(1) Explain in - situ technology of Automatic traffic count .

-- In-situ traffic count technology can be devided into

two categories :
1- Instousive technology
2- Non - Instrusive technology
Instrusive technologies that are physically measured
and mounted on or below the road surface Installation
of which causes potential disruption to traffic.
Non Instrusive technologies are mounted at Or above
the road ; traffic will be little disrupted by this
.Detectors of both types temporary or permenant nature
through sub-surface is instousive installations are by
necessity , usually permenent .
All in - situ detectors will provide some measure of the
volume of vehicle now .
Particular detectors technologies will vary as to their
reability of the Flow estimate and their ability to provide
accurate additional information on vehicle. Category or
speed. A single sensor gives only How or occupancy
informations .
Instrusive technologies :
* Rambedded magnetometers =:magnetometers
monitor for fluctuations in the relative strength of the
Earth's magnetic field which is changed by the presence
object like vehicle of a moving metal A single passive
magnetic system. collects flow occupancy Two
magnetometer systems. collect How occupancy, vehicle
length and speed.
*Pneumatic tube detectors : Pneumatic ∙rode tube
sensors send burst of air pressure along a rubber tube
when vehicle fire passes over the tube. The pulse of air
pressure. tubes on air switch. electrical to a producing an
signal that is transmitted counter or analysis
software..
Inductive detector loops : → oscillating electrical signal
is applied to the loops. The metal counter of a moving
vehicle chasis changes the electrical are dected
properties. of circuit. changes. at roadside units. a
vehicle event. triggering a vehical event.
Non - Instrusive technologies :

video image detection (VID) :Traffic parameters. are

collected by frame. by frame analysis of video-image
captured by road side camaras. The following
parameters are collected; depending upon processing
methodology almost all traffic. parameters are captured
from video analysis.
Infrared sensors : The sensors. view are measured
overhead to approching. or departing traffic or truffic
from side - looking configuration. I'm frured sensors are
used for signal control. Real time signal processing is
rused to analyze the recevied signals For presence of
vehicle.
microwave- Doppler and Radar :Llow energy microwave
radiations are transmitted into the detection zone.
objects within the zome reflects a portion. Lof the
radiations back to a receivers. Doppler units. used the
Frequency shift of the return to calculate speed.
2) Explain in vehicle technology of automatic traffic count.
--There are many networks management systems who
termed Las use in vehicle technology Automatic venide
location. It will give continuous information of location will
give information. of location when vehicle passes a
certain points.
GPS based :
GPs is becoming more useful and in expensive, few cars.
had been equiped with pass GPS system and were made
to certain point in the networks. The vehicle location
precision was found to be vealy high, which is lesser than
80m. Data obtained From GPS for traffic is more
accurate and relative with situations. Currently in
developed countries GPS data. Las ·are widely used
source of real-time location details. by many system
Service providers but this suffers due to highly
expensive.
GPS based :
GPS is becoming more useful and in expensive, few cars.
had been equiped with pass GPS system and were made
to certain point in the networks. The vehicle location
precision was found to be vealy high, which is lesser than
80m. Data obtained From GPS for traffic is more
accurate and relative with situations. Currently in
developed countries GPS data. Las ·are widely used
source of real-time location details. by many system
Service providers but this suffers due to highly
expensive.
It requires some extent of cooperation of an REID
readers and RFID tags. REID readers. reads cvia
reflecting and receving radio and waves REID tags
information is stored.
Three components. OF REID :
1) An antena or coil
(2) A tranceiver with decoders.
3) A transponder.

-3) Discuss the capacity and levels of services concept in

detail.

Capacity:
Capacity of a transport failed is defined as the
maximum number of vehicles. Passengers bike per unit
time which can be accomodate under given condition
with a reasonable expectations. of occurcince. The
highway crpacity manual defined the capacity as the
maximum how dy rate at which person for vehicle a point
or can be expected to transvers uniform segment of a
lane or roadway during a given time period, under
prevailing roadway, traffic and control condition.
It is usually defined for a point or a uniform segment
conditions do not where operating vary
level of Service :level of service of a traffic fucility is a
concept introduced to relate the quality of traffic
service to given flow rate level of service is introduced by
Hem level of quality one to denote the can receive from
local under different operation characteristics. and
traffic Volume. Hcm proposes Los as designate range
conditions on Facility. six los by Hem namely letter that of
operating particular type of letter are defined. A, B, C, D, E
and F. where A denote the best quality of Service and f
denote the worst. These definations. are based on
measures of effectiveness. of the facility. Typical
measure of effectiveness include speed. travel time,
density, delay etc.