'. (W cos ex - ul)
] (9)
jl1etJ-oJ ,_.
In earth dam design the construction pore pressures are often expressed as a function of
the total weight of the column of soil above the point considered, i.e.

(10)

1
,,- /
F = W . . i:[c'l +tan 4''. JV(cos Cit -S sec ex)] (11}
.E sm 0t
This expression permits the rapid and direct computation of the value of F which is
i necessary if s~fficient trial circles are to be used to locate the most critical surface. However,
/1: as can be seen from the examE_les gy_QtcdJat.er.....the valuf!S....of Fare, i_n general, found to be
/ii cons~~tive.~iLI!!~Y lead to uncconon:i~~~ajgn~-£.S~~,i!g,r marked where con-
,' i ~ ditions ~~_t~~ep slipcircle~ rou~<:l W~i~h.J.fi~ vari~!i?n i~larg~.
/ To derive a method of analysis which largely avoids tniserror ifis convenient to return
' to equation (5). · If \vc denote the effective normal force (P - ul) by P' (see Fig. 1(b)), and
resolve the forces on the slice vertically, then we obtain, on re-arranging:

P' = W + X,. - X,.+ 1 - z(u cos ex +~sin ex)

(12)
tan tfo'. sin ex
COSot + F

Substituting in equation (5) and putting l = b sec IX and x = R sin IX, an expression for·
the factor of safety is obtained : ,
1
F= L'W .
sm ot
. .i:[{c'b+tant?'.(W(t-B)+(X,.-X,.+i))}·
,
sec~
+ tan¢'. tan et
] / ,,~,~-(13)
1
F
The values of (X,. - X,.+i) used in this expression are found by successive approximation,
and must satisfy the conditions given in equations (8). In addition, the positions of the lines
of thrust between the slices should be reasonable, and no unbalanced moment should be
implied in any slice. The factor of safety against sliding on the vertical sectigns shQD.ld also
be satisfactor:y.__though since the slip_s.ud11_c_e_assum~<!.._i!_.Q!!..ly_an.approximation to the actual
~3 overs.tr~y bej_~pliedjn_the_aQ.iacent soil. • ·
The condition .E(X,. - Xn+i) = 0 in equation (Sa) can be satisfied directly by selecting
appropriate values of X,., etc. The corresponding sum J:(En - Ea+1) can be readily computed
in terms of the expression used in equation (13). Resolving the forces on a slice tang~tially,
we obtain the expression: · ·::-·;·,·
. ~
· . .; .~·
.
(W + X,. - X,.+1) sin ot + (E,. - E,.+i) c0s a:= S
or (14)
• In practice the value of B will vary along the slip surface, though for preliminary design pwpoaea it
is convenient to use a constant average value throughout the impervious zone. . · .
 TJIE USE OF TUE SLIP CIRCLE IN THE STABILITY ANALYSIS 01' SLOPES 11
~ow, if equation (13) is written:
I
F = · ETV sm
. ._. E[m]
ct (15)

( . .:hen S=~ (16)

F
--·- ---·---
and hence £(En - E,.+J) = r [m
F sec Qt -
.
(W + Xn - .
Xn+x) tan Qt] (17)

· The X values must, therefore, also satisfy the condition that :

i:[
~ ( 2 .- - :::. ... '~ ~ sec at - (W + Xn - X,.+x) tan ct] =0 (18)

In practice, an initial value of Fis obtained by solving equation (13) on the assumption
that (X,. - X,.+ 1 ) = 0 throughout. By suitably tabulating the variables a solution can be
obtained after using two or three trial values of F. The use of (X,. - Xn+ 1 ) = 0 satisfies
equation (Sa), but not equation (18). Values of (X,. - Xn+ 1) are then introduced in order
to satisfy equation (18) also. These values can then be finally adjusted, either graphically
or analytically, until the equilibrium conditions are fully satisfied for each slice.
From the practical point of view it is of interest to note that, although there are a number
of different distributions of (X1, - Xn+x) which satisfy equation (18), the corresponding varia-
tiqns in the value of!'. .are_ fo~D:<Jto be insignif~cal:!_t. (l~~~ ~ha~ I% in a typical case). - - , ,
.· It should also-bCnoted-tnat, smce the error mthe simplified method given in equations (9)
and (11) varies with the central angle of the arc, it will lead to a different location for the
bost critical circle than t~at given by the more rigorous method. It will, therefore, generally
/be necessary to examine a number of trial circles by this latter method.
PARTIALLY SUD:\IERGED SLOPES
The total disturbing moment is now that of the soil above ABCD, less the moment about 0
of the water pressure acting on DLl\1 (Fig. 2 (a)). If we imagine a section of water bounded
by a free surface at MN and outlined by NDL\1, and similarly take moments about 0, the
. T1ormal forces on the arc ND all pass through 0 and the moment of the water pressure on DLM
l ~h~refore ~ci.ual toJhe.J!!2~«:!1..! of th~ _mas..s.. of water ..N'DUfabout 0. :-·-·
1 "ffimce the weight of a mass of saturated soil less the weight of water occupying the same
voimne is equal to its submerged weight, the resultant disturbing moment due to the mass of

Ij
soil above ABCD and to the water pressure on J?LM is given by using the bulk density of the
soil abo\·e the level of the external free water surface and the submerged density below':\
It should be noted that the boundary MN implies nothing about the magnitude of the
pon;pressures inside the slope and is only used to obtain the statically equi\·alent disturbing
, morrlent.
'----The disturbing moment is therefore L'(W1 + JV2 ).~ • (19)
where W 1 denotes full weight of the soil in the slice above l\IN,
W2 ,, submerged weight of soil in the part of the slice below MN.
It is also convenient to obtain the expression for the effecth·e normal force P' in terms of
IV 1 and W 2 • It can be seen from Fig. 2 (b) and (c) that, resolving vertically as before, it
follows that :

• (20)
12 ALA:S W. BISHOP
0
r x -,t·
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
i I
I I
I I

(a)

'--b.......l
I I
I
I

(c) tan e ·t.tan +.'

Fig. 2. Partially Submerged Slope•

where "• is the pore pressure expressed as an excess over the hydrostatic pressure corre-
sponding to the water level outside the slope; that is
"• = u - ,,.., . : (21)
where y.., denotes the density of water,
and z ,, the depth of slice below 1\IN. (If no part of the slice is submerged, 11, = 11.)
It follows, therefore, that for partial submergence the expression for factor of safety •
becomes:

F= .E W
( 1 + ~2) sm
. ex . z[{c'b +tan~·. (JJ'1 + W2 - bu, + Xn ~ Xn+i}} + tan
1
sec~
~ . tan cit
]
F
(~)
The forces between the slices now have to satisfy the conditions: ,
.E(X,. - X 11 +1) = 0 (23a)
. 1
.E(En - En+1) = - 2 . y,,,d2 (23b)

• A similar treatment of the simplified methor.l !car.ls to the expression

F = .L'(IV 1 + \v il sin Cli:[c'I +tan •f. (II' 1 + IV ,cos Cl -·11,b sec Cl}] (22'1}
This treatment of the pore pressure !car.ls to consistent results throughout the full range of submergence
(Bishop, 1952).
 TUE USE OF TllE SLll' t:IUCLt: JN TllE STAUlLlTY ANALYSIS OF SLOl'F,,S 13
~.-where dis the depth of water at the toe of the slip, which causes a horizontal wat~r thrust on
tn~ t_ertical section with which the slip terminates.
To obtain an expression for E(E,. - E.+i), we resolve tangentially as before:
(W1 + W2 + bzy.., + Xn - 'x,.+l) sin o: + (En - E,.+ 1 ) cos o: = S
or (£,. - En+i) = S sec ex - (W1 + W 2 + X,. - X,.+ 1) tan ex - ywZb tan ex (24)
·Writing equation (22) as:
1
F = · . E[m] (25)
.E(W1 + W 2 ) sin ct

then S=~ (26)

F
Hence
E(E,. - E,.+l) = .E[j. sec ex - (W1 + W~ + X,. - X,.+ 1) tan ex] - E[y...zb tan.ex] (27)

.
Now \ ..,J"'[r...=b tan ct] = 1,,.... d2 • (28)
2
Thus equation (23b) is satisfied when :_ ·

E[~ sec ex - (W1 + W 2 + X,. - X,.+I) tan ct] = 0

It can be seen, therefore, that for partially submerged slopes an analogous method is
obtained by using submerged densities for those parts of the slices which lie below the level
of the external free .water surface, and by expressing the pore pressures there as an excess
(29)

I
above the hydrostatic press~re corresponding to this water level.

' PRACTICAL Al'PLICATIO~

Only a limited number:lof stability analyses have so far been carried out in which both
the simplified and the nt>re rigorous methods have been used. From these it appears,
however, that the major part of the gain in accuracy can be obtained by proceeding with the
solution of equations (13) or (22) only as far as the starting value of F given by taking
(X,. - X,.+i) = 0. This avoids the more time-consuming stages of the solution, and provides
a convenient routine method in which the time required for the analysis of each trial circle
is from one to two hours or about twice that required using the simplified methods.
This may be illustrated by the two following cases.
(i) Pore pressures set up i·n a boulder clay fill during consiruction.-The cross-section of the
dam and the soil properties used in the analysis arc given in Fig 3 (a). From laboratory tests
and other data it is considered that an average pore pressure equal to 40% of the weight
of the overlying soil might be expected, i.e. B = 0·4.
For this condition the simplified method indicates a factor of safety of I ·JS. The value
given by equation (13), with(.\',. - X,.+ 1) = 0, is 1·53.
The two methods do not lead to the same critical circle. The circle having a factor of
safety of 1·38 by the simplified method gives a value of 1·59 using equation (13) with
(X. - X,.+1) = 0. The introduction of trial values of (X,. - X,.+i) makes only a small further
change in the factor of safety, a value of l ·60 or I ·61 being obtained depending on the assumed
distribution of Xn.
The form of tabulation used for the routine solution with (X,. - X 11 + 1) = 0 is given in
Table 1.
C*t'iS"useful from the design point of view to know the influence of possible variations in
cd'nstruction pore pressure on the factor of safety, and for this purpose the factor of safety
may be plott~d directly against a\'Crage pore pressure ratio as in Fig. 3 (b).
14 ALAN W. BISHOP

(ii) Pore pressures set up in a

Material Density
lb/cu. ft
I c'
lb/sq. ft
II .;'
moraine fill during a partial •apid
drawdoum.-The cross-section of the
Clay fill 145 I 350 37·5°
dam and the soil properties used in
the analysis are given in Fig. 4.
The basis of the method by which
the draw-down pore pressures are
calculated has been described by
theauthorelsewhere (Bishop, 1952).
and their values are indicated by
a line representing stand-pipe levels
above different points on the slip
surface.
(a) Using the average values of the
soil properties (Case I), the simpli-
fied method (equation (22a)) gives
a factor of safety of. 1·50, and the
more rigorous solution (equation
(22), with (X,. - X .. +1) = 0) gives
2·0 ·' ¥:· a value of 1·84. • As before, the

'~
two methods lead to different critical
Ely l!IOrc ri9orous 111cthod circles. The inclusion of trial values
1•5
of (X,. - X,.+ 1) raises the value

~
Factor '\ from 1·84 to 1·92. the value by the
of simplified method for this particular
Safety
circle being 1·53. About 80% of

~
8y conventional 111ct11odl" ' , the gain in accuracy in this case is
thus achieved without introducing
the X,. terms.
0·5
'' The form of tabulation for the
\ ~
routine solution in the case of partial
submergence is given in Table 2.
20 40 . 60 80 100
Pore Pressure Ratio 8 (• u/~~)
(b) CONCLUSION
Errors may be introduced into
Fig. 3. End of conat.ruction case: relationship between an estimate of stability by both
factor of safety and pore pressure
the sampling and testing pro-
cedure, and in m~y: cases an
approximate method of stability analnis may be considered adequate. Where. howevp,
considerable care is_e::ic~cised.. at each s!~g~. and, in_particul~. w~re field measurementL(:>f
pore pressure ar~-~eing used, th.e simplified " slices " method of analysisj~_!lot sufficiently
accurate. ·· ·· - -----=-·
This'is illustrated by the two examples given above. The error is likely to be of particular
·importance where deep slip circles are involved. This is illustrated by Fig. 5 in which the
collected results of the two stability analyses are plotted in term5 of the value of the central
angle of the arc. It will be seen that the value of the factor of safet 'ven b the simplified
method, expresse~~en.t.1'.gLoLthaL.gi: y-1. e more rigorotl!_!!lethOd [~g
(X. - X11+1) = O],_d.roP-s r~pic!ly_~_the central .angle-oLthe are increases. Tliis effect is
p~arly marlicd f_?! _th~ hi_ghe~_ values of e~ess. por.e..pteSSlH'e.
• For Case II the corresponding values are 1·14 and 1·48.
 THE USE OF THE SLIP CIRCLE IN TIU:: s·rAJ:ULIT\" ANALYSIS 0.1' SLOPES 15

Density-lb.!cu. ft
c' I
I Case I

c'
Case II

I~
Material
Submeq;cll j .\bove \\'.L. / lb/sq. ft </>' 11>/sq. ft
I
!\foraine I 72 1 135 I 450
I 45° 37° 0 I 400
I Rock I
i
72
I 118
l 0
I 0 I 40° I
Wa tcr Level. 81 Ft.

Level in Moraine Fill ofter ~opid Orawdown

Standpipe Level in Rock Fill after Aapid Orawdown

68Ft.

Fig. 4. Drawdown analysis ~f an upstream s.lope

CENTAAL ANGLE CF :.?. C CEIHAAL ANGLE 0~ AAC

~o....,,......~2ro~·--•To~·--~f>O'..__ _.e_o_·_-",oor--"--.;.;,'20• 0 20• -40• •o• eo• 100•

oo -::.~~ >- .I
. . ' -- ...~«..
,1 ,_
IOO
--""::..--
-- .......... -' ... ............
.... ....
'.. .. :--._ -·..4'.~--.L---+----1
9- •·-
'' '
' ~' --,~
I
··~ t••
e
'
~ "'1 ', I 'i•()-4 ~%
'
-:~ ·.
'' '~ 'I IO
o~ •.-......

....-.. '
•:.T
~...
~ '\a•O• l •
7 .... I
~!
•r
60
ot, I
I

I 6
4 Coia I
• Caea :ii
I
'
(b) TYPICAL A.a.PIO OA.AW·OOWN CASES.
' I
\ (Oc\011~ Q•W'CR lft F'i9.4)
- ~·

\I
\

4
~6•0·1

(1i) TYPICAL CONST"UCTION C.AU,

f'()A V.lAIOU5 VALUU O• I.
(Dole~• ........... >)

Fie. 5. Influence ol central angle of arc on accuracy of conventional met.hod

F,, is factor of safety by conventional method.
F, is factor of safety by more rigorous method on ~amc sliding surface.
 16 ALA:S W. BISHOP
Circle No. t Table I

I
I
-- jE\
·~

§:
I~ I l I € I ~

~
I
'
'
i :1
e
Q ..
c
cu
.s-
I I
I
''
! ti?. I~ I
g
~
I

I'
x 1:1
~ ~ !1 i
C.>
.!:i ~
:e ti \
r::
·;;; -- E
I
+ lC
.,
I •tc
r::
_,
cu. x
~
Ui 1:
I
-0:
= ti
c
·u;
-- = .,
'!"'
=
I
I
I
<.>

"' I !?
I
+
-
! I ' jl F=H F=l·6 F,;,,H F=l·6
l 50 23 167 42·2° ·672 112 17 77
! 9-l
I I
1·350: ·907 ·902 ·940.,., 85 88
!
2
:
:
50
:
:
54
:
:
381
:
:
34·6°
:
:
·568
:
217
:
:
17
:
:
175
:
:
192
:
:
.. I ..
1·215' ·690 ·883
:
:
:
·912 169
:
175
:

s 40 l1 64 -9·2° -·160 -10 1-l :..'9 -l3 1-1113--·162 HIO 1·097 47 47

I
777 1240 1262
_ 1240 1262
F
- 777 777
=1·60 =1·62

Circle No. Table 2

~ §: ~

,,
ti
r::
.!!•
c:i
~

:ii
ti
j!
ti. A
~·.
z .!&! ~
u l! ;~
Ill
.~
Cii -.
.;
.<:)
_g_
..;::
+
E ~
ti

!!
ti
c
-·
- + ::!:..

,,
... I
2
r:tc.

F - .E(6)
.E(l)
 THE USE OF THE SLll' CIHCLI:: IN TUE s·rAlJILl·ry ANALYSIS oi: SLOl'ES 17
In these cases the use of the modified analysis outlined a.bove is to be recommended, which,
if carried only as far as the (X,. - X,.+l) = 0 stage, can readily be used for routine work.
Little field evidence is yet available for checking the overall accuracy of the stability
calculation except in those cases where the " .p = 0 " analysis has been applicable, and this
emphasizes the need for failure records complete with pore-pressure data for both natural
slopes and trial embankments.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The second example is included with the kind approval of the North of Scotland Hydro-
Electric Board and their consulting engineers, Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners. The
Author is also indebted to 1\Ir D. W. Lamb for carrying out a number of the other calculations.

HEFERENCES
BISHOP• .\. W., 1952. The Stability of Earth Dams. Univ. of Lo11do11. Ph.D. 1·1iesis.•
COENEN, P. A., 1948. Fundamental Equations in the Theory of Limit Equilibrium. Proc. 2nd Int.
Conj. Soil. Mech. 7 : 15.
DAEHN, W. \V., and H1LF, J. \V., 1951. Implications of Pore Pressure in Design and Construction of
Rolled Earth Dams. Trans. 4th Cong. Large Danis. 1 : 259.
FELLENIUS, W., 1927. Erdstatische &rechnungen mit Reibung und Kohacsion. Ernst, Derlin.
FELLENIUS, \V., 1936. Calculation of the Stability of Earth Dams. Trans. 2ncl Co11g. Large Dams. 4: 445.
FROHLICH, 0. K., 1951. On the Danger of Sliding of the Upstream Embankment of an Earth Dam. Trans.
4111 Cong. Large Dams. 1 : 329.
KREY, H .• 1926. Erddruck, Erdwiderstand und Tragfa.ehigkcit des Daugrundcs. Ernst, Berlin.
~l.w, D. R., and BR.\HTZ, J. H. A., 1936. Proposed Methods of Calculating the Stability of Earth Dams.
Trans. 2nd ConK. Large Dams. 4 : 539.
TAYLOR, D. W., 1937. Stability of Earth Slopes. J. Boston Soc. Civ. Et1g. :?4: 197.
TAYLOR, D. W., 1948: Fundamentals of Soil ~lechanics. john Wiley, New York.
TEll.ZAGHI, K., 1929. The .Mechanics of Shear Failures on Clay Slopes and Creep of Hctaining Walls.
Pub. Rds., 10: 177.

• A discussion of the pore pressures set up in earth dams has since been published in Geoteclinique.
4: 4 : 14S.

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