FTK6507|Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan

Name : Rafilda Hanifa

NPM : 1911040447
5A

Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan:

Research Approaches in Education

Answer the following questions by using English language and discuss them in Indonesian
language.

1. Identify the major research methodologies used in educational investigations.

2. Describe the main differences between quantitative and qualitative approaches.
3. List the specific types of research that fall into the broad categories of
quantitative and qualitative research.
4. Give an example of a research problem that might be investigated by a mixed
methods approach.
5. Identify the research methodology used in given examples of both quantitative
and qualitative research.
6. List the steps involved in the educational research process.
7. Distinguish between the characteristics of basic and applied research.
8. Explain the terms concept, construct, and variable.
9. Distinguish among types of variables: categorical versus continuous and independent
versus dependent.
10. Distinguish between constitutive and operational definitions and explain the
importance of the latter in research.

Reference:
● Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Sorensen, C.K., Walker, D.A. (2014). Introduction to Research
in Education, Ninth Edition. Belmont: Wadsworth

Answer
1. Major research methodologies used in educational investigations:
- Qualitative research which the results in a narrative report so rich and
comprehensive that you can understand the social reality experienced by the
participants. Usually used in anthropology, history, and other social sciences.
- Quantitative research which involves hypothesis testing and objective data
gathering to arrive at findings that are systematic, generalizable, and open to
replication by other investigators. Quantitative research is generally associated
with research in the natural sciences.
- Mixed method research.
2. Main differences between quantitative research and qualitative research:
- Purpose: Quantitative research to study relationship, cause and effect. But
qualitative research to examine a phenomenon as it is, in rich detail.
- Design: Quantitative research developed prior to study. But qualitative
research flexible; evolves during study.
- Approach: Quantitative research uses deductive approach; tests theory. But
 qualitative research uses inductive approach; may generate theory.
- Tools: Quantitative research uses preselected instruments. On the other hand,
in qualitative research the researcher is primary data collection tool.
- Sample: Quantitative research uses large samples, but quantitative research
uses small samples.
- Analysis: Quantitative research result is in the form of statistical analysis of
numeric data. But qualitative research result is in the form of narrative
description and interpretation.
3. Quantitative research:
- Experimental research, involves a study of the effect of the systematic
manipulation of one variable(s) on another variable. Experimental research
includes:
 True experimental which uses random assignment. The purpose of the
assignment is independent of the researcher’s personal judgment or the
characteristics of the subjects themselves.
 Quasi experimental as a replacement if the researcher can’t assign
random assignment. The researcher must use already assembled groups
such as intact classes
- Nonexperimental research, the researcher identifies variables and may look for
relationships among them but does not manipulate the variables.
Nonexperimental research includes:
 Ex post facto research, compares groups differing on the preexisting
independent variable to determine any relationship to the dependent
variable.
 Correlational research, gathers data from individuals on two or more
variables and then seeks to determine if the variables are related
(correlated).
 Survey research which uses questionnaires and interviews to collect
data, permits the researcher to summarize the characteristics of
different groups or to measure their attitudes and opinions toward some
issue.
Quantitative research:
- Basic interpretative studies, provides descriptive accounts targeted to
understanding a phenomenon using data that might be collected in a variety of
ways such as interviews, observations, and document review. The purpose is to
understand the world or experience of another.
- Case studies, focuses on a single unit, such as one individual, one group, one
organization, or one program. The purpose is to describe and understanding the
detail.
- Content analysis, focuses on analyzing and interpreting recorded material to
learn about human behavior.
- Ethnography is an in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a
culture or social group.
- Grounded theory is designed to develop a theory of social phenomena based
on the field data collected in a study.
- Historical studies analyze documents and artifacts and/or uses interviews with
eyewitnesses to gain insight into past events.
 - Narrative inquiry examines the stories people tell about their lives and co-
construct a narrative analysis of those stories.
- Phenomenological study begins with the assumption that multiple realities are
rooted in subjects’ perspectives.
4. When we want to investigate about the impact of a newly instituted dress code at an
inner-city high school. We can use quantitative research to measure subsequent
attendance, frequency of violations of the code, and/or the number of school
suspensions for failure to comply. Then we can use qualitative research to observe
how the new dress code has affected their motivation and learning in the classroom,
their self-image, and their general attitude toward school. Combining these approaches
in a mixed methods study would provide the most complete information on the effect
of the dress code.
5. Example
6. Steps of educational research process:
1) Selecting a problem
2) Reviewing the literature on the problem
3) Designing the research
4) Collecting the data
5) Analyzing the data
6) Interpreting the data and stating conclusions
7) Reporting results
7. Basic research goal is aimed at obtaining empirical data used to formulate and expand
theory; it is not oriented in design or purpose toward the solution of practical
problems. But, the main goal of applied research is to solve immediate practical
problems.
8.

1
M. Sayid Wijaya | English Language Education Department| FTK| UIN RIL