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Chapter 2 Covalent Bonds Acids & Bases
Chapter 2 Covalent Bonds Acids & Bases
Chemistry Fall 2016
Chapter 2Covalent Bonds; Acids & Bases
2.1 Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity
Electronegativity (EN)—ability of an atom to attract shared electrons
Differences in EN
>2.0 Ionic
<0.5 Nonpolar covalent
0.52.0 Polar covalent
Debyes
Ionic
Nonpolar
Polar
Symmetrical molecules have no dipole moment!
2.3 Formal Charges
Sometimes an atom possesses an unusual number of bonds, thus it may be “charged.”
dimethylsulfoxide
*NOT an actual
charge
Ch 2
Electron bookkeeping Owned = 1/2 of shared e- + unshared e-
Formal charge = (# valence e– in free atom) – (# nonbonding e– ) – ½ (# bonding e– )
2.42.6 Resonance & Rules
Sometimes a single linebond structure doesn’t adequately describe a molecule.
Indicates resonance
Resonance hybrid
Resonance rules:
1. Individual resonance forms are imaginary. The hybrid is true.
2. Resonance forms differ only in the placement of π or nonbonding e– .
3. Different resonance forms do not have to be equivalent.
base
Ch 2
4. Resonance forms obey the normal rules of valency.
5. The resonance hybrid is more stable than any one individual resonance form.
More resonance = More stability
When drawing resonance structures, look for 3atom groupings with p orbitals on each.
Multiple
bonds 1, 2, 3 e-
Typical shifts:
Pi bond moved to adjacent atom OR atom to adjacent bond
Pi bond to adjacent bond
2.7 Acids & Bases: BrönstedLowry
BrönstedLowry acid: Donate hydrogen ion (H+)
BrönstedLowry base: Accepts hydrogen ion
Conjugate Conjugate
Acid Base
base acid
2.82.9 AcidBase Strength
Acidity constant
Ability to donate a proton, described by ____________________________________ (K a)
Ch 2
Stronger acid = larger ka
Ka =
Weaker acid = smaller ka
Stronger acid = smaller pka
Weaker acid = larger pka
pKa =
Inverse relationship between an acid & its conjugate base:
H+ always goes from a stronger acid/base to a weaker conjugate acid/base.
pka = 4.76 pka = 15.74
Stronger acid
2.10 Organic Acids & Organic Bases
Organic acids
–positively polarized H
H bonded to EN atom
H bonded to C next to C=O
–conjugate base stabilized by negative charge on electronegative atom and/or resonance
Organic bases
–atom with lone pair of e– that can bond to H+
N-containing molecules are most common
Some O-containing molecules act as acid or base
2.11 Lewis Acids & Bases
Lewis acids:
–all BrönstedLowry acids
–BF3, AlCl
3, TiCl
4, FeCl
3, ZnCl
2
+
–Li , Mg
2+
Lewis bases:
Acid Base Conjugate Conjugate
acid base
Includes most N and O containing compounds
Can have >1 reaction site, but reaction usually only occurs once to form a more stable product.