MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Review notes |Protozoan Infection

Intestinal Cestodes
Taenia saginata Taenia solium Taenia asiatica
Common name Beef tapeworm Pork tapeworm
 Taiwan
 Korea
Origin
 Thailand
 Indonesia
Habitat Upper jejunum upper small intestines
Characteristics shorter than T. saginata related to Taenia saginata
 indistinguishable from that of T. saginata
Eggs  30 to 45 µm
 thick brown striated embryophore
 measure 4 to 10 m in length  2 to 4 m in length a  4 to 8 m
Adults
 1,000 to 4,000 proglottids  8,000 to 10,000 proglottids  300 to 1,000 segments
 1–2 mm  four acetabula  devoid of hooklets
scolex  cuboidal  smaller (1 mm) and more spherical
 four prominent acetabula
 97,000 to 124,000 ova  7 to 13 lateral branches  posterior protuberance
Gravid proglottids
 30,000 to 50,000 ova  11 to 32 lateral branches
 square in shape  less number of proglottids
proglottids  contain mature male and female  resembles that of T. saginata
reproductive organs  accessory ovarian lobe
 ovoidal
 milky white
cysticercus found in all tissues found in the liver
 10 mm in diameter
 single scolex
 spherical or subspherical in shape
Ova  measuring 30 to 45 µm
 brownish
 fecal-oral route
MOT Ingestion Ingestion
 ingestion
 pigs
 cattle
IH Humans
 goats
 wild boars

LMEZG
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Review notes |Protozoan Infection
 monkeys
DH Humans
DS Gravid proglottids
IS Oncosphere Embryonated eggs
 Intestinal infection
Pathogenesis taeniasis Neurocysticercosis
 Cysticercosis
 FECT  Computed axial tomography (CAT)
Diagnosis
 Perianal swab  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Treatment praziquantel Praziquantel and niclosamide.

Hymenolepis nana Hymenolepis diminuta Dipylidium caninum Raillietina garrisoni Diphyllobotrium latum
 dwarf tapeworm  double-pored tapeworm  Common tapeworm of  fish tapeworm or the
Common name
 cyclophyllidean tapeworm  Common intestinal parasite rats  broad tapeworm
and rat tapeworm
 smallest tapeworm of dogs and cats
Characteristics
infecting humans
Host Man Rodents (rats) Dogs and cats Fish
 delicate strobili  larger than H. nana  10 to 70 cm in length  3 to 10 m in length
 25 to 45 mm in length  60 cm in length  pale reddish adult worm  4,000 proglottids.
Adult 60 cm in length
and 1 mm in width
 reside in the ileum
 subglobular  differs from that of the H.  small and globular  subglobular  patulate
 four cup-shaped suckers nana  four deeply cupped suckers  four acetabula  2 to 3 mm in length by
scolex
 rudimentary unarmed  protrusible rostellum  rostellum is armed 1 mm in diameter
rostellum
 0.15 to 0.3 mm in length  larger  narrow with two sets of male  bilobed ovary  2 to 4 mm in length
 0.8 to 1.0 mm in width  0.75 mm in length and and female reproductive  36 to 50 ovoid testes.  10 to 12 mm in width
proglottids
 Mature proglottids 3.5 mm in width organs
contain three ovoid
 pherical or subspherical  60 to 80 μm  66 by 44 μm,
 colorless or clay-colored  bile-stained  58 to 76 μm in length
Eggs spherical, thin-shelled
 30 to 47 μm and 40 to 51 μm in
width.
direct cycle:
life cycle
 the host ingests eggs

LMEZG
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Review notes |Protozoan Infection
 duodenum

indirect cycle:
 infected arthropod
MOT Ingestion
DS Unembryonated eggs Eggs passed in feces proglottid Unembryonated eggs
IS Infected crustacean Cystircerci Cysticercoid Infected crustacean
 ectoparasitism
Pathogenesis Pathogenic hymenolepiasis Raillietina infections D. latum infection
 Dipylidiasis
 Stool examination
Diagnosis Stool examination
 Kato technique
Treatment praziquantel
personal hygiene and Periodic deworming of pet cats Elimination of rodents from freshwater fishes should be
Prevention rodent control
environmental sanitation and dogs households thoroughly cooked

Extraintestinal Cestodes
Spirometra spp. (pseudophyllidean tapeworms)
Echinococcus spp.
 E. granulosus and E. multilocularis - cause cystic echinococcosis  Spirometra mansoni
and alveolar echinococcosis  Spirometra erinacei
Species  E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus - cause polycystic echinococcosis  Spirometra ranarum
 E. multilocularis, E. vogeli, and E. oligarthrus - less common
because their life cycles are sylvatic.
Adults measures 3 to 6 mm in length shorter
 taeniid
Scolex  four acetabula
 armed with 30 to 36 hooks
proglottid widest and the longest proglottid spiral uterus
eggs hatch in the duodenum
 goat  cats
IH  shorses  dogs
 camels and sheep  other carnivores
  Frogs
Secondary IH  Snakes
 chickens

LMEZG
MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Review notes |Protozoan Infection
Habitat Small intestines of canines
Larval stage  Hydatid cyst - 1 to 7 cm in diameter
MOT Ingestion
DS Hydatid cysts Unembryonated eggs
IS Embryonated eggs Infected crustacean
Pathogenesis echinococcosis Sparganosis
 Ultrasonography
 indirect hemagglutination (IHA)
Diagnosis pseudosegmentation
 indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test
 enzyme immunoassays (EIA)
 Surgical resection  surgical removal
Treatment  albendazole  Praziquantel
 mebendazole
reducing the infected populations and by minimizing opportunities for
Prevention
transmission

LMEZG