TITLE OF THE PROJECT

Presented to
XXXXXX

By
AUDU J. STEPHEN
(Matric No. CU05CF00034)

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering,
Covenant University, Ota.

July, 2021.
 CERTIFICATION
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I, Student Name, hereby declare that the contained report on “title of the research project”
was researched and approved, having satisfied the partial requirements for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering (B.Eng), Covenant University, Ota.

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………………………………….. ………………………………
Project Student’s Name Date and Signature

………………………………….. ………………………………
Project Supervisor’s Name Date and Signature

....……………………………….. ………………………………
Head of Department’s Name Date and Signature

N.B.: Format of the names: Audu J. Stephen (i.e. First name, Initial, Surname)
 DEDICATION
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Short dedication statement; (Either to God or your Parent) [TIMES NEW ROMAN, FONT

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Acknowledgement statements [TIMES NEW ROMAN, FONT SIZE 12, JUsTIFY]

It should follow this order (The chancellor, VC, Dean, HOD, Supervisor, other faculty,
friends, parents)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Title page .................................................................................................................................. ii

Certification ............................................................................................................................. iii
Dedication ................................................................................................................................ iv
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... iv
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... v
Table of contents ...................................................................................................................... vi
List of figures ......................................................................................................................... viii
List of tables ........................................................................................................................... viii
List of symbols and abbreviations............................................................................................ ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Research Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 2
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study ..................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Aims of the study ..................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Objectives of the study............................................................................................. 2
1.4 Relevance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Research Scope .................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 5
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 6
 LIST OF TABLES
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TABLE PAGE
1.1: Oil extraction process from Xylopia aethiopica seed ......................................................... 4
2.1: Dried fruit of Xylopia aethiopica ........................................................................................ 6
2.2: Modern screw press, strainer cage opened ....................................................................... 10
2.3: Schematic diagram of a liquid-liquid extractor ................................................................ 19
3.1: Block flow diagram of seed preparation ........................................................................... 22
3.2: Simple diagram of the arrangement of a soxhlet sxtractor ............................................... 23
 LIST OF FIGURES
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FIGURE PAGE
1.1: Oil extraction process from Xylopia aethiopica seed ......................................................... 4
2.1: Dried fruit of Xylopia aethiopica ........................................................................................ 6
2.2: Modern screw press, strainer cage opened ....................................................................... 10
2.3: Schematic diagram of a Gas Chromatograph ................................................................... 19
3.1: Block flow diagram of seed preparation ........................................................................... 22
3.2: Simple Diagram of the arrangement of a Soxhlet Extractor ............................................. 23
3.3: A Programmable Refractometer ....................................................................................... 25
4.1: Line graph comparing effect of solvents on oil yield ....................................................... 32
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS (if Necessary)
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FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
FFA: Free Fatty Acid
FID: Flame Ionization Detector
GC-MS: Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy
W1: Weight of the milled seed
WCAKE: Weight of the cake

To be arranged in alphabetical order

 LIST OF SYMBOLS (if Necessary)
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#: Asterisk
≥: Greater or equal to
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Energy is a fundamental prerequisite for the financial advancement of every nation, since all
sectors of a nation requires energy. Consistent worldwide energy and fuel emergencies have
demonstrated that non-renewable energy sources are a restricted wellspring of energy that will
in the end run out (Obembe, 2021).

Also, ……………
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Energy is a fundamental prerequisite for the financial advancement of every nation, since all
sectors of a nation requires energy. Consistent worldwide energy and fuel emergencies have
demonstrated that non-renewable energy sources are a restricted wellspring of energy that will
in the end run out (Obembe, 2021).

Table 2.1: Effects of Impurities in Biodiesel on Engines

Impurity Effect
Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Corrosion
Low oxidation stability
Water Hydrolysis (FFA formation)
Corrosion
Bacteriological growth (filter blockage)
Methanol Corrosion of Al and Zn engine components
Metals (soap, catalyst) Deposits in the injectors (carbon residue)
Filter blockage
Engine weakening
Glycerol Deposits in the injectors (carbon residue)
Increase aldehydes emissions
Source: Lamers (2010)

86
82 86
1.6
90
Catalyst Conc. (w/w Oil)

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8
82 88
84 88

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Methanol/Oil (Mole Ratio)

Figure 2.1: Contour plot of Catalyst concentration against Methanol/Oil mole ratio at 55 0C
 REFERENCES [FONT SIZE 14, CENTRALIZE]
Ali, E.N. (2021). Characterization of biodiesel produced from palm oil via base catalyzed
transesterification. Procedia Engineering, 53(1), 7 – 12.
Lang, X., Dalai, A.K., Bakhshi, N.N., Reaney, M.J. and Hertz, P.B. (2021). Preparation and
characterization of biodiesels from bio-oils. Bioresource Technology, 80, 53–62.
Zlatica, J.P. and Biljana, D.S. (2019). Alkali-catalysed production of biodiesel from waste
frying oils. Journal of Serbian Chemical Society, 74, 993–1007. FONT SIZE 12