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Steady State Heat Transfer in Composite Hollow Cylinders - The Nuclear Fuel Rod
Steady State Heat Transfer in Composite Hollow Cylinders - The Nuclear Fuel Rod
1. Introduction
This project presents the analytical solution to the problem of steady-state heat transfer for
a two-layer composite hollow cylinder with perfect thermal contact and heat generation,
with an applied heat rate at the inner surface and a convection boundary condition at the
outer surface. The problem is similar to the in-class exercise we completed for a composite
solid cylinder with heat generation and a specified temperature at the outer surface.
Finally, an ANSYS finite element analysis of the same example problem is presented for
comparison purposes. The complete ANSYS input file listing is included in Appendix A.
Page 3 of 14
2. Analytical Solution
a k2, g2
b
o r
c k1, g1
convection
heat flux
f1 T ∞h , ∞
by convection from the outside surface at r = c into an environment at T = T∞. The inside
surface at r = a is subjected to heating at the rate of f1.
1 d d T i gi
r + =0 in r i ≤ r ≤ r i + 1, i = 1, 2 (1)
r dr dr k i
Page 4 of 14
d T1
− k1 = f1 at r=a (2)
dr
T1 = T 2 at r=b (3)
d T1 dT
k1 = k2 2 at r=b (4)
dr dr
d T1
k2 + h∞ (T 2 − T ∞ ) = 0 at r=c (5)
dr
The solution may be found by simply integrating the two equations defined by Equation (1) and
using the four boundary condition relationships in Equations (2) – (5) to evaluate the four
constants resulting from the integrations of Equation (1). The problem is similar to the in-class
example we solved during the semester, except for the non-zero inner radius and the differing
boundary conditions.
For cylinder and material 1 (i = 1), integrating Equation 1 results in the following expression
d T1 g
r + 1 r 2 + A =0
dr 2 k1
(6)
or
d T1 g A
+ 1 r + =0
dr 2 k1 r
(7)
g dr
d T 1 =− 1 r dr + A =0
2 k1 r
(8)
Page 5 of 14
g1
T 1 =− r 2 + A ln ( r ) + B
4 k1
(9)
g2
T 2 =− r 2 + C ln ( r ) + D
4k2
(10)
Equations (9) and (10) constitute a solution of the general problem with four arbitrary constants.
The solution is made particular to the case considered here by evaluating the four constants, A,
B, C, and D, using the four boundary condition relationships in Equations (2) – (5).
We note here that the following are expressions for the first partial derivatives (which will be
needed to evaluate the constants)
∂T 1 g A
= − 1 r +
∂r 2 k1 r
(11)
∂T 2 g C
= − 2 r +
∂r 2k2 r
(12)
d T1 g A g a k
−k 1 = f 1 = −k 1 − 1 a + = 1 + 1 A
dr 2 k1 a 2 a
(13)
a a g1
A =
2 − f 1
k1
(14)
Page 6 of 14
g1 A g C
k1 − a + = k2 − 2 b +
2 k1 a 2k2 b
(15)
C =
g1
2k2
(a 2 − b 2) + g2
2k2
b2 −
a f1
k2
(16)
g2 C g
k2 − c + + h ∞ − 2 c 2 + C ln ( c ) + D = h ∞ T ∞
2k2 c 4k2
(17)
c g2 c 2 a a b2 ( k2
g 2 − g1)
D =
+
− g 1 − f 1 + + ln ( c )
+ T∞ (18)
4 k 2 h ∞ k 2
2 2 k2 h∞
c
g1 g2
− b 2 + A ln ( b ) + B = − c 2 + C ln ( b ) + D
4 k1 4k2
(19)
which, after substitutions for A, C, and D are made, and much rearranging, we obtain the
following expression
2g
1 − g2 a a a b2 (
g 2 − g1)
B = b
+
−
g 1 − f 1 + ln ( b )
4 k1 k 2 k 2 k 1 2
2k 2
(20)
a a b2 ( k2 c g2 c 2
g 2 − g1)
− g 1 − f 1 + + ln ( c )
+
+
+ T∞
k 2
2 2 k2 h∞
c 4 k 2 h ∞
Page 7 of 14
Using these expressions for A, B, C, and D, final expressions for T1(r) and T2(r) are found to be
as follows:
g1 a a g1 b 2 g1 g 2
T 1( r ) = − r2 + ln ( r ) + 4
2 − f 1 k − k
4 k1 k1 1 2
a a a b2 (
g 2 − g1) ln ( b )
+
k − k g 1 − f 1 + (21)
2
1 2 2k2
a a b2 ( k2 c g2 c 2
g 2 − g1)
− g 1 − f 1 + + ln ( c )
+ + + T ∞=0
k 2 2
2k2 h ∞c
4 k 2 h ∞
for a ≤ r ≤ b
and
T 2 (r) = −
g2 2
4k2
g1 2
r +
2
(
a − b2 +
2
g2 2
)
b −
a f 1
ln ( r ) +
c g2 c
4
+
2
k2 k2 k2 k 2 h ∞
(22)
a a b2 ( k2
g 2 − g 1)
− g 1 − f 1 + + ln ( c )
+ T∞
k 2 2
2k2 h ∞c
for b ≤ r ≤ c
Page 8 of 14
Nuclear fuel rods are typically manufactured from Zircaloy. These rods typically have a layer of
oxidation on the outer surface of the rod. At full power the fuel pellets within the rods subject the
inside surface of the rods to a constant heat rate, and there tends to be some small amount of heat
generation within the Zircaloy clad. Heat is dissipated by convection from the outside surface of the
oxidation into a forced water flow environment at a uniform temperature.
These conditions are represented by the analytical problem presented and solved in Section 2. To
illustrate the application of the analytical solution, typical input parameters for a nuclear fuel rod are
presented here, and are used in the following two sections to obtain analytical and finite element
analysis results, respectively, for the same problem.
Material Properties (Thermal conductivities assumed constant, at T = 600 °F, for this analysis)
Geometric Properties
Loading
Using the input parameters from Section 3 and Equations (21) and (22) for T1 and T2, respectively, the
steady-state through-wall temperature distribution in the example fuel rod is determined. The results
are calculated at radii chosen to coincide with the nodal spacing developed in the finite element
analysis of the following section.
The results of the analytical solution are presented in Table 1 and Figure 3,
An ANSYS finite element analysis was completed using the parameter input of Section 3. A 2-D
axisymmetric model of arbitrary axial length was developed using PLANE55 2-D thermal solid
elements. A radial grid with eight uniformly spaced elements through the clad and two uniformly
spaced elements through the oxidation was used. (See complete ANSYS input listing in Appendix A
for all modeling details.)
A contour plot of the through-wall temperature distribution from the finite element analysis is included
in Figure 2. A tabulation of the same temperature distribution is included in Table 1, along with the
analytical solution developed in Section 3.1.
The analytical solution and the finite element solution are in excellent agreement. All temperatures
agree within 0.02%.
Page 10 of 14
1 ANSYS 5.5.2
APR 12 2000
21:57:25
PLOT NO. 1
NODAL SOLUTION
STEP=1
SUB =1
TIME=1
TEMP (AVG)
RSYS=0
PowerGraphics
EFACET=1
AVRES=Mat
SMN =628.351
SMX =736.326
628.351
640.348
MX MN 652.345
664.342
676.34
688.337
700.334
712.331
724.329
736.326
Geometric Properties:
a = inner radius = 0.2000 in.
t1 = clad thickness = 0.0300 in.
b = interface radius = 0.2300 in.
t2 = oxidation thickness = 0.0050 in.
c = outer radius = 0.2350 in.
Material Properties:
cylinder k k g
3
Btu/(hr-ft-°F) Btu/(sec-in-°F) Btu/(sec-in )
1 10.0 2.315E-04 2.514E-01
2 1.16 2.675E-05 0
Boundary Conditions:
2
inside: heat flux = 6 Kw/in 0.3771 Btu/(sec-in )
2 2
outside: h∞ = 6000 Btu/(hr-ft -°F) 0.0116 Btu/(sec-in -°F)
T∞ = 600.0 °F
750
725
700
Temperature (°F)
675
650
625
600
0.200 0.210 0.220 0.230 0.240
R a d ius (in.)
Figure 3 Comparison of Analytical and Finite Element Analysis
Solutions to Example Problem
Page 13 of 14
! material properties
! clad
kcld=10.00/(3600*12) ! Btu/(sec-in-°F)
mp,kxx,1,kcld ! Btu/(sec-in-°F)
! oxide layer
Kox = 0.0200 ! W/(cm-°K)
Kox = Kox*57.79 ! Btu/(hr-ft-°F)
Kox = Kox/(3600*12) ! Btu/(sec-in-°F)
mp,kxx,2,Kox
! model creation
n_clad=8 ! no. of elements through clad thickness
n_ox=2 ! no. of elements through oxidation thickness
k,1,a
k,2,b
k,3,c
kgen,2,1,3,,,t2
a,1,2,5,4 ! area 1 = clad
a,2,3,6,5 ! area 2 = oxidation
lesize,all,,,1
lesize,1,,,n_clad
lesize,3,,,n_clad
lesize,5,,,n_ox
lesize,7,,,n_ox
allsel
mat,1
amesh,1
mat,2
amesh,2
finish
/solu
antype,static
pi = 3.14159
allsel
outpr,basic,all
solve