Lesson 3: Predicting Earthquakes

Learning Targets:
1. I can describe the four types of seismic waves.
2. I can explain how earthquake wave provide information about the interior of Earth.

Think this over

How do seismic waves affect rocks in the crust if they more similarly to the motion of the slinky?
How could this motion cause in the crust?

Seismic waves
Seismic energy released from the rocks in the focus of an earthquake.

4 types of waves:
- Body waves (P-waves and S-waves)
- Surface waves (L-waves and R-waves)

Primary waves Secondary waves Surface waves

First to be recorded because it
has high frequency.
Can travel in all types of
medium.
Compressional waves. Rock
masses moved back and forth
The direction of propagation is
angled mostly within Earth’s
interior.
Shear waves and second to be L-waves is the third to be
recorded recorded while R-wave is travels
the lowest.
Can only travel in a solid L-waves have long wavelengths
medium. and travel on ground
horizontally causing it to twist
side-to-side. Have the greatest
amplitude.
Rock masses move L-waves cause worst damage to
perpendicular to the direction of building and roads.
the waves causing most damage
in building and highway forces.
S-waves travels within Earth’s R-waves are generated by large
interior. earthquakes moving in a rolling
motion.

Seismograph- used to detect measure and record wave generated by earthquakes.

Seismogram- visual record of the severity of earthquake from the focus to the epicenter.
Triangulation- used to determine the epicenter of an earthquake.
Xenoliths- rocks from the lava extruded on the surface during a volcanic eruption
Ophiolites- are brought to the surface by some tectonic processes.
 Seismic waves are seismic energy that is released from the fracturing of rocks of the earthquake.
 Seismic waves have different classification and types. Seismic waves have their unique
properties.
 Seismic waves are used by scientists to identify the characteristics of Earth’s interior.
 Lesson 2: Describing Earth quake and Its Effect
Learning Targets:
1. Show how underwater earthquakes generate tsunamis.
2. List some precautionary measures done before, during and after earthquakes.

Tsunami
Series of huge waves caused by an earthquake that occurs underneath or near the ocean.

How does a tsunami form?

1. Earthquake changes shape of sea floor causing displacement of water.
2. Large waves form and move and move at up to 800km/h (500mph)
3. Waves slow in shallower coastal areas, but increase in height.

How can we prepare?

Know the precautionary measures done before, during and after earthquakes.

Earth is shaped by variety of processes – lithospheric, biological and atmospheric.

Lesson 1: Tropical Cyclones

Learning Targets:
1. I can explain how typhoons develop.
2. I can explain how landmasses and bodies of water affect typhoons.

The Atmosphere
 - Atmosphere Is the protective layer of gases that acts like an envelope that shields Earth from harmful
effects of sunlight, the ultraviolet radiation (UV rays)
- The lowest portion of the troposphere is the warmest because it is near the ground, which absorbs the
sun’s heat.
- Air on the ground rises and expands as it is heated. As it rises to the upper portion of the troposphere, it
carries with it moisture resulting in a low-pressure system essential for a tropical cyclone to form.
- Clouds also form as moisture condenses due to cold temperatures in the troposphere.
- Troposphere is the site of weather phenomena

Activity: Concept Block

Topic Meaning/Origin Cause/Effects Places
affected/visited
Typhoon Tropical Cyclone in Cause- Pressure builds up, causing the winds to pick up
India or the Western speed and produce a typhoon-like weather system in
Pacific. the Pacific region of Asia.

Effects- During typhoons, people might be killed, hurt,

or lost. People can drown in floods, properties can be
entirely damaged, and goods can be washed away.
Storm a violent atmospheric Cause- Thunderstorms are caused when water droplets
disturbance are carried higher by powerful winds, where they
characterized by freeze and fall again.
heavy winds, rain,
thunder, lightning, or Effects- Hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons can cause
snow. long-lasting damage to homes, businesses, and public
transport in many parts of the Caribbean and South
America. Power lines and telephone lines are broken,
crops are destroyed, and water and sewage systems
are affected by severe storms.
Hurricane When winds reach 74 Cause- Cold air replaces warm moist air as it climbs
miles per hour or above the sea, causing temperatures to rise. If there is
greater, a tropical enough warm water, the cycle will continue, and clouds
storm becomes a and wind speeds will increase.
hurricane.
Effects- Hurricanes cause storm surge, tornadoes,
heavy rainfall, strong winds, riptide, and death, among
other things.
ITCZ The Intertropical Caused- created by a concentration of northeast and
Convergence Zone, southeast trade winds closer to The equator in the area
or ITCZ, is a zone that all around Earth.
circles the Earth Effect- As a result, the tropics have rainy and dry
around the equator, seasons rather than the cold and warm seasons of
where the Northern higher latitudes. Changes in the ITCZ over time can
and South Pole trade cause serious storms or flooding in surrounding places.
winds combine. The
ITCZ's air is heated by
the bright sun and
warm water of the
equator, which raises
humidity and makes
it float.
Tropical cyclones have different names depending on the part of the where it formed and developed.
 Hurricane
 Typhoon
 Severe Tropical cyclone
 Tropical cyclone
 Severe cyclonic storm

How a Tropical Cyclone develops

There are 3 basic stages in the development of tropical cyclone.
1. Formative stage – state in which tropical cyclone begins to develop when the conditions needed for its
formation are met.
2. Mature stage – a tropical cyclone is packed with raging winds and swirling towering clouds.
3. Dissipation stage – when it is weak and can disappear anytime with lack of moisture

Conditions needed for a tropical cyclone to form:

1. Tropical Oceans
2. Convergence of Low Altitude Winds (Trade Winds)
3. Latent Heat of Condensation
4. Coriolis Force

How do Landmasses and Bodies of Water Affect Typhoons?

 A tropical cyclone weakens during and after landfall.
 Colder ocean’s surface contains little percentage of warm, moist air needed for a tropical cyclone to
intensify.

Classification of Tropical Cyclones

PAGASAA classifies tropical cyclones based on their maximum sustained winds or wind speed.

Key Takeaways:
 Weather phenomena occur in the troposphere.
 A tropical cyclone is a mass of swirling towering clouds that carries surging winds and rainfalls.
 It has 3 stages: Formative, mature and dissipation.
 A tropical cyclone forms the following conditions: Tropical oceans, Convergence of low altitude winds,
latent heat of condensation and Coriolis force.
 PAGASA classifies tropical cyclones based on their maximum sustained winds.c

Lesson 2: Typhoons in the Philippines

Learning Target:
 I can explain why the Philippines is prone to typhoons.
 I can trace the path of typhoons that enter the Philippines Area of Responsibility (PAR) using a
map and tracking data.
Reasons why the Philippines is Prone to Typhoons
 The Philippines is an archipelago made up of 7,614 islands. It is located in the Western Pacific
Ocean in the Southeast Asia, bound on the east by the east Philippines Sea, on the west by the
West Philippines Sea, and on the south the Sulu and Celebes Sea and in the north by the Bashi
Channel.

Geographic location of PH
 Surrounded by bodies of water.
 A tropical country located near the equator.

The Philippine Area of Responsibility

 The term originated from the US military. It denotes a pre-defined geographic region assigned to
its combatant commanders.
 But it is now widely used in oceanography (forecasting and weather reporting)

PAGASA - Monitor all meteorological, astronomical and climatological phenomena that may hit and
affect the country.
Issue bulletins every six hour for any tropical cyclone that is spotted within the Philippines, or every 12
hours if the typhoon will not be affecting land.

Tracks of Typhoons in the Philippines

3 pathways:
 Recurving
 Straight Moving
 North Oriented

Key Takeaways:
 The Philippines is prone to tropical cyclones due to its proximity
to the Western Pacific Ocean where typhoon belt is located.
 Most Tropical cyclones that crossed the PAR followed straight
tracks.

Lesson 3: Mitigating The risks and Effects of Typhoon

Learning Targets:
 I can explain the roles of PAGASA in typhoon mitigation and preparedness in the Philippines
 I can recite precautionary measures that can lessen the risk of Typhoon – induced Disaster.

How do meteorologists from PAGASA observe, gather and report weather date to the public?
Surface observations are made at least every three hours over land and sea. The pressure, temperature, dew point
temperature, wind direction and speed are observed at selected levels in the atmosphere using radiosondes which
record these data by tracking helium-filled balloons attached to transmitters.

The Role of PAGASA

1. To maintain a nationwide monitoring and forecasting network concerning the weather and other
climatological conditions which may affect the safety, welfare and economy of the country.
2. To search on the information, development and movement of typhoon.
3. To issue bulletins whenever there is a tropical cyclone spotted within the PAR.
4. To release tropical cyclone warnings in the form of public storm Warning Signals (PSWS)
AUTOMATIC SUSPENSION GUIDELINES

SIGNAL #1 No classes in Kindergarten SIGNAL #2 No classes in Kindergarten,

Elementary, and High School

SIGNAL #3 No classes in Kindergarten,

Elementary, High School, and College
(including Graduate School)

Precautionary Measures to Lessen the Risk of Typhoon – Induced Disaster

What are the measures that we can follow before the typhoon?

Before a Typhoon
 Keep yourself updated.
 Check electrical wirings and repair unstable parts of the house.
 Prepare a go – bag.
 Move domesticated animals to safe,
 Secure outdoor objects inside the house.
 Leave low lying areas that are prone to flooding
 Keep vehicles fueled in case of evacuations
 Make an emergency plan with the rest of the family members.

During Typhoon
 Be alert, stay calm and stay indoors.
 Stay together with your family and have time for prayer.
 Always tune in to the latest weather advisories.
 If there is a need for evacuation, take note of these:
o Move calmly.
o Secure your house by locking and/or closing its rooms, windows and doors
o Put important appliances on elevated areas in your house.
o Refrain from going to flood prone areas.

After a Typhoon
 Check every family members.
 Hire an electrician to inspect electrical wirings of your house.
  Beware of dangerous animals that may have entered your house during the typhoon.
 Immediately report to authorities fallen and/or damaged posts.
 Stay tuned for the latest weather report.
 Boil tap water before drinking or using it in cooking

Lesson 1: Other Member of the Solar System

Learning Targets:
 I can compare and contrast asteroids, comet and meteor.
 I can explain the regular occurrence of meteor showers.

Structure of the solar system

 Follows the Copernican heliocentric model.
 Divided into 2 regions:
o The inner solar system (includes the four terrestrial planets)
o Outer solar system (gas giants)
 Johannes Kepler describes the orbits of planets as ellipses.
o The distance from the sun varies in the course of planet’s evolution.

Other members of the solar system

 Asteroids, comets and meteors or celestial objects (small bodies trapped by the sun’s gravity)
 They can be distinguished based based on their characteristics
o Origin
o Orbit
o Shape
o Chemical composition
o Importance to research

Asteroids
 Miniature planets or planetoids.
 Rocky celestial bodies that vary in size, shape, albedo and composition.
 Most are situated the asteroid belt situated between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter

Classification of Asteroids
1. Composition
a. C type (dark color) – composed of carbon. Found beyond the asteroid belt
b. S type or stony (light color) – mixture of nickel, silicates and iron. Common toward the inner region of
belt
c. M type (bright asteroid) – composed purely of iron and nickel. Concentrated on the innermost region of
the belt

2. Orbital Characteristics

3. Albedo
 Amount of light reflected by a planet or any celestial objects.
 Chemical composition affect the asteroid’s reflectivity.
Comets – dirty snowballs
 A mixture of ice, and dust.
o Icy part water, methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide
  Concentrated in 2 regions: or cloud and Kuiper belt

Parts of a comet

Orbits of comets
 Highly elliptical
 Comets are grouped into two types: short period and long period comet.

Short period comets

 Complete their orbits in 200 years or less.
 Form Kuiper belt
 Most popular in Halley’s Comet. Returns to Earth’s vicinity about every 75 years. Last time it was here in
1986.

Long period Comets

 Complete their orbits in more than 200 years.
 Usually originate from the Oort cloud
 Comet Hale – Bopp is an example.
o The comet’s orbit was shortened considerably to a period of roughly 2,533 years, and it will next
return to the inner Solar system around the year 4385.

Meteoroids, meteors and Meteorites

 Small chunks of outer space debris that are attracted by Earth’s gravity.

Famous Meteor Showers

 Meteor shower are named after the constellations in which they appear to originate. Others are named
after the nearby bright star with accompanying Greek or Roman names.
 Naming is the function of the international Astronomical Union Task Force.
 The most popular are Perseids, Leonids and Orionids

Pointers To Review:
1. Earthquake
a. Definition of terms – Earthquake, fault, active fault, magnitude & intensity, triangulation, subduction,
tsunami. WHAT IS.
b. Earth’s – Lithosphere
c. Types of faults: normal, reverse and transform. characteristics
d. Types and characteristics of seismic waves.
e. Earthquake preparedness (Before, during and after)
f. Analyses of the Outer Core.
2. Typhoon
 a. The troposphere
b. Different names of tropical cyclones
c. Basic stages of development
d. Coinciding conditions for typhoon formation
e. Classification of tropical Cyclones
f. Reasons why Philippines is Prone to typhoons
g. Role of PAGASA
h. Precautionary Measures (before, During and After)

Minor Members of the Solar System

a. Asteroid
b. Comets
c. Meteors
d. Meteor Showers – Most famous
e. Impact of asteroids

Types of Fault Seismic Waves

1. C 1. B
2. B 2. C
3. A 3. D
4. A

Different names of tropical cyclone Minor members of the solar System

1. B 1. A
2. A 2. B
3. C 3. C

BEFORE, DURING OR AFTER

1. BEFORE 7. During
2. DURING 8. Before
3. BEFORE 9. After
4. AFTER 10. Before
5. AFTER 11. Before
6. During 12. During

Basic stage of tropical cyclone development

1. formative stage
2. mature stage
3. Decaying Stage

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Why is S waves cannot be found at certain depth at certain angular distance?
a. It cannot penetrate the outer liquid core.
b. S-waves can only travel on the ground.
c. P-waves cancels out the S waves.

What is the belief of scientists where most asteroids, comets and meteoroids came from?
a. Leftover materials from our solar system when it is still forming.
b. Pieces of older planets that exploded.
c. Evaporated materials from the solar system.
d. Remnants of planets from other galaxies.
IDENTIFICATION:

ACTIVE FAULTS 1. Classification of fault where in it has record earthquakes.

EARTHQUAKE 2. It is the sudden shaking of the ground.
MAGNITUDE 3. It pertains to the strength of the earthquake.
TRAUANGULATION 4. It aids seismologists in identifying the epicenter of an earthquake.
SUBDUCTION PHENOMENON 5. This phenomenon causes high intensity underwater earthquakes wherein tectonic
plates are sliding and slipping against each other.
CHICXULUB CRATER 6. It is the most famous crater that caused the extinction of the dinosaur species during the
Cretaceous -Tertiary period.
METEOR SHOWERS 7. What do you call the celestial event where meteors enter Earth's atmosphere at great
speeds on parallel trajectories?
AUGUST 8. What is the peak month of Perseids meteor shower?
GEMINIDS METEOR SHOWER 9. This meteor shower is caused by 3200 Phaeton, a NEA.

TRUE or FALSE:

TRUE 1. The lithosphere consists of the crust and upper most portion of the asthenosphere.
TRUE 2. During the shaking of the ground, it is best to duck, cover and hold.
FALSE 3. Philippines is prone to tremors of earthquakes because it is located at a tropical zone.
TRUE 4. One of the most common signs of an impending tsunami is the receding seawater in the shoreline.
FALSE 5. If there is a threat of an incoming tsunami, people must immediately move to a higher ground.
FALSE 6. The PHIVOLCS is responsible for monitoring and reporting weather conditions and issuing of typhoon
warnings.
TRUE 7. According to tropical cyclone classification, a severe tropical storm has a maximum sustained wind of 89
to 117 kph.
TRUE 8. An average of 20 tropical cyclones per year enters the PAR.
TRUE 9. PAGASA issued data indicates 32% or very frequent tropical cyclone in the North Luzon region.
TRUE 10. One of the reasons why Philippines is prone to typhoons is because it is surrounded by bodies of water.
TRUE 11. The ITCZ is the area where tropical cyclones form.
TRUE 12. Philippines has an optimal location being in the tropics, between 5-to-22-degree north latitude.
FALSE 13. The stratosphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and is the site of weather phenomena.