WELL LOGGING (PE413)

INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS PETROPHYSICS?
It is identify and quantify hydrocarbon resources in the subsurface and evaluate rock properties.

 WHAT IS WELL LOGGING?

The Well log is a continuous record of measurement made in bore hole respond to variation in
some physical properties of rocks through which the bore hole is drilled.

Traditionally Logs are display on girded papers, nowadays the log may be taken as films, images,
or in digital format such as (LAS or ASCII).

 WELL LOG HISTORY?

In 1912 Conrad Schlumberger give the idea of using electrical measurements to map subsurface
rock bodies. In 1919 Conrad Schlumberger and his brother Marcel begin work on well logs.
The first electrical resistivity well log was taken in France, in 1927.
In 1929 the electrical resistivity logs are introduce on commercial scale in Venezuela, USA and
Russia For correlation and identification of Hydrocarbon bearing strata.
The dip meter log were developed in 1930, the photographic – film recorder was developed in
1936 and the Gamma Ray and Neutron Log were begin in 1941.

 WELL LOG TYPE :

The well logging divided into two type:
A) Wireline logging (EWL):

Is performed with a sonde or probe lowered into well, usually after the drill string has been
withdrawn.

-Vertical or low angle wells.

-Logging tools conveyed by electrical wireline.
-Generally most advanced and highest quality logs.
B) Logging while drilling (LWD):

Is sensors as a part of the drilling assembly, sending real time signals through the drilling mud.

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 LOG INTERPRETATION OBJECTIVES:

The main purpose of well logging is:
To provide data for evaluating petroleum reservoirs
To aid in testing, completion & repairing of the well
To calculate the oil reserve in an oil pool which need to know the following:
o Thickness of the oil bearing formation.
o Porosity of the formation.
o Oil saturation.
o Lateral extent of the pool.
Any given rock formation has numerous unique physical properties associated with it.
Quantitative analysis of well logs provides the analyst with values for a variety of primary
parameters, such as:
Porosity (ø): The void space between grains that is generally filled with liquids or gases.
Water saturation (Sw): The percentage of the pore space filled with water (as opposed to
hydrocarbon or air).
Lithology: Is it clastic (sand) or Carbonate (limestone).
Permeability (k): The ability of the rock to pass fluids through it.

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 BOREHOLE CONDITION
The borehole and the rock surrounding it are contaminated by the drilling mud, which affects
logging measurements is a schematic illustration of a porous and permeable formation that is
penetrated by a borehole filled with drilling mud.

Some of the more important symbols shown are:

Hole Diameter (dh): The borehole size is determined by the outside diameter of the drill bit. But, the
diameter of the borehole may be:

Larger than the bit size because of washout and/or collapse of shale and poorly cemented
porous rocks.
Smaller than the bit size because of a build-up of mud cake on porous and permeable formations.
Drilling mud Resistivity (Rm): The mud helps remove cuttings from the wellbore, lubricate and cool
the drill bit, and maintain an excess of borehole pressure over formation pressure prevents blowouts.

Mud Cake Resistivity (Rmc): As invasion occurs, many of the solid particles (i.e., clay minerals from
the drilling mud) are trapped on the side of the borehole and form mud cake.

Resistivity mud filtrate (Rmf): Fluid that filters into the formation during invasion is called mud
filtrate.

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This schematic diagram illustrates an idealized version of what happens when fluids from the
borehole invade the surrounding rock. Dotted lines indicate the cylindrical nature of the
invasion.
dh = hole diameter
di = diameter of invaded zone (inner boundary of flushed zone)
dj = diameter of invaded zone (outer boundary of invaded zone)
Δrj = radius of invaded zone (outer boundary)
hmc = thickness of mud cake
Rm = resistivity of the drilling mud
Rmc = resistivity of the mud cake
Rmf = resistivity of mud filtrate
Rs = resistivity of the overlying bed (commonly assumed to be shale)
Rt = resistivity of uninvaded zone (true formation resistivity)
Rw = resistivity of formation water. This value varies with water salinity and temperature.
Rxo = resistivity of flushed zone
Sw = water saturation of uninvaded zone
Sxo = water saturation flushed zone
The Invaded-(flushed) zone:
The zone in which much of the original fluid is replaced by mud filtrate is called the invaded
zone. It consists of resistivity Rxo, and Rmf. Formation pore space has been predominately
flushed by mud filtrate.
The Transition zone:
The transition zone is occurs where a formation’s fluids and mud filtrate are mixed, occurs between the
flushed zone and the uninvaded zone. Some of the original pore water and hydrocarbons, if present, have
been replaced by mud filtrate but significant quantities remain.

The Uninvaded zone:

The uninvaded zone is defined as the area beyond the invaded zone where a formation’s fluids are
uncontaminated by mud filtrate, instead, they are saturated with formation water (Rw), oil, and gas.

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