Lecture Set 1:

Introduction to Magnetic Circuits

Lecture 1

S.D. Sudhoff
Spring 2021

1
Lecture Set 1 Goals
• Review physical laws pertaining to analysis of
magnetic systems
• Introduce concept of magnetic circuit as means to
obtain an electric circuit
• Learn how to determine the flux-linkage versus
current characteristic because it will be key to
understanding electromechanical energy
conversion

2
Review of Symbols
• Flux Density in Tesla: B (T)
• Flux in Webers:  (Wb)
• Flux Linkage in Volt-seconds:  (Vs,Wb-t)
• Current in Amperes: i (A)
• Field Intensity in Ampere/meters: H (A/m)
• Permeability in Henries/meter: m
• Magneto-Motive Force: F (A,A-t)
• Permeance in Henries: P (H)
• Reluctance in inverse Henries: R (1/H)
• Inductance in Henries: L (H)
• Current (fields) into page:
• Current (fields) out of page:

3
Ampere’s Law, MMF, and Kirchoff’s MMF Law for
Magnetic Circuits

4
Consider a Closed Path …

5
Enclosed Current and MMF Sources
• Enclosed Current
ienc ,   N a ia  Nb ib  Nc ic
• MMF Sources
Fa   N a ia
Fb  N b ib
Fc   N c ic
• Conclusion
ienc ,   
sS
Fs S  {' a ', ' b ', ' c '}

6
MMF Drops
• Going Around the Loop
 H  dl   H  dl   H  dl   H  dl   H  dl


l l l l l

• MMF Drop
Fy   H  dl
ly
• Thus
 H  dl  F  F  F  F


l

• Or
 H  dl   F


l d D
d

D  {' ', '  ', '  ', '  '}

7
Ampere’s Law

• Ampere’s Law
 H  dl  i


l
enc , 

• Recall
ienc ,   F
sS
s  H  dl   F


l d D
d

• Thus
F
sS
s  F
d D
d

8
Kirchoff’s MMF Law
Kirchoff’s MagnetoMotive Force Law:

The Sum of the MMF Drops Around a Closed

Loop is Equal to the Sum of the MMF Sources
for That Loop

9
Example: MMF Sources

10 conductors, 3 A =

5 conductors, 2 A =

10
Example: MMF Drops
• A quick example on MMF drop:

11
Another Example: MMF Drops
• How about Fcb ?

12
 Lecture 2

Magnetic Flux, Gauss’s Law, and

Kirchoff’s Flux Law for Magnetic Circuits

13
Magnetic Flux

m   B  dS
Sm

14
Example: Magnetic Flux

• Suppose there exist a uniform flux density field of

B=1.5ay T where ay is a unit vector in the direction
of the y-axis. We wish to calculate the flux through
open surface Sm with an area of 4 m2, whose
periphery is a coil of wire wound in the indicated
direction.

15
Example: Magnetic Flux

16
Example: Magnetic Flux

17
Kirchoff’s Flux Law

• Gauss’s Law
 B  dS  0


S

• Thus
  B  dS
oO So
O   {'  ', '  ', '  ',  }

• Or

oO 
o 0

18
Kirchoff’s Flux Law

• Kirchoff’s Flux Law:

The Sum of the Flux Leaving A Node of a

Magnetic Circuit is Zero

19
Kirchoff’s Flux Law

• A quick example on Kirchoff’s Flux Law

20
 Lecture 3

Magnetically Conductive Materials

21
Types of Magnetic Materials
• Interaction of Magnetic Materials with Magnetic
Fields
– Magnetic Moment of Electron Spin
– Magnetic Moment of Electron in Shell
• These Effects Lead to Six Material Types
– Diamagnetic
– Paramagnetic
– Ferromagnetic
– Antiferromagnetic
– Ferrimagnetic
– Superparamagnetic

22
Ferromagnetic Materials

• Iron
• Nickel
• Cobalt

23
Ferrimagnetic Materials

• Iron-oxide ferrite (Fe3O4)

• Nickel-zinc ferrite (Ni1/2Zn12Fe2O4)
• Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4)

24
Behavior of Ferro/Ferrimagnetic Materials

25
Behavior of Ferro/Ferrimagnetic Materials

M19                                                       MN80C

26
Modeling Magnetic Materials
• Free Space
B  0 H
• Magnetic Materials
B  0 ( H  M ) M  H

B  0 H  M M  0  H
• Either Way
B  0 (1   ) H B  0  r H r  1  
• Or
B  H   0 r

27
Modeling Magnetic Materials

B  B (B)H
B  H (H )H

28
 Lecture 4

Ohm’s Law for Magnetic Circuits

29
Ohm’s Law

• On Ohm’s Law Property for Electric Circuits

• On Ohm’s Law Property for Magnetic Circuits

30
Back to Ohm’s Law

31
Relationship Between MMF Drop and Flux

 la
 A  ( F / l ) Form 1:   Fa
 a H a a
Fa  Ra ( ) a Ra ( )  
 la
Form 2 :    a
 Aa  B ( a / Aa )

 Aa  H ( Fa / la )
 Form 1:   Fa
 la
 a  Pa ( ) Fa Pa ( )  
 Aa  B ( a / Aa ) Form 2 :    a
 la

32
Derivation

33
Derivation

34
 Lecture 5

Construction of the Magnetic Equivalent Circuit

35
Consider a UI Core Inductor

36
Inductor Applications

37
UI Core Inductor MEC

38
Reluctances

39
Reduced Equivalent Circuit

40
Example
• Let us consider a UI core inductor with the following parameters: wi =
25.1 mm, wb = we = 25.3 mm, ws = 51.2 mm, ds = 31.7 mm, lc =
101.2 mm, g =1.00 mm, ww = 38.1 mm, and dw = 31.7 mm. The
winding is composed of 35 turns. Suppose the magnetic core material
has a constant relative permeability of 7700, and that a current of 25.0
A is flowing. Compute the flux through the magnetic circuit and the
flux density in the I-core.

41
Example

42
Example

43
Solving the Nonlinear Case

Req ()  Ric ()  Rbuc ()  2Rluc ()  2Rg

Ni

Req ( )

44
 Lecture 6

Flux Linkage and Inductance

45
Flux Linkage

x  N x  x

46
Inductance

x
Lx , abs 
ix ix1 , x1

x
Linc 
ix ix 1

47
Example

• Suppose
  0.05(1  e 0.2i )  0.03i
• Find the absolute and incremental
inductance at 5 A

48
Computing Inductance

x

N xix -
+ Rx

49
Mutual Inductance

50
 Lecture 7

Nonlinear Flux-Linkage Versus Current

51
Approach

52
Matlab Code

% Computation of lambda-i curve

% for UI core inductor g=1*mm; % air gap (m)
% using a simple but nonlinear MEC N=100; % number of turns
% mu0=4e-7*pi; % perm of free space (H/m)
% S.D. Sudhoff for ECE321 Bsat=1.3; % sat flux density (T)
% January 13, 2012 mur=1500; % init rel permeability
Am=w*d; % mag cross section (m^2)
% clear work space
clear all % start with flux linkage
close all lambda=linspace(0,0.08,1000);

% assign parameters % find flux and B and mu

cm = 1e-2; % a centimeter phi=lambda/N;
mm = 1e-3; % a millimiter B=phi/(w*d);
w=1*cm; % core width (m) mu=mu0*(mur-1)./(exp(10*(B-Bsat)).^2+1)+mu0;
ws=5*cm; % slot width (m)
ds=2*cm; % slot depth (m)
d=5*cm; % depth (m)

53
Matlab Code

% Assign reluctances; % find lambda-i characteristic

Ric=(ws+w)./(Am*mu); figure(1)
Rbuc=(ws+w)./(Am*mu); plot(i,lambda);
Rg=g/(Am*mu0); xlabel('i, A');
Rluc=(ds+w/2)./(Am*mu); ylabel('\lambda, Vs');
grid on;
% compute effective reluctances
Reff=Ric+Rbuc+2*Rluc+2*Rg; % show B-H characteristic
H=B./mu;
% compute MMF and current figure(2)
F=Reff.*phi; plot(H,B)
i=F/N; xlabel('H, A/m');
ylabel('B, T');
grid on;

54
Results

55
 Lecture 8

Accuracy of the MEC

56
Hardware Example – Our MEC
Non-Idealities: Fringing and Leakage Flux

Log10 Energy Density J/m3

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

y,m
0

-0.02

-0.04

-0.06

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
x,m

58
Our MEC – With Leakage and Fringing

59
 Lecture 9

Mapping Magnetic Circuits to Electrical Circuits

60
Faraday’s Law
• Faraday’s Law, voltage equation for winding

• If inductance is constant
d x
v x  rxi x 
dt
• Combining above yields
 x  Lx i x
di x
v x  rx i x  Lx
dt

61
Energy in a Magnetically Linear Inductor
• We can show

1
• Proof E x  Lxix2
2

62
Faraday’s Law with Varying Inductance

63
 Lecture 10

Case Study: UI Core Inductor – Variables and

Constraints

64
Architecture

Node 1 Node 2
Depth into
page = d w
Node 8 Node 3
g
Node 7 Node 4
ds
N Turns

Node 6 Node 5

w ws w

65
Design Requirements
• Current Level: 40 A
• Inductance: 5 mH
• Packing Factor: 0.7
• Slot Shape dw: 1
• Maximum Resistance: 0.1

66
Information
• Cost of Ferrite: 230 k$/m3
• Density of Ferrite: 4740 Kg/m3
• Saturation Flux Density: 0.5 T
• Cost of Copper: 556 $/m3
• Density of Copper: 8960 Kg/m3
• Resistivity of Copper: 1.7e-8 m

67
Step 1: Design Variables

Node 1 Node 2
Depth into
page = d w
Node 8 Node 3
g
Node 7 Node 4
ds
N Turns

Node 6 Node 5

w ws w

68
Step 2: Design Constraints
• Constraint 1: Flux Density

69
Step 2: Design Constraints
• Constraint 2: Inductance

70
Step 2: Design Constraints
• Constraint 3: Slot Shape

71
Step 2: Design Constraints
• Constraint 4: Packing Factor

72
Step 2: Design Constraints
• Constraint 5: Resistance

73
Step 2: Design Constraints

74
 Lecture 11

Case Study: UI Core Inductor – Metrics and Results

75
Step 3: Design Metrics
• Magnetic Material Volume
Node 1 Node 2
Depth into
page = d w
Node 8 Node 3
g
Node 7 Node 4
ds
N Turns

Node 6 Node 5

w ws w

76
Step 3: Design Metrics
• Wire Volume

77
Step 3: Design Metrics
• Circumscribing Box
Node 1 Node 2
Depth into
page = d w
Node 8 Node 3
g
Node 7 Node 4
ds
N Turns

Node 6 Node 5

w ws w

78
Step 3: Design Metrics
• Material Cost

• Mass

79
 Lecture 12

Case Study: UI Core Inductor – Approach

80
Approach (1/6)

81
Approach (2/6)

82
Approach (3/6)

83
Approach (4/6)

84
Approach (5/6)

85
Approach (6/6)

86
 Lecture 13

Case Study: UI Core Inductor – Results and

Reflections

87
Circumscribing Box Volume

88
Material Cost

89
Mass

90
Least Cost Design
• N = 260 Turns
• d = 8.4857 cm
• g = 13.069 mm
• w = 1.813 cm
• aw = 21.5181 (mm)^2
• ds = 8.94 cm
• ws = 8.94 cm
• Vmm = 0.00066173 m^3
• Vcu = 0.0027237 m^3
• Vbx = 0.0075582 m^3
• Cost = 153.7112 $
• Mass = 27.5408 Kg

91
Loss and Mass

92
Design Criticisms

93
Manual Design Approach

2
Flux Density B/m

0.08

Analysis 0.06

0.04

0.02

y,m
0

-0.02

Design  -0.04

Equations -0.06

Design -0.08
-0.1 -0.05 0
x,m
0.05 0.1

Revisions
Numerical
Analysis

Final
Design

94
Formal Design Optimization

Evolutionary  Detailed
Analysis
Environment
Fitness Function

95
Pareto-Optimal Front

96