Course outline

 Introduction to information systems

 Types of information systems
 Entity Relationship Model
 UML
 Object Oriented Concepts

Introduction to Information Systems

Definition: The Information system can be defined as a collection of software, hardware,
and telecommunications network that people develop and use to gather, create, and distribute
useful data, mainly in organizational settings.
In other words, an information system means a collection of interrelated components which work
together to gather, process, store, and break down the information to help decision making.

Dimensions of an information system

There are various dimensions of an information system:
1. Organizational dimension
2. Management dimension
3. Technology dimension
Let's discuss the above dimensions in detail:
1. Organizational Dimension
The information system is the organization's part. The ordinary operating procedure and culture of an
organization would be embedded in the information system. This includes the following:
o Business processes
o Political interest groups
o Functional specialties
o Cultured
2. Management Dimension
In today's world, managers face business challenges. Information systems provide managers with the
tools and information they have to plan, manage, monitor their work, make decisions, develop new
goods and services, and make long-term tactical decisions.
3. Technology Dimension
Management makes use of technology to fulfill their duties. It contains- computer hardware and
software, networking/telecom technology, and data management. It's one of the many strategies a
manager can use to deal with changes. Organizational levels, processing, system goals, mode of data
and type of support provided are used to classify information systems.

Types of Information System

The types of information systems are as follows:

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS):

o The term "transaction processing system" refers to an information system that processes data
are originating from business transactions.
o The primary purpose of a transaction processing system is to offer transactions to update
records and produce reports required for storekeeping.
o Online Transaction Processing and Batching Processing are the methods which we used to
complete the transaction.
o Examples of transaction processing systems are Stock control systems, Payroll systems, Bill
systems.
2. Management Information System (MIS):
o The purpose of a management information system is to transform comparatively raw data
accessible through using Transaction Processing System into a summarized and aggregated
form for managers, generally in the form of a report. Operational supervisors and middle
management are likely to use the reports.
o In MIS, there are various kinds of reports generated. Few reports are a kind of summary report,
ad-hoc reports, exception report, and on-demand report.
o Examples of Management Information System are Human resource management system and
Sales management systems.
3. Decision Support System (DSS)
 o Another type of information system is a decision support system. It is interactive, which offers
information, data manipulation tools, and models to support decision-making in a semi-
structured and unstructured scenario.
o This type of information system includes tools and techniques to help gather relevant
information and examine options, and substitutes, the end-user being more elaborate in
making DSS than MIS.
o Examples of Decision Support System: Bank loan management systems, financial planning
systems.

4. Experts System
o The expert system contains expertise which is helpful for a manager in identifying
problems or in problem-solving. The principles of artificial intelligence research are used to
develop these kinds of information systems.
o This type of information system is a knowledge-based system. It acts as an expert consultant to
users by utilizing its knowledge of a specific area.
o There are some components of expert systems such as Knowledgebase and software modules.
These modules make inferences based on knowledge and provide answers to a user's query.
Components of Information System
There are various components of an information system:
1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. Procedures
5. People
6. Feedback

Let's discuss the above components in detail:

1. Hardware
Hardware means equipment and machinery. This category encompasses the computer and all of its
supporting equipment in modern information systems. The supporting devices contain input and
output devices, communication devices and storage device. Hardware in pre-computer information
systems may contain ledger books and ink.
2. Software
In an information system, software means computer programs as well as the manuals which support
them. Computer program means the machine-readable instructions that tell circuitry in the system's
hardware to work to generate helpful information from the data. In most cases, programs are stored
on an input/output medium, such as a tape or disk. The software which is for pre-computer
information systems comprised instruction for using them means the guidebook for a card catalog
and the information regarding how the hardware was configured for use such as columns headings in
the ledger book.
3. Data
Data means facts that systems use to generate valuable knowledge. Data is usually stored in
machine-readable form on tape or disk until the computer requires them. The data in pre-computer
information systems is usually stored in a human-readable format.
4. Procedures
Procedures mean rules which govern how an operation is performed in information system.
"Procedures are for people what software is for hardware" is a general analogy that we used to clarify
the importance of procedures in a system.
5. People
Every system requires individuals if the system is to be beneficial. People are often the most
neglected part of the system, and they are possibly the factor that has the greatest impact on the
success or failure of information systems.
This contains clients, yet additionally the individuals who operate as well as service the computers,
those who support the network of computers, and the individuals who keep up the information.
6. Feedback
Another component of an information system is feedback, which determines that an information
system can be offered with feedback. However, this component is not needed to function.
Advantages of Information System
There are various advantages of the information system:
o Communication
o Availability
o Creation of new types of jobs
o Globalization and cultural gap

Communication
Using information technology, instant messaging, emails, voice, and video calls, communication
become inexpensive, faster, and effective.
Availability
With the help of the Information system, it is possible for businesses around the world to be open
around the clock. This implies that a business can be open anytime, anyplace, making buys from
various nations simpler and more helpful. It likewise implies that you can have your products
delivered right to your doorstep without making more effort.
Creation of New Types of Jobs
The creation of new and exciting jobs is another advantage of the information system. We can create
various opportunities using IT such as computer programmers, Hardware and Software developers,
Web designers, and Systems analyzers.
Globalization and Cultural Gap
We may reduce semantic, Geological, and some social constraints by implementing an information
system. Sharing data, information, knowledge, communication, and connections between different
nations, societies, and dialects are a lot easier.