Drilling Engineering

WELL PLANNING
 COST
 SAFETY
 USEABLE HOLE
Useable hole means that you must have a provision to repair anything if something has gone wrong like
leakages in tubings.
TYPES OF WELLS
 WILDCAT WELL
It is the first well drilled in an area about which we don’t have any data or information like seismic data
etc.
 EXPLORATORY WELL
It is the well drilled in an area about which we have geological data (seismic data or some satellite data)
but we are not sure about the presence of hydrocarbon. From seismic, anticlinal structure will be
cleared but not stratigraphic structure. In exploratory well, we don’t have drilling data or mud data.
 APPRAISAL WELL OR STEP OUT WELL
It is the well drilled after exploratory well to determine the extent of reservoir.
(1)
(2) (3)
The first well which we drill in an anticlinal area will be at the crest of the anticlinal structure i.e. well (1).
It is the exploratory well. After that we drill appraisal wells (2) and (3) to determine the extent of
reservoir.
Gas production
Oil production Gas
Water production Oil extent of reservoir
Water
 DEVELOPMENT WELL
Well which is purely drilled to take production is called development well.
PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 1

NOTES:
 Consider reservoirs formed from the rock of same ages in two different areas. One reservoir is
producing oil and other is producing gas. The reason for that is the environment (temperature
condition). The temperature of one reservoir which is producing oil is 1500C which is in “oil
window”. The temperature range between 600C and 1750C is commonly called the “oil window”.
This is the principle zone of oil formation. The other reservoir which has temperature of 2500C is
producing gas because as the temperature increases above 1750C, the generation of liquid
petroleum ceases and gas formation becomes dominant.
 Gas reservoir does not produce oil.
 At what distance the wells should be drilled is the job of reservoir engineer to decide.
 Work over is done to restore production when it decreases after some time.
 The drilling of wild cat well is now obsolete but we do maximum number of surveys to make sure
whether traces of hydrocarbons in a region are present or not, if the answer is positive then we
drill exploratory well directly as we have got the seismic and other geological data of that reservoir.
 Collect as much data as you can.
 In an incident, in the sand reservoir, the production was increased up to 50 million barrels per day
from 30 to get maximum profit, but due to this large amount of sand produced which even failed
the gravel packs and choked the tubing, the company used some acid and gel like substance to
remove sand but with the reaction of sand with these components, a hard mass was formed, they
used coil tubing which is like rope with cutters at one end to remove the sand but the coil tubing
failed to do so.
 When a drilling company arrives at a site, they try to get all the data of the surrounding producing
wells, when a block is given to the company, surveys are done to get best geological structure, the
sequence or condition of presence of reservoir is that the lowest rock should be a source rock that
is shale only, above it should be the reservoir rock (either of limestone, dolomite, sandstone, etc)
and above it should be impermeable rock like shale.
 Once this is found the phase of well planning comes.
 If the companies operating the surrounding wells refuse to give the records, these records can be
achieved through DGPC in Pakistan such that (Directorate General Petroleum Commission) and on
the basis of this data we have to make our own interpretations to drill the well.
 Each company is responsible to provide report on daily basis regarding the information of drilling
and taking production through a well to DGPC.
WHAT TYPE OF DATA IS NEEDED TO DRILL A WELL

 All topics are in handouts.
 Some points to remember:
 If we have high ROP (rate of penetration) then cuttings come up fast so they need to remove
with same efficiency.
 Codes of bit, handout will be provided by Sir.
 There are two main types of Drill Bits: Roller cone and Diamond

 In roller cone we have Tungsten carbide and Tooth Bit.
 Tungsten carbide is used for hard formations with great weight behind it.
 Tooth bit is used for soft formations like shale with less weight behind it.
 If by mistake we are drilling with tungsten carbide in hard formation and suddenly we enter into
soft formation then ROP will be dropped as the bit is provided by huge weight and it gets lower
down a little bit as soon as it enters into this region and all the shale particles will stick around
the bit, completely covering it so nothing could be seen clearly and bit feels more friction and
less ease in penetration.
 In soft formation we have to use less weight and high RPM.
 In hard formation, we have to use large weight and less RPM.
 ROP depends upon RPM and Weight, in well simulation we first make one factor constant say
weight and increase RPM up to maximum limit and then keeping RPM constant we increase
weight up to the maximum limit to get maximum ROP to save time and money.
DATA COLLECTION
To plan a well, first of all data is collected. Try to collect as much data you can. The better the data, the
better will be the success. In the area, regional geology is same but the thickness varies. Data sources
can be attained from companies operating in the country and in Pakistan from Director General
Petroleum Concessions (DGPC).
COMMON TYPE OF DATA USED BY DRILLING ENGINEER
 BIT RECORDS
In the nearby well, what bit was used and send the lithology report to a bit company and the company
will suggest the suitable bit. Nowadays, bit providing companies send all the bits in the drilling area and
at the time of drilling they charge according to the use of bit.
 IADC DRILLING REPORTS
All information about the well is written on a very large sheet called IADC report.
 SCOUT MEETING
All the representatives of companies sit together every month and exchange ideas.
 PRODUCTION HISTORIES
Production record in the offset area can provide clues to problems that may be encountered in the
prospect well.

 END OF WELL REPORTS
After completing well, well reports are prepared. Drilling problems, type of bit used and all other
informations are written in the end of well reports.
 INFORMATION FROM SERVICE COMPANIES
Before going to drill a well, all information from all types of service companies like; bit companies, mud
logging companies, etc should be collected.
 Best bit in the world is Hughes Bit.
BIT RECORDS
An excellent source of offset drilling information is bit record.
It provides following information.
 NAME OF OPERATOR
E&P Company name like; ENI, PPL etc
 NAME OF CONTRACTOR
Company that drills for operator
 RIG NAME AND TYPE
Rig is given different numbers. Number on rig indicates depth like; 30 mean 30,000 ft.
 WELL LOCATION
Where the well is located
 SERIAL NUMBER OF BIT
It is only for stock purpose like; first bit is given bit # 1.
If we use bit again after sometime then 1RR-Re-Run is written.
 ROP (Rate of penetration)
New bit which is used has high rate of penetration but as the time goes on ROP becomes less due to
wear and tear problems. ROP is given in ft/hr or m/hr.
Tungsten carbide bit can’t drill in soft formation like; shale. If the formation is very hard, tungsten
carbide bit will be used.
In case of soft formation, tooth bit will be used.

Bit is OK
Spikes are present
Actually bit has three cones. Spikes appear when one of the cones is fallen so, the bit resists going
further due to fallen cones as if we continue to drill with this bit for half hour then all cones will be left in
hole and then fishing jobs will be done.
 JETS NUMBER AND SIZES
Large size jets (nozzles) are used in fractured formations because we have to give less pressure due to
the problem of lost circulation. If small jets are used then pressure will be high. Normally three jets are
present in three cones. From jets, mud shoots out and cuttings come through annulus. But the problem
is that in centre cuttings get stuck and cuttings can’t come upward so nowadays central jet is used.
 HOURS ON BIT
It gives how many hours one bit is used.
 STROKES PER MINUTE (SPM)
It is related with speed of mud pump.
CALCULATION OF BIT COST PER FOOT:
 The most important thing in data collection is calculating the bit cost per foot.
 The formula for calculating bit cost per foot is given by:
$/foot=
Where:
$/ft= cost per foot, dollars
CB= bit cost, dollars
CR= rig cost, dollars/hr

TR= rotating time, hr

TT= trip time, hr
Y = footage per bit run
NOTES:
 In trip time only that time will be included in which bit is being tripped out and also the time of
tripping in of new bit be noted in the trip time of the same bit that has been pulled out. In trip time,
the time that has used in releasing the pipe when it gets stuck is not included.
 In rotating time, only that time will be counted in which the formation is drilled, the rotating time
used for reaming the hole by bit is not noted in this case. When we trip in, as soon as the bit gets
into the hole we start rotating it for reaming until it reaches to bottom formation that has to be
drilled, this is done for reaming so that any unevenness could be removed and pipe does not get
stuck and same is the case when we trip out then reaming is called as back reaming and it is done
purely to save pipe from sticking due to pressure of mud.
 Footage means how many feet it has drilled.
 When the diameter of pin of drill collar or pipe is not the same as that of the box of the other collar
or pipe or bit (bit is mostly connected to drill pipe not collar) then we use Subs to join them.
 Nowadays the cost of rig is 30,000 $ per day and buying cost of PCD(Poly crystalline diamond) bit is
of 100,000$
 During drilling if teeth of bit fall into the well we have to circulate a very high viscous mud (high
viscous mud may have same weight but its viscosity can be changed by using bantonite which has
no effect on weight of mud but we mostly use Gelex for good and efficient results along with
bantonite. The cones of bit may also fall into the well, this is due to the fact that while circulating
the mud, if mud gets into the bearings of cones, the viscous oil in them gets contaminated and
friction gets increased and thus bearings may fail and cones may fall into the well for which we
have to fishing.
 Companies usually get bits from service companies on rent and they do not buy because they need
several bits on field other than they recommend so if they buy all of them then for example they
have bought 50 bits and only 20 are used, then the cost of 30 bits will waste, so service companies
providing bits charge only those that have used and charge 5% of those that are not used.
 The selection of the most appropriate bit is done by drawing charts using the offset data of bits
such that the data of the bits that are used in drilling wells in nearby fields as the formation will
resemble and we will be drawing charts for each certain formation such that separately for hard
and soft formations so that we can compare the bit costs and the type of bit easily as they were
drilling in same formation and then select the most appropriate bit for us as formation will
approximately be the same. For example this chart is given for soft formation in handout, the bit of
least cost and drilling up to reasonable depth will be efficient.
 In order to lower the cost of bit, we have to cut the trip time, which can be done by regular
cleaning of hole. When we have drilled up to 100 feet, then after every 100 feet, we circulate
viscous mud (all mud is not required to be removed) while drilling is stopped to remove the
cuttings left because during drilling, most cuttings come up but still some remain down, so cleaner
the hole, fast will be tripping and less time utilized as hole is cleaned and due to clean hole friction
will be less and pipe will come up smoothly (we are not talking about sticking of pipe but the
slowing speed of drill pipe).
 In case of stand we add three drill pipes at a time and is used when top drive is there but we use
joint to join one drill pipe and is used in case of Kelly.

 In case of top drive, it is easy to do reaming and back reaming as compared to Kelly case because if
Kelly is there then it has to be removed before tripping out (tripping out is done to change the bit),
so no reaming can be done as we cannot rotate the drill string, and when it is required to rotate it
for reaming, we have to again connect the Kelly and then disconnect it for further tripping out but
not in case of top drive in which the (top drive is also to be disconnected while tripping out and not
remain connected………ask)
 Roller reamers are used to remove dog leg and make well smoother, in case of dog leg when the
well condition is vey adverse like in dog leg which occurs due to change in formation and moreover
on very fast drilling, we require roller reamers and this operation cannot be fulfilled with ordinary
reaming with bit.
 By optimization we make the cost balance. If the cost of one component gets high, we balance it
with any other component.
 In highly fractured hard carbonate rock we can’t use tooth bit (having teeth of 2 inches) b/c all it
teeth will fall down and it can’t cut the formation so we use TCI (Tungsten Carbide bits) bits as its
cuttings are small and we use TCI bit with large size jets so that the pressure of the exiting mud
would be small and it will not erode the formation.
 L.C.M. means Loss Circulation Materials i.e. materials require to reduce the loss circulation like
mica.
 If sandstone is very hard and no loss circulations are there then we use TCI bit with small size jets
so that due to high pressure of mud the formation will get soft.
 The two parameters of bit are weight on bit and RPM by which we can control the drilling rate;
keeping one constant, we increase first weight on bit up to the desired extent like 30-40 N
(normally) and then increase RPM like up to 120 and then we continue applying the parameters
with the tested magnitudes. This test is called as Drill of Test (D.O.T.).
 This is done for every new formation, for example we are drilling in shale formation, and after this
the carbonate formation comes so we perform the DOT for it during initial cuttings and reached to
the values that suits are best for safe and fast drilling and we apply these conditions on rest of the
formations.
 If there is a shallow depth of well then no. of loops for drill line required between travelling block
and crown block are 4.
 If there is strain in rope this is the weak point and drill line may break here. In drill report we
have to write slip and cut drill line which is due to weakening. The drill line is cut from the
weakening point way up to the end connected to the hook not just the weakening portion as we
can’t join the cut portions.
 With the help of TON-MILES formula, we can calculate the maximum weight the drill line can bear
in order to perform drill operation safely and as a result we suggest the no. of loops the drill line
should contain.
 There are 4 types of casings; conductor, surface, intermediate, production casings or production
liner.
 CCL Log means Casing Collar Locator Log.

WHAT IS SELECTIVE PERFORATION?
In Sui main limestone, we initially made an open hole completion, but the problem that appeared
after 5-6 years was that some shale particles from the reservoir (as the sui main limestone was not
100% pure limestone) were continue to produced and choked some of the equipments. This must
be clear that the particles that were choking the equipments were shale particles and not the sand
so if we could allow their production by using wire-wrapped screen then our reservoir could be
destroyed so we had to do some other solution, so we did selective perforation.
Means we installed the liner in production casing through the reservoir (cased hole completion),
then we performed Y(gamma)-ray log that is the best way to distinguish between a shale and
limestone formation, for example the log was like this:
As we can see from the graph that the portion of the reservoir that contains shale gives maximum
value of the log as it is more porous as compared to carbonate formation so more porous means
more fluid inside the pores (as it is reservoir formation and whether hydrocarbons or water) will be
there so we know that the speed of neutron gets slow down when strikes with hydrogen in
hydrocarbons and water and shows more resistance if the formation is more porous.
So once we know where the pure limestone is present in our reservoir, we perforate the reservoir and
liner just from the place of pure limestone so no more shale particles could be produced.

DRILLING ENGINEERING CONCERN LOGs
1. CBL ( Cement Bond Log )

This is done when cement job is not done properly. It tells at what place cement is filled and at what
place cement is not filled. It is necessary after production casing whether cement job is done correctly or
not.
0 100Ω
Good G
Fair F
Poor P
Free pipe FP No Cement
If there is space i.e. no cement then more resistance it will offer as sound space is greater in
solids.
Now to fill the non-cemented area with cement, we follow following steps:

 First we perforate the casing opposite to non-cemented area.
Casing Cement
No cement
Formation Perforation
 After that we set plug (cement retainer). Cement retainer contains a hole in the centre in which
stringer is placed but the hole is present near to the middle of plug and similarly stringer.
 Now, the cement is pumped with pressure through stringer and from stringer it goes into non-
cemented area through perforation.
Pressurized cement
Casing Cement
Stringer
Perforation No cement
Formation
Cement retainer (plug)

WELL PROBLEMS
 WELL KICKS
 In Badin area, we have very less chance of kick so, it is not necessary that we have problems of
well kicks in every area.
 If are getting more barrels like 5 bbls more so mud level rises in the mud tank and alarm will
ring.
 If 5 beeps of alarm ring then it will indicate H2S gas. Above 10 ppm of H2S gas is indication of
danger.
 STUCK PIPE
 If pipe gets stuck in the formation then the job of fishing comes. There are almost 15 reasons for
fishing job.
 A digital meter is present on the rig. There should be one maximum value of torque given to
pipe.
 RESTRICTION IN THE DRILLING STRING
 Primary restriction problem: 80% to 90% restriction problem is due to expansion (swelling) of
shale.
 It may also be restricted due to hard formation.
The remedy is that first do reaming with roller reamers present and improve mud properties.
WATER LOG: In this log, the free water of mud is analyzed as more than 3 cc or cm3 of water should not
be lost. If more than 3 cc of water is lost then it means some water is used in expansion of shale.
 WASHOUT OF DRILL STRING
Due to hole in the pipe, pressure decreases by 200 psi and for which we have to take whole drill string
out.
 SWABBING
It is the phenomenon in which mud comes out with stabilizer as the size of stabilizer is same as the size
of hole. As mud comes out with stabilizer, hydrostatic pressure becomes less than formation pressure.
Stabilizer is present at the top of well bore and keeps the hole straight.
NOTE: There is no relation between viscosity and weight.

HOLE SIZE CASING
17 ½ in 13 3/8 in
12 ¼ in 9 5/8 in
8 ½ in 7 in
6 in 5 in
90 % wells are drilled by these 4 casings. These are standards i.e. in 17 ½ inch hole size you run 13 3/8 in
casing. In certain conditions, we have to use 14 inch casing like when pressure is high as in Potohar,
Pakistan. In Upper Indus Potohar, loss circulation occurs so we start from 30 inch.
CASING ACCESSORIES
 CASING / GUIDE SHOE
Casing shoe has two purposes:
 It guides the casing

 To prevent anything to come from annulus into well bore.
2 ½ - 3 ft
BAFFLE
TAPER b/c well is not always straight
ORIFICE (An opening)
Baffle allows only uni-directional flow of cement from casing into annulus.
 FLOAT COLLAR
When we pump cement, cement is displaced by mud. We need something to stop reverse flow of
cement. In case of large diameter casing, it is placed one joint above and in case of small diameter
casing, it is placed three joints above. It is placed in threaded connections.
 TOP AND BOTTOM PLUGS
It separates mud and cement and acts as stopper.

 CENTRALIZERS
They keep the casing straight. Centralizers are flexible i.e. they contain springs and are made up of
alloys. One centralizer can be used in both 13 3/8 in and 9 5/8 in casing because of its flexibility. There is
no such thing in centralizer that stops it from falling down. So, for the gripping of centralizer we place
the stop collar above and below the centralizer.
STOP COLLAR
CENTRALIZER
 SCRATCHERS
It is used to scratch mud cake.
NOTES:
 The more accessories present in casing, the more possibilities of getting stuck.
 BAKER LOCK: To perfectly tighten the float collar and guide shoe, we place elfy like thing in their
threads called Baker Lock.
 The weight of cement slug is 1.8 spgr and the mud weight is 1.2 spgr so cement will displace
mud.
PRIMARY CEMENTATION PROCEDURE

 Drill hole to desired depth.
 Circulate / clean hole. Ensure that shaker screens are free of cuttings.
 Conduct flow check. Check either the water or some gas is flowing from the flow line even when
the pumps are shut off.
 Pull out of hole (POOH) the drill pipe and BHA (Bottom Hole Assembly).
 Break bit and grade the bit.
 Run in casing, and ensure that each joint is filled with mud to prevent any eventuality of collapse
of string.
 During running casing if any restriction comes, don’t push it as drillers do. But connect
circulating head and slowly move it because the casing diameter is larger so its annular velocity
will be high. Hence, loss circulation may occur. So, slowly circulate and lower the casing.

 When casing is at bottom, circulate with rig pump attaching the circulation head. Improve the
mud properties (low Yield Point YP, low Gel, and low PV).
 Attach cementing head.
 Connect cement lines to pump truck and cementing head. Ensure that connections are
anchored.
 Pressure test cement lines at 3000 psi for 15 minutes. If there is pressure drop, check the lines
above.
 Circulate with pump truck.
 Open cementation head and drop bottom plug. If the plug does not drop itself, drop it with an
iron rod manually.
 Ensure that the last casing joint is 5 ft above the rig floor so that you may easily push the plugs.
 Pump spacer to remove the mud cake. Spacer dissolves the mud in the casing.
 Now after circulating the cement, release the top plug.
 Circulate the displacing fluid with rig pump at 10 bbl / min. After 10 bbl of calculated displacing
fluid remains, lower the rate to 3 to 4 bbl/min so that top plug may not rupture.
 At the end, the same cement is kept in the oven to predict the time of cement dryness. If the
test indicates that cement has not dried, then there is some mistake in the job.
NOTES:
 Drill jar releases pipe.

 Bit breaker breaks the bit.
 When we place casing, mud is present in annulus and it exerts pressure on casing so, to
overcome pressure, it must be filled with mud.
 If casing gets stuck then place circulation head and slowly moves down by rotating it instead of
using power. If casing diameter is larger than annular velocity will be high and stuck casing can
easily be released.
 From cementation head (which is placed at top joint), we pump the cement.
 During running casing, casing touches formation so formation fell down and we pump mud with
rig pump instead of mud pump. Rig pump can pump faster than mud pump. Let mud pump
pumps 4-6 bbl/min and rig pump pumps 10-12 bbl/min so job will be good by using rig pump.
 Lower value of YP, Gel, and PV gives better mud properties.
 Float collar is one of the casing accessories and it is present with the casing. It stops any back
flow. We set bottom plug on float collar and when cement is pumped it breaks bottom plug and
pass through float collar and displaced the mud. When the mud is displaced by cement, we set
top plug and stop pumping more cement. Top plug properly sits on float collar is indicated by
increase of pressure say from 1500 psi to 2500 psi. Above top plug, we fill the hole with the mud
or any fluid.
 We normally give 24 hrs to cement to make proper bond. Time is decided by oven test in which
cement is kept in the oven to predict the time of cement dryness. Oven is present in mud log
labs.

DIFFERENT CLASSES OF CEMENT
CLASS A, B and C
Class A cement is used only in conductor casing. Class B cements is surface resistance and it is used
where salinity is present. Class A, B and C cements are used from surface to 6,000 ft.
CLASS D
Class D is used from 6,000 ft to 10,000 ft.
CLASS G
After class A, B and C, we directly use class G because class G has compatibility with additives. Additives
in cement are retarders and accelerators. It can be used in all types of casing.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
 LIGHT CEMENT
If loss circulation occurs then we use light cement which has low specific gravity.
 THIXOTROPIC CEMENT
It never sets in movement and when it is stopped from moving than it quickly sets and it is used to cure
loss circulation area but the problem in using it is that when we open cementation head, we found that
cement set because it has stopped moving.
 GAS CHECK CEMENT
We use it in gas zones. It is expensive like 100$/bbl but we use it only in gas zones and in 7 inch casing
and 8 ½ inch hole size so it does not cost much and it is necessary in gas zones.
NOTE:
Specific gravity of cement should be greater than specific gravity of mud. If we are using 2.2 spgr mud
then we need 2.4 spgr cement. To achieve 2.4 spgr, if we use barite in cement having spgr 4.2 then we
have to use barite in large quantity or its ratio in cement becomes high. To ignore this, we use hematite
in cement having spgr approximately 6.

CEMENT CALCULATIONS
 Yield means mixture of cement and mud such that slurry and slurry yield gives us the volume of
slurry produce by one pack of cement.
 BWOC means By Weight of Cement.
 Thickening time of cement should be calculated such that keeping in mind that how much time the
pumping of and displacing of and inserting of plugs will take and after that time the thickening
should start. For this reason we should always have a spare cementing unit such that incase the
first gets problem with it the spare one could be used without wasting time in repairing of that one
that also cause your cement to set before complete pumping of cement.
 Antifoam additive is used because when we produce slurry on surface foam is produced so we use
antifoam to remove it but the disadvantage of it is that volume of slurry is less than as we
accepted.
 Dispersant helps in decreasing the viscosity of cement slurry so that it can easily be pumped into
the hole.
 Fluid loss additive is used to prevent the free water added to cement powder to produce cement
slurry may not enter into the formation.
 Gas Block is another additive used to prevent entering of gas into the cement slurry used in cement
for fields that produce gas.
 Always look over the additive list provided by cementing company that whether they may be
involving useless additives for extra profit and always check the weight of additives when weighing
at the field because a little variation in weight of additives form that calculated may cause serious
problems.
SECONDARY CEMENTATION
Besides cementing the casing, there are other

purposes of cementing as well, one of the main
purposes of cementing is to suspend or abandon
the well when the well is found to be dry or the
reservoir gets completely depleted.
The procedure of cementing is that when the well
is found to be dry, the company has to set three
cement plugs; one at bottom of hole, the other in
the mid and the last one in the hole near to
surface. In case of dry well of course we do not
set production casing, the hole remain filled with
1
mud, the cementing job is done via drill pipe such
that at first we pump cement at bottom of hole

and make cement plug of 100ft approx. We use accelerator to set the cement as early as possible then
we pull the drill string to mid of the hole and then again pump the cement, since cement weight is
slightly greater than that of mud therefore when we pump it into the hole already filled with mud, it will
fall down but not with acceleration equal to ‘g’ but with some force that will be small as some
component is balanced by up thrust, but since we have mixed accelerator therefore when it has gone
down for about 5-6ft it will have set and in this way the cement plug has set in the middle same is done
to set the cement plug at upper portion. And finally, we seal the well by a steel plate welded at the
surface on the mouth of the well. In case of suspended well, we can access the well bore later on if
reserves are found by removing steel plate and drilling three cement plugs but in case of abandoned
well, we can’t access the well bore as in the case bridge plugs are present which can’t be drilled.
DRY HOLE: A well in which no hydrocarbon is present is known as dry hole and we place cement plugs in
case of dry hole. There are two possibilities of placing cement plug;
 Plug and abandoned

 Plug and suspended
 Plug and suspended
In case of plug and suspended, we place three cement plugs; one at bottom, one at middle and the third
near to the surface and we place steel plate at the surface. In case of chance of recovery after certain
time, we unplaced the steel plate and drill three cement plugs one by one.
Steel plate
100 ft Cement plug # 3
Casing
MUD
Formation
MUD
 Plug and abandoned
In case of plug and abandoned, we place bridge plug above cement plug with the help of wire line.
Bridge plug is nearly of same size as of hole and when it reaches desired depth then by applying
pressure, it expands and adheres with the walls and it is hard enough that it is permanently set. We
place one cement plug and one bridge plug in open hole (where casing is not present) and two cement
plugs and one bridge plug in cased hole (where casing is present). By doing that, we cannot go into the
well in the future.

Steel plate
Casing Bridge plug # 2
Formation Bridge plug # 1
CELLAR
A rectangular area on which rig is placed is known as cellar. It must be strong enough to bear the load of
rig.
SIDE TRACKING
If drill pipes with 200 ft bottom hole assembly stuck then we can easily release drill pipe but we can’t
easily release BHA (Bottom Hole Assembly) which includes bit, jar, stabilizer, collars. Drill pipes can be
released with the help of over shocks which can grab the drill pipes from the top but BHA can’t be
released with the help of over shocks because it can’t grab the BHA. For that purpose, taper is used
which goes into stabilizer with the help of non-conductive wire line and fits in it. We try to release that
BHA but if it is not releasing then we don’t waste much time like more than 5 hours. In remedy action,
we place very strong cement plugs such that it can’t be drilled and with cement plug we do directional
drilling. We first deviate from original direction then we go straight equal to the length of BHA (fish) and
after that we again come back to original path and hit the target.
Whipstock Cement plug
Straight Fish
Target

We can deviate also with the help of whip stock. We place whip stock angularly which is nearly 10 ft. For
that, we replace drill bit with whip stock and with the help of drill pipe, we place it angularly. After
placing whip stock, we pull out drill pipes and then place bit in drill pipe and with the help of whip stock,
we go at same angle.
THICKSOTROPIC CEMENT
If loss circulation is not prevented by LCM then we stop loss circulation by thicksotropic cement whose
specialty is that it can’t set during flowing.
Q. What is the proof of deviation?

A. If the cuttings of formation come with the mud then it indicates deviation. In the first sample, less
cuttings of formation come and mostly cement cuttings come but with time, cuttings of formation
increases and at certain time, 100% cuttings of formation comes which indicates complete deviation.
 If something gets stuck in tubing then we use coil tubing which has cutters to drill the thing
which goes with wire line. It is used instead of bit because tubing is 2 3/8 inch in size while the
minimum size of bit is 4 ½ inch so it cannot go into the tubing so coil tubing is used.
 For very high temperature i.e. up to 4500C in water based mud, water evaporates and solid
remains i.e. barite and bantonite so we use oil based mud.
 Viscosity and annular velocity play important role in uplifting the cuttings. To carry cuttings, mud
should have viscosity and particular annular velocity like, 65 ft/min for 17 ½ inch hole.
 CHIP DOWN HOLE EFFECT:
If we use high hydrostatic head then cuttings can’t come easily to surface due to chip down hole
effect and drilling becomes slow because mud will press down the cuttings so, the hydrostatic
pressure of mud should be little higher than formation pressure like, if formation pressure is
1.20 then instead of 1.3 use 1.25.
 CENTRIFUGE:
Centrifuge is use to remove silt and smaller size particles and it is placed after desilter and the
order is shale shaker (to remove coarse cuttings), desander (to remove sand type cuttings),
desilter (to remove silt type cuttings), centrifuge (to remove the remaining cuttings). Sometimes
desilter is out of order or not working properly so it helps to remove silt type cuttings. Mud from
centrifuge drops in spray form because it contains 10 to 12 conical funnels which is the
indication that centrifuge is working properly. If it is not working properly then mud drops in
ropy form.
 In limestone formation, we use calcium carbonate instead of barite which also increases weight
so that if loss circulation occurs then when we do acidization so calcium carbonate gets
dissolved which goes into formation. In limestone formation, we must do acidization because it
increases production by opening the pores.

ABOUT DRILLING SITE, MARI GAS FIELD
 Desander was not working there as Marl (limestone) does not contain any sand so they
intentionally switch it off.
 Degasser is only used when gas is cutting mud weight i.e. gas starts decreasing mud weight.
Q. Why do they apply less weight on bit however formation is not soft?
A. The reason is that they used one stabilizer so they put less weight on bit to get control deviation as
they were doing directional drilling. At that time, deviation was 2.5.
 Stand of three pipes was 27m in length.

 ROP at that time was 0.99 m/hr.
 Wind sock gives direction of air. If H2S comes then go against direction of air.
 Before surface casing, we use diverter instead of BOP as it can’t be used.
 To join drill pipes and drill collars, we use sub between them which is of 1 ft. On one side,
threads are of larger diameter for drill collars and on another side, threads are of smaller
diameter for drill pipes.
 The grading of tungsten carbide bit starts from 4.
GRADING OF BITS
1–1–3 4–1–3
1–2–3 TCI bit 5–2–3
Rock bit or 1–1–7 6–1–7
Tooth bit 2–1–7 7–1–7
3–1–7

BALANCE CEMENT PLUG
Beside abandoning and suspending the well through secondary cementation, another purpose of
secondary cementation is to avoid severe loss circulations means when we cannot control the loss
circulation through LCM then we have to add balance cement plug to fill up that area and avoid loss
circulation. Most of the times we need to install more than one cement plug due to highly fractured
zones.
As we know that in secondary cementation job we pump cement through drill pipes, so we lower
the drill pipe at depth where the plug is to be installed which will be an open hole area such that casing
is not installed there, before pumping the cement we need to remove mud cake and as well as separate
the cement from mud already there in the whole, for these two purposes we add spacer (which could be
water as well) before cement in drill pipe whose volume will always be given; and above spacer we pump
cement (whose volume or number of sacks has to be calculated) as per the length of cement plug and
diameter of hole and once all cement has been pumped into the hole (whose length will be greater than
the cement plug as drill pipe remain immersed up to bottom of cement so we have to calculate up to
which height above the actual length of cement plug we need to pump cement otherwise if we pump
the cement up to actual length even when pipe is immersed in cement and when we remove the pipe
the level of cement will fall down and we will miss the actual fracture zone) then we pump water above
cement (whose volume has also to be calculated) because this water is performing two purposes, one as
spacer to separate upcoming mud which will be a displacement fluid from cement and second purpose
is to balance the plug (its volume is so calculated that once all cement is displaced the water levels
pumped before and after cement will come to same elevation and hence cement plug will be exactly
horizontal from top and pressure from outside and inside will be balanced), some part of spacer may
mix into mud and cement but ultimately they will remain separated. The displacing mud volume has also
to be calculated because if we displace with mud greater than volume calculated then cement will rise
up into the annulus (above the length calculated where it should be when pipe was immersed in
cement) and will leave the actual fracture zone and also disturb the balancing of cement plug. Finally we
lift the drill pipe 200 feet above the cement plug and do reverse circulation of mud in drill pipes. After
that we pump mud through kill channel present at bottom of BOP and mud from annulus comes to
surface through drill pipes. We do this for two reasons. So cement in drill string will be washed out and
they will become clean otherwise company will not take them back. Due to reverse flow, we create
pressure so that cement is pushed into pores.
So for balance cement plug we need to calculate:
 Number of sacks of cement required.
 Volume of spacer to be pumped after cement.
 Height of plug when drill pipe will be immersed in cement
 Amount of mud required to displace cement.
We wait for 12 hours to get cement settle and after that time we again start drilling but we are not very
much sure that either the cement is completely dry or not so when we hit the cement area with bit, and
the indication of weight on console is 5 ton (initially the needle was at zero) it means ok and cement is
well settled but if 3 ton then soft cement and bit may stuck into it so we wait for another 12 hours.

FORMULAE:
 For Number of sacks of cement:

To calculate how much sacks of cement “N” are needed to pump a balance cement plug of height
or length “L” and open hole capacity of “Ch” and cement slurry “Y” (means the volume that one sack of
cement gives when water will be mixed in cement powder whose quantity will be provided by the
cementation company). We need to know the total volume of hole that will be occupied by cement (i.e.
LxCh) and volume that one sack of cement slurry will give such that “Y” So,
No. of sacks of cement (N) = LxCh

Y
Or by unitary method we can elaborate the formula as:
 One cement pack will give us the volume equal to Y.
 N cement sacks will give us the volume equal to NxY.
 This volume should be equal to volume of cement plug which will be LxCh, so equating the
two bold relations we can establish the formula.
 For Volume of water to be Pumped behind cement slurry to balance the plug:
As we know cement plug will be balanced when the water level pumped before and after cement
slurry will be equal when all cement has been displaced, but since the annular volume or capacity and
drill pipe volume or capacity are not same so volume cannot be same however the ratios both volumes
of water or spacer to their respective capacities (in which they are present) should be equal such that:
Volume of spacer in drill pipe behind cement (Vb) = Volume of spacer in annulus before cement (Va)
Capacity of drill pipe (Cp) Capacity of annulus (Ca)
From above we can see that if Cp=Ca, then Vb=Va as we have already discussed. So,
Vb = CpxVa
Ca
 For Length of plug before the drill pipe is withdrawn from the cement slurry:
Drill pipes are present up to the bottom of cement plug so we have to calculate length of plug before
the drill pipe is withdrawn from cement slurry.
For actual length of plug we can use the relation in formula (1) as;
No. of sacks of cement (N) = LxCh
Y
Or L= NY/Ch ………………. (1)
But here since this formula was derived when nothing was present in the open hole so its capacity was
“Ch” but now we have drill pipe present in the open hole so when cement will be pumped into the open
hole it will have less capacity (volume per feet) to be filled in (due to thickness of drill pipe), means in
one feet the volume that cement will occupy will be less (as cross sectional area of space is decreasing)

compared to case of absence of drill pipe so we need extra height or length “Lw” as compared to open
hole capacity “L” up to which all the calculated (which we calculated in terms of sacks) volume of
cement can be pumped because we know that the volume calculated for cement will actually give us the
plug of desired length when we remove the drill pipe from cement slurry and if we did not pump all
calculated cement up to length “Lw” then after removing the drill pipe the actual length will not be “L”
but less than this. So to obtain “Lw” from relation one, the capacity of hole will be changed from “Ch” to
(Cp+Ca) where Cp and Ca are pipe and annulus capacities respectively and it is also noted here that
(Cp+Ca)<Ch therefore numerator will give us bigger answer so Lw >L as it should be. So,
Lw = NY
Cp+Ca
 For amount of mud required to displace the cement slurry:
We know that when mud completely displaces

the cement, the spacer should be in this form as
shown in fig. when cement plug will be completely
balanced, the length of drill pipe immersed in plug will
be Lw, and Lp will be the total length of all drill pipes
measured from surface, During the hole process, the
mud covers a volume in drill pipe just above the
spacer in it as shown by lining area in drill pipe, so
total volume up to height “H” in drill pipe is (HxCp) or
{(Lp-Lw)xCp} now subtracting volume of spacer in drill
pipe (Vb) from this volume will give us the volume of
mud (Vd) required to displace the cement and attain
this situation so,
Vd = {(Lp-Lw)xCp} - Vb

CALCULATION OF SACKS OF BARITE TO INCREASE MUD WEIGHT FROM
CERTAIN VALUE TO ANY OTHER VALUE
We fill all tanks with water first then we lift the 2 ton sack of bantonite through crane just above hopper
and tear some part of it from bottom so that bantonite start falling into the hopper and gets mixing with
water (we need viscosity to be 45 seconds, funnel viscosity for which we have to add 19 pounds of pure
bantonite into 1 bbl of water and if the capacity of tanks is say 1000 bbl that about 19x1000 pounds but
we have to make the mixture 24 hours before drilling and using the mud so that we can get best
bantonite yield). Caustic Soda is also added to the mud because of there is greater hardness in water
than usual (240ppm) then bantonite solubility will decrease in water so we have to add this to remove
or neutralize the hardness but we do not add caustic soda in the way we add bantonite because it is
corrosive and damaging to skin also so we insert it into the tanks through drums in which we have hole
in which we insert pipe and the other end of pipe is inserted into the mud tank. Barite weighed amount
is also added in the same manner as that of bantonite. All barite, bantonite and caustic soda are to be
added in the active mud tank (tank in circulation) not in LCM tank or reserve tank. (Each sack of 50 kg)
Formula for calculating no. of sacks of barite to increase mud weight is:
Barite sacks/100 bbl = 1470 (W2-W1)
35-W2
Where, W2 is the mud density required and W1 is present mud density, both in ppg
 Lignite mud system works good at pH above 10
 Polymer based mud works good on 9 pH
 Sidral mud system at 8 pH and is used nowadays but expensive.
Problem:
Determine the number of sacks of barite required to increase 100 bbl of 12 ppg (W1) mud to 14 ppg
(W2)?
Barite sacks per 100 bbl = [1470 (14-12)]/ (35-14) = 140 sacks / 100 bbl
If the mud tank volume is 1000 bbl then we multiply this figure by 10 to get value of sacks to be added
to the tank to get desired weight.

VOLUME INCREASE IN bbl DUE TO MUD INCREASE WITH BARITE
Due to adding of barite, the volume of mud will increase and if our tank was initially fulfilled with water
then after adding barite it will over flow so we have to leave some volume for increasing volume of mud
after adding barite and this can be calculated by:
Volume increase/100 bbl = 100 (W2-W1)
35-W2
TYPES OF DRILL BITS

There are two main types of drill bits:
 Roller cone bit (in which the cones rotates along their axes as the drill string rotates about its axis).
 Fixed cutter bits (in this bit there are no cones but the bit has only one head that rotates along with
drill string).
Roller cone bit is further classified as:
 Tooth bit
 Tungsten Carbide insert bit (TCI)
Fixed Cutter bit can be classified as:
 Diamond bit
 PDC Bit
ROLLER CONE BITS

Tooth bit is used in soft formation and tungsten carbide is used in hard or abrasive formation. The
difference between the tooth bit (milled tooth bit) and insert bit is that in milled tooth bit the tooth are
formed along with cone (such that the material of cone and tooth are same) but in insert bit the cones
are first produced and then cutters of abrasive material like tungsten carbide are welded on it at high
temperature.
Criteria of Coding the Bit:

The bits are given three digits codes.
The first digit ranges from 1-8.
If first digit is from 1-3, it relates to milled tooth bit and if first digit is from 4-8, it relates to insert bit.
 The first digit gives information regarding the formation (1 for soft, 2 for medium, 3 for hard or
abrasive).
 The second digit further classifies the formation like 1-1 means softest 1-2 means softer and 1-3
means soft.
 The last digit gives the type of bearing the cones possess.
In smith company, each 3-digit code bit is given specific name like for 1-1-1, DSJ; for 1-2-1 DTJ; for 1-3-1,
DGJ; etc.

GREEN CEMENT
Green cement is a cement which does not set but when we apply pressure then it will “flesh set” i.e. it
will set in a moment. This is one of the reasons of pipe sticking. When drill string goes in green cement
and pressure due to mud pump is applied then it will quickly set and pipe stuck. It is not a severe
condition and can be released by jarring. 5 ton weight on bit (WOB) on top of cement indicates good
setting of cement but if WOB is 3 ton then it is soft cement. Start circulating mud before 200-250 ft
above top of cement so that if cement is not set hard then cemented cuttings will come upward and soft
cement can be detected.
HYDRAULICS
Hydraulics play important role in removing cuttings. Annular velocity is one of the important parameter
which is the velocity at which cuttings come upward.
Calculation of annular velocity
V = 24.5Q
dh2 - dp2
Where V is the annular velocity in ft/min, dh is the hole diameter in inches, dp is the pipe outer diameter
in inches and Q is the flow rate or pump output in gal/minute.
Annular velocity is considered against drill pipe not against drill collar and other components of
BHA. Annular velocity is more when drill collar is present as its diameter is more so dp will be more and
the denominator factor will become less and hence, annular velocity increases.
Methods to increase annular velocity
 Increase diameter of drill pipe
 Decrease hole diameter
 Increase mud output
NOTES:
 Annular velocity can be increased by increasing the diameter of drill pipe like if we are using 5 inch
diameter drill pipe then annular velocity can be increased by using 5 ½ inch drill pipe but they are
not available and if we want them then we have to give special order which cost nearly three times.
 Normally, we increase mud output but we can’t increase very mud as lost circulation can start.
 Recommended annular velocity is 90 ft/min. At annular velocity below this, cuttings don’t easily
come upward and if we use annular velocity above recommended 90 ft/min then erosion starts
occurring.
 If in shale shaker cuttings are not coming and during tripping out, if load is more then it indicate
that cuttings are piling up. For that increase viscosity of 50 bbls mud but don’t waste it as it does
not affect the viscosity of 1000 bbls mud in mud tanks very much.
 In limestone, there is less chance of erosion as compared to sandstone as it is hard formation.
 In limestone, rate of penetration (rop) is less as it is hard formation so with less annular velocity,
cuttings can come upward and in this way loss circulation will be prevented as well.
 We play with two parameters annular velocity and viscosity for the cuttings to come upward.
 Calcareous rocks are limestone, sandstone, marl and chalk.

 Turbulent flow can only be used in hard formation but in soft formation, laminar flow is used.
 5/32 inch is the smallest jet size and it is used when we have very less chance of loss circulation and
small amount of LCM is passed through jet but if the amount of LCM is used than it requires large
space for that large size jet is used like; 8/32, 16/32, 32/32 inch.

ORIGIN OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE
Abnormal pressure mostly occurred in Upper Indus Basin due to tectonic activities.
 NORMAL PRESSURE
Normal pressure is the pressure of pore water only i.e. pressure gradient of 0.433 psi/ft but usually
0.465 psi /ft is taken as usually saline water is present. Casings are designed for this pressure commonly.
 SUBNORMAL PRESSURE
In subnormal pressure, we take pressure gradient less than water, even if we use water for drilling
losses will occur as the pressure in SML is low so with less mud weight 0.6 spgr we do under balance
drilling.
 ABNORMAL PRESSURE
In abnormal pressure, pressure gradient is 0.8 psi/ft so we use mud weight 2.2-2.3 spgr. The higher the
mud weight (say 2.2 spgr), the lower the rop (rate of penetration) like in Adhi field, rop is 0.3-0.5 m/hr.
in Adhi field, we can’t use polymer mud having 1.65 spgr as the formation pressure is more due to
tectonic activities. For that, we use lignite mud having 2.2-2.3 spgr but the problem occurs in shale as it
swells with lignite mud but polymer mud is the best choice in the shale so now, drilling companies are
trying for hybrid mud system (combination of polymer and lignite mud systems) which can perform both
functions.
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE
A. Uplift Mount Present Day
35 MILLIONS YEARS AGO PRESENT DAY
1-5 km A 3000psi 1500’
A 3000psi 3000’
B 3500 psi 2000’
B 3500 psi 3500’
Lenticular sand body Tectonic activity (uplift)

Pressure before and after 35 million years ago is same as they are surrounded by shale and pressure is
trapped. Lenticular is a shape (oval like shape) and lenticular sand body may be from 1 to 5 km. if the
bodies are at some high depth like, 3500 million years ago the depth was 3000’ and 3500’ so the very
high mud weight is not required as the depth is supporting pressure. Pressure depends on two factors,
density and height. If the height is more like above 35 million years ago then mud weight required for
the pressure 3000 psi and 3500 psi is less. On the contrary in present, for the same 3000 psi and 3500
psi at shallow depths 1500’ and 2000’, we require high mud weight as depth is less.
Lenticular sand bodies were originally formed at high depth but they come upward due to tectonic
activity so if they come at shallow depth, height factor decreases so in order to reach the pressure, we
have to increase mud weight (may be up to 4 spgr) but due to this upper formations may burst. These
lenticular bodies cannot be correlate (they have no fixed pattern of occurrence; they are randomly
spread i.e. horizontally and vertically). If these zones are drilled with normal hydrostatic head, the blow
out may come and water will flow out due to very high formation pressure as compared to hydrostatic
pressure.
B. FAULTS:
1000’
5000’
Due to fault, pressure at 1000’ and 5000’ are same because fault creates a connection. Due to fault,
drilling becomes difficult so we have three ways:
 Don’t drill there

 Do directional drilling
 Fight against pressure

HOW TO KILL THE WELL?
There are three methods of killing the well;
 Driller method
 Wait and weight method (Engineer’s method)
 Concurrent method
Engineer’s method
In case of indication of inflow, check whether it is true inflow or false. It is checked by stopping the
circulation and if fluid now comes after stopping circulation then it indicates that something is coming.
When the inflow is confirmed, shut BOP and stabilize it for some time and note the shut in drill pipe
pressure SIDPP and shut in casing pressure SICP. SICP we do not use as in annular, influx is also present
so it gives wrong pressure so SIDPP is used. When we shut BOP, drill pipes remain open but drill bit has
float valve which only allows uni-directional flow. Pressure is applied to drill pipe from the bottom.
Further Procedure and calculations in handouts
METALLIC DISPLACEMENT:
Now-a-days we have been using this kind of Trip sheet – we are also providing BHA with its metallic
displacement to Mud Attendant, so that there is no difficulty for him. It is as per set-up of PPL system
because internationally it is being monitored by Mud Logging Unit and Assistant Driller and this facility of
BHA at the bottom of trip sheet is also not being provided.
WEIGHT OF DRILL PIPE OR DRILL COLLAR OR CSG OR TUBING IN LBS/FT MULTIPLY BY

0.0003638 = METALLIC DISPLACEMENT IN BBL/FT
TO CONVERT INTO BBL/METER MULTIPLY THE ABOVE REPLY BY 3.281.

SWABBING
During tripping out, when drill string is pulled so the stabilizer which is always in contact with formation
takes mud upward with it. As a result, the mud becomes less at the bottom and hydrostatic pressure at
the bottom decreases so there is a chance of kick or blowout. The remedy is that as swabbing is
indicated rotate the drill string so that mud can go downward.
ROLLER REAMING
Roller reaming is only done when dog leg is found during log (the log which is done must before tripping
in to check the dog leg).
BGT log – It is the most accurate log as instrument has 4 arms and it gives 4 sided logs i.e. front, back,
right, left.
Caliper log – The instrument has 2 arms and it gives only 2 sided logs.
NOTES:
 HRL (Habib Raheel Limestone) is producing in Mari but in SUI, water is present in HRL.
 SML is producing mostly and now there is no use of drilling on SML as it comes in drainage radius
of other well so, now they are drilling below SML in Pab sandstone.
 T.O.L stands for top of liner.
 Before setting liner, clean the cement from casing with the help of scrapper. If the cement will
not be cleaned properly then gas can leak. For remedy action, we set one more liner (liner
hanger) above it.
 The order is trip out (trip to condition mud), casing, cement set, and then change BOP.
 1.25 spgr is enough to drill Pab sandstone.
 SML is fractured limestone so we decrease mud weight there.
 Trip gas is the gas which comes from formation when we are in static condition to change pipe.
 5000 psi (5K) BOP is enough as high pressure is not present in SUI.
 Trouble free graph is the graph which is made for the ideal drilling operations.
 Actual graph shows the days that are spent actually on drilling operations.
LOGS RUN # (ORDERWISE) TEMPERATURE

BGT (Borehole Geometry Log) 1 180
BHC (SONIC LOG) 2 200
POROSITY 3 220
 These logs are performed before cementation. When the mud is in static condition, its
temperature increases because during flowing mud is lubricator but as the static time increases,
mud temperature increases so the log which is run in the end i.e. porosity log will have to suffer
more temperature.
 To obtain the temperature of bottom, we have strip present in the last drill collar. Temperature is
measured by the strip in this way that strip contains different readings at particular intervals. If
the temperature reaches these readings then it becomes black and when we trip out drill string
then we can know that how much degree temperature is present at the bottom by the last black
reading.
180
 STAGE COLLAR: In cementation job, if the upper formations have low strength then we can’t use
high spgr cement. For that, we set high spgr cement at the high strength bottom formations and
when the cement at bottom is set. Now, we perforate the casing near the weak formations and
place sleeve which contains bomb at the top. With pressure bomb comes downward and open
pores for the cement to go into the formation and in this way cement having same compressive
strength but less spgr for less strength formation is placed.
Bomb
Pore Low strength formation
Sleeve
Low spgr cement
High strength formation (high spgr cement)
 JUMBO LOG (EXPRESS WAY)

At a time, it takes 3 or 4 logs. We drill slightly more below the area so that instrument can be
place such that all logs can be taken from a correct position.
BGT EXPRESS TRAIN LOGGING SYSTEM
SONIC
POROSITY
 CBL, SONIC and GAMMA RAY log can be taken from cased hole i.e. from cemented casing.
 Before setting liner, clean the cement from casing with the help of scrapper.
Clean the area with the help of scrapper as it might

contain cement so if liner is placed on cement then gas
might leak from it so we set more liner above it in case of
leakage of gas from liner.
 Gamma ray is the best log for co-relation as it tells presence of shale and sand is present which
we majorly want to know. It tells top of formation.

 CONNECTION GAS: During connection of pipes, as mud remains in static condition so gas comes
from formation and indicated by mud logging unit. To overcome this, we increase little mud
weight in the next connection. Gas which comes in mud is removed by degasser. Gas decreases
the mud weight say from 1.2 to 1.19 and when gas is removed from degasser the mud weight
again becomes 1.2 spgr.
FILLING THE CEMENT IN FREE PIPE
After taking CBL, if free pipe is indicated i.e. non-cemented area of casing then we have to do task which
can be done in following steps:
 First we perforate the casing opposite to non-cemented area.

 After that we place retrievable bridge plug below the perforation as it is too expensive.
Drill pipe
Casing Cement
Stringer cement retainer
No cement
Formation Perforation
Bridge plug
 After that we set cement retainer above perforation (non-cemented area). Cement retainer
contains a hole in the center through which stringer can pass through but not the drill pipe.
 First we check through some bbls of water that whether fluid can pass through the perforation
or not.
 Now, the cement is pumped through stringer and it fills the empty space and the area between
cement retainer and bridge plug. The indication of filling of empty space is that when the
pressure suddenly starts increasing then we stop pumping and quickly remove the stringer from
the hole in cement retainer and when it comes above the cement retainer we rotate drill pipes
and stringer so that stringer cannot be cemented.
 Allow 12 to 24 hours for the cement to set then remove cement retainer and carry on.
QUESTION: Sketch a drilling plan showing the following:

 Formation thickness
 Lithological columns
 Hole size
 Mud type / weight
 Casing setting depths
 Cementation design

Following information is provided:
DEPTH (m) FORMATION INFORMATION ABOUT FORMATION

0-242 SIWALIK Sands of loose type with tendency to fall into the hole
242-342 GAJ/NARI Formation firm, coarse to pebbly sand
342-467 DOZKUSHTAK Marl, firm and highly calcareous
467-569 PIRKOH LIMESTONE Limestone, soft to medium hard, losses of circulation can be
expected
569-656 UPPER ALABASTER Shale, Soft, timely water reactive, calcareous
SHALE
656-847 HABIB RAHEEL Limestone, hard, very hard chert beds, fractured, prove to losses
LIMESTONE (HRL) of circulations
647-1159 LOWER ALABASTER Soft, occasionally hard, water reactive
SHALE
1159-1227 SUL Limestone, medium hard, occasionally soft, prove to losses
1227-1247 GHAZIG SHALE Shale, soft to firm, very reactive
1247-1918 SML Limestone, medium hard to hard, fossiliferous, highly depleted,
pore pressure less than 0.6 spgr
1918-2028 RANIKOT Shale, soft, occasionally medium hard, highly calcareous
2028-2128 PAB SANDSTONE Sandstone, hard to very hard, abrasive with streaks of shale
Sketch is in pdf file name Sui lithology
NOTES:
 We set casing before SUL as loss circulation occurs here so we lower mud weight here.
 Some symbols are: O for colorful stones (pebbles or gravels), for marl, <<< or >>> for
gypsum mark and ~ for limestone + marl.
 Gypsum mark is used to co-relate means when it is detected then at particular distance below it
we set casing. Usually 190m below it we set casing and this distance can only vary 1 to 2 m in all
wells.
 In Mari, gas is producing but it contains 70% nitrogen so we can’t use it for domestic purposes
so they are making urea.
 T.O.L (top of liner) is exactly 100m above the last casing guide shoe and this particular distance
of 100m is called liner overlap.
 In SUL and SML, top portion of nearly 5m is marl (combination of limestone and shale) so when
we go with 1.10-1.15 spgr mud in upper portions of SML before setting casing then loss
circulation does not occur.
 Large stones in Gaj/Nari can cause caving so we cased it in conductor casing.
 In Pab sandstone, we use TCI bit as the formation is abrasive.
 To counter the swelling effect of shale, increase the mud weight.

DAYS VS DEPTH GRAPH
DEPTH 17 ½ ‘’ HOLE
12 ¼ ‘’ HOLE
8 ½ ‘’ HOLE
DAYS
It is the Trouble Free Graph between days and depth. After drilling 17 ½ ‘’ hole, days spend in following
operations:
 Logs
 Cementation
 WOC (Weight on Cementation) – we have to wait 12 to 24 hours
 BOP installation
After 12 ¼’’ hole, more days are required as compared to days after 17 ½ ‘’ hole because more logs are
required and tripping time will be more as well. Leak off test may not be performed after 17 ½ ‘’ hole
and after 12 ¼ ‘’ hole it is done and reaming time may also be included. Similarly, after 8 ½ ‘’ hole, days
spend will be more because we have reach reservoir so number of logs increases along with tripping
time. Porosity log and MBT log is done only in reservoir.
During logging, if kick occurs so pull out the tool as fast as you can. After that trip in drill pipes without
BHA and with open hole, kill the well.

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WELL PLANNING

 APPRAISAL WELL OR STEP OUT WELL

Oil production Gas

Water production Oil extent of reservoir

Well which is purely drilled to take production is called development well.

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 1

WHAT TYPE OF DATA IS NEEDED TO DRILL A WELL

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 2

COMMON TYPE OF DATA USED BY DRILLING ENGINEER

 IADC DRILLING REPORTS

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 3

 INFORMATION FROM SERVICE COMPANIES

 Best bit in the world is Hughes Bit.

It provides following information.

E&P Company name like; ENI, PPL etc

Company that drills for operator

 RIG NAME AND TYPE

Where the well is located

 SERIAL NUMBER OF BIT

It is only for stock purpose like; first bit is given bit # 1.

If we use bit again after sometime then 1RR-Re-Run is written.

 ROP (Rate of penetration)

In case of soft formation, tooth bit will be used.

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 4

Spikes are present

 JETS NUMBER AND SIZES

It gives how many hours one bit is used.

 STROKES PER MINUTE (SPM)

It is related with speed of mud pump.

CALCULATION OF BIT COST PER FOOT:

CB= bit cost, dollars

CR= rig cost, dollars/hr

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 5

Y = footage per bit run

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 6

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 7

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 8

1. CBL ( Cement Bond Log )

Free pipe FP No Cement

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 9

Cement retainer (plug)

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 10

 RESTRICTION IN THE DRILLING STRING

 WASHOUT OF DRILL STRING

NOTE: There is no relation between viscosity and weight.

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 11

Casing shoe has two purposes:

 It guides the casing

TAPER b/c well is not always straight

ORIFICE (An opening)

 TOP AND BOTTOM PLUGS

It separates mud and cement and acts as stopper.

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 12

It is used to scratch mud cake.

PRIMARY CEMENTATION PROCEDURE

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 13

 Drill jar releases pipe.

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 14

Class D is used from 6,000 ft to 10,000 ft.

 GAS CHECK CEMENT

PREPARED BY: SHOAIB (PE-O22) AND BILAL (PE-004) Page 15

Besides cementing the casing, there are other