Lesson 1

Anatomy

Scientific discipline that investigates the body's structures To dissect or cut apart and separate the parts
of the body for study Examines relationship between the structure of a body and its function which
makes it

easier to understand and appreciate anatomy Greek words "Ana" means Apart and "Tomy" means cut

Can be studies at different levels:

a. Developmental Anatomy - structural changes that occur between conception and

adulthood.

1. Embryology - changes from conception to the end of eighth week of development 2. Cytology-
examines structural features of cells through microscopes (pap smear

to females to determine if they have vaginal illnesses)

3. Histology-examines tissues, composed of cells and materials surrounding them b. Gross Anatomy -
study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a

microscope

can be approached either systematically or regionally Histopathology section

Measure and weigh the organ

Ex. liver

1. System-a group of structures that have one or more common functions which includes cardiovascular,
nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or muscular systems. used in this and most other introductory textbooks.

2. Regional-body studied area by area such as the head, abdomen, or arm, are studied simultaneously.
Taken in most graduate programs at medical and dental schools.

C. Surface Anatomy - involves looking at the exterior of the body to visualize structures

deeper inside the body

Physiology-study of how the body and its parts work or function

Ex

c. Cell Physiology-process of cells, like energy production from food d. Systemic Physiology

Levels of Structural Organization

The human body exhibits many levels

of structural complexity

a. Atoms-tiny building blocks of matter. Water, sugar, proteins.

b. Cells-smallest units of living things Some have common structures and functions

Individual cells vary widely in size, shape, and their particular roles in body
Ex one-celled organism (amoeba) and multicellular organism (dogs, human)

(carbohydrates

c. Tissues-consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function

1. Epithelium Tissue

Coving, lining, and giandular tissue Its functions include protection, absorption, and secretion

- Epithelia are named according to The number of layers (simple, stratified)

Cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)

2. Connective Tissue

Supportive, protective, and binding tissue Characterized by the presence of non living extracellular
matrix (ground

substance plus finers) produced and secreted by

3. Muscle Tissue

Specialized to contract or shorten, which causes movement

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to

Three types:

Skeletal-attached into the skeleton

Cardiac-in the wall of the heart Smooth in the walls of hollow organs

4. Nervous Tissue

Connective tissue are composed of irritable cells called neurons Composed of irritable cells called
neurons, which are highly specialized

receive and transmit nerve impulses in our body. Neurons are important

when it comes to control in body processes.

Supporting cells called neuroglia Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

5. Tissue Repair (wound healing)

May involve regeneration, fibrosis, or both In regeneration:

-Injured tissue is replaced by the same

d. Organ

A structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for
the body.

Organ system:

Group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose External covering of the body or
skin including hair and fingernails

Integumentary system

(keratin)

Waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues

injury

Via direct sunlight: produced of vitamin D

excretes saits in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature

Skeletal system:

Bone, cartilages, joints

Supports the body and provides a framework that skeletal muscles use to cause

movement

Protective function
Storage (minerals) Muscular system

Function is to contract/ shorten movement

The mobility of the body as a whole reflects the activity of skeletal muscles attached to bones When
these contracts you are able to stand erect, walk, jump, grasp

Nervous system

Fast acting control system of the body Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

The body must be able to stimuli coming speed, and changes in temperature

from outside the body such as light, The central nervous system then assesses this information and
responds by

activating the appropriate body effectors.

Endocrine system

Endocrine glands produce hormones which release them into the blood to travel

to relatively distant target organs

Pituitary gland, thyroid, parathymus, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovary

Cardiovascular system
Primary organs is heart and blood vessels White blood cells protect the body from such foreign invaders
The heart propels blood out of its chambers into blood vessels to be transported

to all body issues

Lymphatic system

Role is to complement that of the cardiovascular system Organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes,
other tymphoid organs (spleen

and tonsils) When fluid is leaked into tissues from the biood. lymphatic vessels return it indo
bloodstream so that

Respiratory organ

lungs

A tube running through the body from mouth to anus Organs include oral cavity (mouth), esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestine,

digestive system

rectum

Accessory organs are liver, salivary glands, and pancreas Urinary system

To eliminate waste products which are urea, uric acid

Maintaining the body's water and electrolyte balance

Regulating the acid-base balance of the blood (carbonic acid)

Helping to regulate normal blood temperature

Often called the excretory system which is composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Reproductive system Role is to produce offspring

Organism level:

Made up of many organ systems