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Ionic Equilibria Class 12th Chemistry Notes
Ionic Equilibria Class 12th Chemistry Notes
Ionic Equilibria Class 12th Chemistry Notes
Notes
Topic – IONIC EQUILIBRIA
Ionic equilibria:-
The equilibrium between ions and unionized molecules in
the solutions is called as ionic Equilibria.
Unionized Ions
molecule
Ionic equilibria
Substance/Electrolyte
Percentage Dissociation (% α)
α% = αx100
For solving, numerical, generally we use ‘α’ for calculations,
and not % α
Arrhenius theory :-
Acid- Substance which gives H+ ions in aqueous solution.
Ex:- HCL Water H+ + Cl-
Conjugate Acid
The acid which is produced, when base accept H+ ion is called
as Conjugated Acid.
Lewis theory
Acid: - The species which accept shared electron pair.
Base: - The species which donate shared electron pair.
ex:
Examples
[Product ]
Constant =
[Reactant]
HA H+ + A- BOH B+ + OH-
(H+) (A−) (𝐵+)(𝑂𝐻−)
Ka= Kb =
(𝐻𝐴) (𝐵𝑂𝐻)
Autoionization of water
[𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡]
Equilibrium constant = Keq = = [H3O+][OH-] /[H2O]2
[𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡]
[H3O+] [OH-] = Kw
Kw = [H+] [OH-]
Or
Hydrolysis of salt
The reactions in which or anions or both ion of salt react
with ions of water is called as Hydrolysis of salt.
Hydrolysis of salt of
3 cases
Kb= Ka
+ +
NH4 + H2O ⇌ NH4OH + H3O
- + + -
CH3COO and NH4 ion hydrolysis to same extent, So H3O and OH are equally formed , So
solution is neutral and so Kb= Ka
Kb> Ka
HCN + NH4OH → NH4CN + H2O
Acid Base Salt
+ -
NH4CN ⇌ NH4 + CN
Cation anion
+
NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH4OH + H3O
- -
CN + H2O ⇌ HCN + OH
- + -
CN hydrolysis to higher extent than NH4 , So more OH is formed , So solution is basic in
nature, So Kb>Ka
Ka>Kb
HF + NH4OH → NH4F + H2O
Acid Base salt
+ -
NH4F ⇌ NH4 + F
cation anion
+ +
NH4 + H2O ⇌ NH4OH + H3O
- -
F + H2O ⇌ HF + OH
+ - +
NH4 hydrolysis F higher than , So more H3O is formed , So solution
is acidic in nature , So Ka>Kb
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡] [𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
pH=pKa + log10 pOH= pKb + log10
[𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] [𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒]
Properties of Buffer
pH do not change
In
Analytical
biochemical Agriculture Industry Medicine
chemistry
system
Solubility equlibria:-
The equilibria that exist between the undissolved solid and
dissolved ions in solution is called as solubility equilibria.
Solubility product
The product of concentration of ions in a saturated
solution is called as solubility product (Ksp).
Ksp for AgCl = [Ag+][Cl-]
Molar solubility:-
The ratio of solubility in g/L per unit molar mass is
called as molar solubility
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Unit of molar solubility is
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
Imp Relation
/ (molecular mass)
X (molecular mass)
Ksp=Xx.Yy.Sx+y
In case of Bx Ay X B+y+ Y Ax-
So Ksp=[B+y]x[Ax-]y . Sx+y
Where S= Solubility
2. For Pb I2
Pb I2 1Pb+2 + 2I1-
3. For Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 1Al+3 + 3(OH1-)
Condition of precipitation