Module 6 Bme

MODULE VI
ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 1

MACHINE TOOLS
MACHINE TOOL
A machine, which performs the material removal operations

with tools, to produce desired shape and size of the work-
piece is known as machine tool
Types of Machine Tools

1. Lathe
2. Shaping machine
3. Drilling machine
4. Milling machine
5. Grinding machine
6. Slotting machine
7. Planer machine

Milling
Drilling Machine Grinding
Machine Machine
Shaping Slotting
Machine Machine
Lathe
Types of Planer
Machine Tools Machine

Tools Used
• Single Point Cutting Tool: One cutting edge(used in lathe)
• Multipoint Cutting Tool: Number of teeth or cutting edges on

the periphery

SINGLE POINT
CUTTING TOOL

MULTIPOINT
CUTTING TOOL

LATHE
It is a general purpose machine tool , which removes

excess material from the work piece, in the form of chips, by
rotating the work piece against a single point cutting tool

Principle of working
• Hold the work piece and to rotate it about an axis
• Cutting toll is fed either parallel or perpendicular to the axis

of the work piece removes material from the rotating work
to give the required size and shape
• Tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation of the work

piece gives a cylindrical surface
• Tool is moved perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the

work piece gives a flat surface
Principal Parts of a Lathe
1) Bed
• Base foundation of the lathe
• Headstock, tailstock, carriage…etc are mounted on the bed
• Provides strength & rigidity to the machine
• Top of the bed is provided with guides or ways for carriage

& tailstock

2) Headstock
• Permanently mounted on the bed at the left end

• Spindle is supported in headstock, spindle is a hollow
cylindrical shaft supported by bearings
• Work holding devices such as face plate, driving plate or
chucks may be mounted on the spindle nose
• Headstock has a gear box for changing the speed of rotation
of spindle and thereby the speed of rotation of work piece
• Spindle is driven by a motor

THREE JAW CHUCK
FOUR JAW CHUCK

3) Tailstock
• It is mounted on the bed at the right end and can be

clamped at any convenient position
• It supports one end of the work piece
• It is also used for holding a tool for performing operations

such as drilling, reaming…etc

4) Carriage
• Carriage consists of several parts that serves to support the
cutting tool and to control the action of the cutting tool
• It can be moved along the bed ways provided at the top of
the bed
Carriage has 5 major parts

a) Saddle: base of the carriage. It slides along the guide ways
b) Cross slide: mounted on saddle. It is used to move the tool
towards and away perpendicular to centre line of lathe

c) Compound rest: mounted on the top of cross slide. Tool post
is fixed on the compound rest. Compound rest can be rotated
about the saddle, which makes positioning of cutting tool at
the desired angle
d) Tool post: mounted on compound rest. Cutting tool can be
firmly held on it.
e) Apron: it is fixed below the saddle. It contains gears and levers
for manual and automatic motion of carriage. For manual
motion of carriage along the bed, there is a hand wheel in
front of the apron. Automatic motion of carriage is made
possible by engaging hand wheel shaft of apron with the lead
screw(for thread cutting operation).

TOOL POST

COMPOUND REST
5) Lathe Centres
• Lathe centres are tapered components fit into spindles
provided in the headstock and tailstock
• Centre connected to the headstock is called live

centre(rotates with the spindle)
• Centre connected to the tailstock is called dead

centre(does not rotate, only support the work piece)

6) Feed Mechanism
Movement of tool relative to the work piece is termed as feed
3 Types of Feed
a) Longitudinal feed: tool is moved parallel to the axis of
rotation of work piece
b) Cross feed: tool is moved perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of work piece
c) Angular feed: tool is moved at an angle to the axis of rotation
of work piece

Specification of Lathe
 Length of bed
 Height of live and dead centers
 Maximum distance between centers
 Range of spindle speed
 Power rating of electric motor
 Diameter of lead screw and the number and range of threads

that can be cut

Knurling Drilling
Thread
Boring
Cutting
Taper
Reaming
Turning
Operations
Turning Performed on a Facing
Lathe

Operations Performed on a Lathe
• Lathe centres are used for holding the work piece during
turning operation
• Chuck is also used for holding and rotating a workpiece.

Chucks are of two types three jaw chuck and four jaw chuck

a) Facing
• Operation of machining the ends of a work piece to obtain

flat surface
• Moving the cutting tool at right angles to the axis of rotation

of the rotating work piece

b) Turning
• Removal of material from the periphery of a work piece to

obtain a cylindrical surface
• Cutting tool fed parallel to the axis of rotation of the work

piece, removes material from the rotating work piece

c) Taper Turning
Producing a conical surface by gradual reduction in

diameter from a cylindrical work piece

Taper Turning - Three methods are used
i) Forming tool method: forming tool is used
ii) Tailstock set over method: shift the axis of rotation of the
work piece at an angle to the lathe axis and feeding the
tool parallel to the lathe axis
iii) Compound rest method: rotate the work piece on the

lathe axis and feeding the tool at an angle to the axis of
rotation of the work piece. Tool is mounted on the
compound rest, has a circular base graduated in degrees

Compound rest method

Tailstock set over method
d) Thread Cutting
• lead screw is used for the movement of tool
• Lead screw is driven by a set of gears from spindle
• Saddle receives its motion from lead screw
• For each turn of the screw, saddle moves along the bed a
distance equal to the pitch of the lead screw. Tool is held in
the tool post also moves the same distance

e) Knurling
• Process of roughening a smooth surface of a cylindrical

work piece
• Purpose of knurling is to get grip over the surface
• Knurling tool is pressed against the revolving workpiece and

is traversed along the length to be knurled

KNURLING TOOL

f) Drilling
• Operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a work piece
• Workpiece is held in the chuck and the drill is held in the

tailstock
• Drilling is accomplished on a lathe by feeding the stationary

drill into the rotating workpiece

DRILL BIT

g) Boring
• Enlarging an already existing hole
• A single point cutting tool is traversed through the hole

and parallel to the axis of rotation removes metal and thus
increases the diameter of the hole

BORING TOOL

h) Reaming
• Operation of finishing and sizing an already existing hole
• The tool used is called the reamer, which has multiple

cutting edges
• Workpiece is rotated at a very slow speed and a fine feeding

is given to the reamer
• Reamer cannot produce a hole in a solid job. It can

accurately size and finish the already drilled holes

REAMER

SHAPING MACHINE
• It is used for the production of flat surfaces(horizontal,

vertical or inclined)
• It uses a single point cutting tool
• Tool reciprocates over the work
• It is also used for cutting external and internal slots,

grooves and keyways

Working Principle
• Work is held in a vice fastened to the work table and the tool
moves forward and backward over the work
• Material is cut when the single point cutting tool is moving

in the forward direction(cutting stroke)
• No material cut takes place during the return stroke(idle

stroke)

• Horizontal feed is given by moving the table horizontally
• Depth of cut is given by moving the tool vertically
• Forward and return strokes of the tool is obtained by a

quick return mechanism, time for return stroke is half of
that for forward stroke

Principal Parts of a Shaper
1) Base
It supports the whole machine and is rigidly bolted to the floor

2) Column
• It is mounted on the base
• Top of the column is machined to form guide ways for ram

reciprocation
• Front vertical face of the column is also machined to enable

the table to be raised or lowered

3) Ram
• It is the reciprocating part of the shaper
• It reciprocates on the guide ways provided on the top of the

column
• It carries the tool head at the front end
• Ram is connected to a quick return mechanism which allow

the ram to move at a slower speed during the cutting stroke
and at a faster speed during the return stroke

4) Tool Head
• Mounted at the front of the ram
• It can be swivelled to any angle to enable the tool to take

angular cuts
• Vertical feed to the tool is given by the vertical tool feed

screw

TOOL HEAD

5) Table
• Vice is clamped on the table
• Vice is a device to hold work on the table of the shaper
• Elevating screw for vertical movement
• Cross feed screw for horizontal movement

Vertical Angular
Shaping Shaping
Machining
Horizontal
Irregular
Shaping
Operations Surfaces
Performed On
A Shaper

Operations Performed on a Shaper
a) Horizontal Shaping
• Workpiece is fed in horizontal direction under the

reciprocating tool
• Depth of cut required is given by lowering the tool post
using a handle
• The tool, as it moves forward removes material from the
work in the form of chips

b) Vertical Shaping
• Shaping vertical surface on the workpiece

• It is used to cut grooves, keyways…etc on vertical face
• Vertical slide is set at zero position and the apron is swivelled
by an angle in a direction away from the surface to be
machined
• Tool is fed downwards by operating the downfeed screw of
the tool head

c) Angular Shaping
• Vertical slide of the tool head is swivelled to the required

angle from the vertical position
• Apron is then further swivelled away from the work
• Down feed is given by rotating the downfeed screw

d) Machining Irregular Surface
Forming tool is used for small irregular surface

SLOTTING MACHINE
• Vertical shaping machine
• Single point cutting tool reciprocates vertically
• Ram holding the tool moves in a vertical axis
• Work piece is mounted on the table, is given longitudinal,

cross and rotary feed

Principal Parts of a Slotter
1) Base(bed)
• Acts as a support for column, driving mechanism, table and

all other fittings
• Top of the bed is provided by guide ways on which saddle is

mounted. These guide ways are perpendicular to the
column face

2) Column
• Vertical member which houses the driving mechanism
• Front vertical face of the column is accurately finished for

providing ways on which the ram reciprocates

3) Saddle
• It is mounted on the guide ways of base and may be moved

toward or away from the column
• Top face of the saddle is accurately finished to provide guide

ways for the cross-slide. These guide ways are perpendicular
to the guide ways on the base

4) Cross Slide
Mounted upon the guide ways of the saddle and maybe moved
parallel to the face of the column to supply cross-feed

5) Rotary Table
• Mounted on the top of the cross slide
• Table may be rotated manually or by automatic means
• Rotary table enables a circular or contoured surface to be

generated on the work piece

6) Ram
• Moves in vertical direction between the vertical guide-

ways provided in front of the column
• Ram supports the tool head to which the tool is attached
• Cutting action takes place during the downward

movement of the ram

Slotting machine is used for
• Cutting grooves
• Key ways
• Rectangular grooves
• Slots of various shapes

PLANER MACHINE
• Used for producing flat surfaces in different planes
• Work piece moves to and fro against the stationary single

point cutting tool
• Planer machine is used for machining very large work pieces

which cannot be machine in a shaping machine

Principal Parts of a Planer Machine
1) Bed
• Supports the column and all other moving parts
• Table slides over the bed through precision ways
• Driving mechanism for the table is provided in hollow

space of bed

2) Table
• It reciprocates along the ways of the bed and supports

the work
• Top surface of the table is provided with slots to clamp

the work piece

3) Housing/Column
• Vertical structures placed on each side of the bed
• Front vertical surface of the column has guide-ways to

enable movement of the cross rail vertically up and down
• Cross rail slides up and down on the housing
• Tool head is placed on the cross rail

4) Cross Rail
• Mounted on the machined ways of the two housings
• It may be raised or lowered on the housings to

accommodate work of different heights on the table and
to allow for the adjustment of the tools

5) Tool Head
• Mounted on the cross rail by a saddle
• Saddle is used to give cross feed
• Tool head fed in crosswise or vertical direction

Shaping Machine Planer Machine
Tool moves and work is Work moves and tool is

stationary stationary
Suitable for small size

Suitable for large size
machining
Tools used are lighter and Tools used are larger, heavier
smaller and stronger
One cutting tool can be used More tools can be used

DRILLING MACHINE
• Operation of making holes in a work piece by forcing a
rotating tool called drill against it
• Drill – a multi point cutting tool
• Drill is a cylindrical bar with helical grooves cut or formed in

the body of the drill to provide cutting edges and permit
removal of chips and allow the cutting fluid to reach the
cutting edges

Principal Parts of a Drilling Machine
1) Base
Rectangular casting on which the column is mounted

2) Column
• Vertical member of the machine which supports a table
• Head supporting the motor and spindle is mounted on

the top of the column

3) Table
• Supports the work piece or other work holding device.
• It can be moved up and down on the column
• It can be set in various positions in the horizontal plane

4) Drill Head
• Mounted on the top of the column and supports the spindle

head and motor
• Spindle head houses drill holding and rotating devices
• Hand wheel is provided for upward and downward
movement of the spindle
• Drill chuck is mounted in the spindle for holding the drill
• Spindle receives power from the motor through belt and
pulley system

DRILL CHUCK & KEY

DRILL BIT

Counter
Boring Counter
Boring
Sinking
Spot
Reaming
Facing
Operations
Drilling Performed On A Taping
Drilling Machine

Operations Performed on a Drilling Machine
a) Drilling
• Operation of producing a circular hole using a drill by

removing metal from the work piece
• Drill bit is a multi point cutting tool
• It cuts by applying pressure and rotation of the drill , forms
chips at the cutting edge

b) Reaming
• Operation of finishing and sizing an already existing hole
• The tool use is called the reamer, which has multiple

cutting edges
• This operation removes a very small amount of metal

from the drilled hole

REAMER

c) Boring
• Enlarging an already existing hole by means of an

adjustable single point tool
• Single point tool traversed through the hole and parallel

to the axis of the rotation removes metal and thus
increases the diameter of the hole

BORING TOOL

d) Counter Boring
Operation of increasing the diameter of a hole for a certain

distance down

COUNTER BORING TOOL

e) Counter Sinking
Operation by which a cone shaped enlargement is made at

the end of a hole

COUNTER SINKING TOOL

f) Spot Facing
• Operation of smoothening and squaring the surface

around a hole drilled in a rough surface
• It provides a flat seating for nut and washer

SPOT FACING TOOL

g) Taping
• Operation of cutting internal threads in a drilled hole by

means of a tool called tap
• Tap cuts a thread on the inside surface of a hole

TAP

MILLING MACHINE
• Process of removal of metal by feeding the work piece

against rotating multi-point cutter
• As the cutter rotates, each cutting edge removes small

amount of material from the work piece

MILLING CUTTER

Principle Of Operation
• Based on the direction of the cutter motion and work piece

feed, milling can be classified into two
• Conventional milling or Up milling
• Climb milling or Down milling
• Based on spindle position milling can be classified into two

• Horizontal milling machine
• Vertical milling machine

Conventional Milling or Up Milling
• Work piece is fed in the opposite direction of that of the

rotating cutter
• Chip thickness varies from minimum at the start of cut to a

maximum at the end of cut
• Load on each cutting edge is gradually increased
• Cutter tends to lift the work piece from the table
• Poor surface finish

Climb Milling or Down Milling
• Work piece is fed in the same direction of that of the

rotating cutter
• Chip thickness varies from a maximum at the start of cut to a
minimum at the end of cut
• Cutter forcing the work piece towards the table
• Down milling produce higher surface finish, because the
cutting pressure keeps the work piece firmly pressed against
the table

Horizontal Milling Machine
Spindle axis is kept horizontal

Principal Parts
1) Base
• Foundation for all other parts of the milling machine
• Gives the machine the required strength and rigidity

2) Column
• Main supporting frame mounted vertically on the base
• Front face of the column has vertical guide ways

3) Knee
• Slides up and down on the vertical guide ways of the column
• It has horizontal guide ways on its top surface
• It supports saddle and table
• Elevating screw for adjusting the height of the knee

4) Saddle
• It supports and carries the table
• It is adjustable on guide ways on the top of the knee
• Horizontal movement

5) Table
• It rests on guide ways on the saddle
• It can be moved longitudinally, perpendicular to the

motion of saddle
• It supports the work piece

6) Elevating Screw
• Height of the knee is adjusted by elevating screw
• It also supports the knee

7) Spindle
• It obtains power from the motor and transmits it to an arbor
• Spindle has a tapered socket for inserting the arbor

8) Overarm
• Mounted on the top of the column
• Overarm support provided at the free end of overarm can be

moved horizontally on the guide ways provided at the bottom
surface of the overarm

9) Arbor
• Rod on which cutter is mounted
• It is tapered at one end to fit into the spindle
• Other end of the arbor is mounted in a bearing provided in

the overarm support

Vertical Milling Machine
Spindle axis is kept vertical

Principal parts
1) Base
• Foundation for all other parts of the milling machine
• Gives the machine the required strength and rigidity

2) Column
• Main supporting frame mounted vertically on the base
• Front face of the column has vertical guide ways

3) Knee
• Slides up and down on the vertical guide ways of the column
• It has horizontal guide ways on its top surface
• It supports saddle and table
• Elevating screw for adjusting the height of the knee

4) Saddle
• It supports and carries the table
• It is adjustable on guide ways on the top of the knee
• Horizontal movement

5) Table
• It rests on guide ways on the saddle
• It can be moved longitudinally, perpendicular to the

motion of saddle
• It supports the work piece

7) Spindle Head
• It is mounted on the top of the column
• It has a swivel base and hence the spindle head can be

swiveled at an angle for machining angular surfaces

9) Arbor
• Rod on which cutter is mounted
• It is tapered at one end to fit into the spindle

End T-slot
milling milling
Side Angular
milling milling
Face Form
milling milling
Slab or
Milling Gear
plain
operations cutting
milling

Milling Operations
a) Slab or Plain Milling
• Production of flat surfaces with the milling cutter axis

parallel to the surface being milled
• Flat surfaces may be milled with a plain milling cutter

mounted on the arbor

PLAIN MILLING
CUTTER

b) Face Milling
• Flat surface perpendicular to the axis of cutter is

produced
• Cutter is mounted on a spindle having an axis of rotation

perpendicular to the work piece surface
• Face milling cutter is used

FACE MILLING CUTTER

c) Side Milling
• Flat vertical face is produced at the side of a work piece
• Side milling cutter is used

SIDE MILLING CUTTER

d) End Milling
• Cutter generally rotates on an axis vertical to the work piece
• End milling cutter has cutting edges on the periphery of a

shank, these cutters are the most common tool used in a
vertical milling
• It is used for producing slots, grooves, keyways etc

END MILLING CUTTER

END MILLING CUTTER

e) T-slot Milling
• T-slot cutter is used
• First of all a plain slot is cut on the work piece using an end
milling cutter. Then the T-slot cutter is fed from one end of
the work piece
• Neck portion of the cutter passes through the already milled

plain slot

T –SLOT CUTTER

f) Angular Milling
• Process in which angular surface are produced on a work

piece
• Angle milling cutter is used
• Usual angle of the cutter is 45⁰, 50⁰, 55⁰ or 60⁰
• Eg. Milling dovetails

ANGLE MILLING CUTTER

g) Form Milling
• Process by which profiles on the work piece are produced
• Form milling cutter is used
• Shape of form milling cutter corresponds to the profile of the

surface to be produced

FORM MILLING CUTTER

h) Gear Cutting
• Process by which gears are produced using gear cutters
• Profile of the cutter corresponds to the tooth space of the

gear

GEAR CUTTER

Specification of Milling Machine
• The dimension of table

• Maximum length of vertical and horizontal movement of
knee and saddle
• Number of different speeds of spindle
• Power of electric motor
• Floor space required
• Net weight

Grinding Machine
Process of metal removal in which the cutting tool used is an

abrasive wheel

Purpose for grinding
 Remove small amount of metal from the work piece to bring

its dimension within very close tolerance of the size desired
 Obtain better finish on the surface
 Sharpen the cutting tool
 Machine hard surfaces which are otherwise difficult to be

machined by other means

Grinding Wheels
• These are made of abrasive particles bonded together by

some suitable bond
• Natural abrasive particles: sand stone, emery, diamond…etc
• Artificial abrasive particles: silicone carbide, aluminium oxide

and boron

GRINDING WHEEL

DIAMOND GRINDING
WHEEL

Surface
Grinding
Cylindrical Form
Grinding Grinding
Types Of
Grinding

Types of Grinding
1) Cylindrical Grinding
• Produces cylindrical surface on a work piece
• Work piece is rotated about its axis and is traversed across the
face of a rotating abrasive wheel
• Both tool and work piece are rotated by separate motors and
at different speeds

2) Surface Grinding
• It produces flat surfaces
• Grinding wheel can be fed downward in very small increments

into a work piece, which is moved to the left and the right and
in and out
• Work is traversed under the revolving grinding wheel
• This allows the wheel to contact all areas of the surface of the
work piece

3) Form Grinding
• Produces formed surfaces on a revolving cylindrical work

piece
• Grinding wheel has the exact shape of the final product

FORM GRINDING TOOL
Tool and cutter
Surface grinding grinding
machine machine
Cylindrical Internal
grinding grinding
machine Types of machine
grinding
machines

1. Surface Grinding Machine
• Produce finish and flat surface
• It consists of a base, table, column and wheel head
• Spindle is horizontal
• Wheel head can be raised or lowered with the grinding

wheel
• Table can be moved along the ways

2. Cylindrical Grinding Machine
Two types
• Centre Type Grinding Machine

• Centreless Type Grinding Machine

a) Centre Type Grinding Machine
• It consists of a bed, wheel head, headstock and a tailstock
• Work piece is supported in between the centres
• Wheel head is located back of the headstock and tailstock
• Grinding wheel is driven by a motor
• Table on which the headstock and tailstock are mounted can

be moved to and fro in the bed guide ways

b) Centreless Type Grinding Machine
• Work is supported and fed to the grinding wheel on a knife

edge support
• It consists of a bed, wheel head, regulating wheel and a work
rest blade
• Work is supported on the work rest and is backed up by
regulating wheel
• Regulating wheel controls the speed of rotation of the work
piece and also the rate of feeding of the work piece past the
grinding wheel

3. Tool and Cutter Grinding Machines
• Used for sharpening of tools and cutter
• These machines hold the cutter while a rotating abrasive

wheel is applied to the edges for the purpose of sharpening it

Automation
• Automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process,

or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the
place of human organs of observation, effort and decision
Types of automation
• Numerically controlled(NC) equipment
• Computer numerical control(CNC)
• Direct numerical control(DNC)
• Computer-Aided manufacturing(CAM)
• Computer integrated manufacturing(CIM)

NUMERICAL CONTROL
• Control of a machine tool by means of recorded information

on punched tape or cards
• It is a method of automation in which various functions of
machine tools are controlled by letters, numbers and symbols
• System automatically interprets these data and converts
them to output signals, which, in turn control various
machine components
• Functions carried out by an operator in a conventional
machine are translated into instructions that can be
understood by a MACHINE CONTROL UNIT(MCU).

• The MCU translates it into electrical signals. These signals
operate a servo system which controls the motion of tool,
work piece and the related auxiliaries
It consists of 3 basic components

• Program of instructions
• Machine Control Unit(MCU)
• Processing equipment

• Program of instructions: detailed step by step commands that
directs the actions of the processing equipment. Co-ordinate
information(x, y and z movements required for work and tool)
regarding the component is recorded on a tape and is fed to
the control unit
• MCU: it consists of tape reader, data buffer, signal output

channels, sequence control and related control hardware that
stores the program of instruction. Control unit convert the
commands into electric signals and these signals are sent to
processing equipment(machine tool)
• Processing equipment: performs useful work with the help of

a servo system
• Feed back transducer is provided to check the positions
achieved and to send signals to the control unit for position
correction
In NC machine tools one or more of the following functions

may be automatic
• Starting and stopping of machine tool spindle
• Controlling the spindle speed
• Controlling the rate of movement of the tool tip(feed rate)
• Changing of tools in the spindle
• Positioning the tool tip at desired locations and guiding it
along desired paths

Advantages
• Greater accuracy
• Lower scrap rates
• More – complex part geometries are possible
• Less floor space is required
• Operator skill level requirements are less
• Higher production rate
Disadvantages
• Higher investment cost
• Higher maintenance effort

CNC MACHINES
• A computer is used to prepare and control the operations of

the machine tool
• CNC refers to a computer that is joined to the NC machine
• The program is entered into the computer through a keyboard
or disc or tape and stored in its memory
• Whenever the part is to be machined, the program is called
from its memory
• Also, if it is required to have a change in any dimension, the
program can be called and edited to incorporate the
changes(not possible in a NC machine). This eliminates the
repeated use of tape

Advantages
• High accuracy in machining
• Storage of more than one program
• Program can be edited
• Short production time
• Greater manufacturing flexibility
• Better quality control
• Repeatability of accuracy is possible
Disadvantages
• High cost
• Requirement of skilled programmer

CNC LATHE MACHINE
CNC MILLING MACHINE

DNC
• In Direct Numerical Control(DNC) system, a number of

machine tools are controlled by a single computer
• The program was transmitted to the MCU directly from the

computer, one block of instructions at a time
• Central computer also received data back from the machines


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MODULE VI

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 1

A machine, which performs the material removal operations

Types of Machine Tools

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 3

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 4

• Single Point Cutting Tool: One cutting edge(used in lathe)

• Multipoint Cutting Tool: Number of teeth or cutting edges on

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 5

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 6

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 7

It is a general purpose machine tool , which removes

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 8

• Cutting toll is fed either parallel or perpendicular to the axis

• Tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation of the work

• Tool is moved perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the

• Headstock, tailstock, carriage…etc are mounted on the bed

• Provides strength & rigidity to the machine

• Top of the bed is provided with guides or ways for carriage

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 13

• Permanently mounted on the bed at the left end

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 15

FOUR JAW CHUCK

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 17

• It is mounted on the bed at the right end and can be

• It supports one end of the work piece

• It is also used for holding a tool for performing operations

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 18

Carriage has 5 major parts

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 21

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 22

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 26

• Centre connected to the headstock is called live

• Centre connected to the tailstock is called dead

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 29

ARUN JOSE TOM, MLMCE, BME 35

 Height of live and dead centers

 Maximum distance between centers

 Range of spindle speed

 Power rating of electric motor

 Diameter of lead screw and the number and range of threads

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• Chuck is also used for holding and rotating a workpiece.

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• Operation of machining the ends of a work piece to obtain

• Moving the cutting tool at right angles to the axis of rotation

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• Removal of material from the periphery of a work piece to

• Cutting tool fed parallel to the axis of rotation of the work

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Producing a conical surface by gradual reduction in

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i) Forming tool method: forming tool is used

iii) Compound rest method: rotate the work piece on the

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• lead screw is used for the movement of tool

• Lead screw is driven by a set of gears from spindle

• Saddle receives its motion from lead screw

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• Process of roughening a smooth surface of a cylindrical

• Purpose of knurling is to get grip over the surface