CHAPTER III

LESSON 6: GLOBAL POLITICS

Get Set

The globe has different flags. What does the

globe symbolizes?

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student is

expected to:
1. Define global politics;
2. Identify the state of interconnectedness;
and
3. Interpret global politics.

WHAT IS GLOBAL POLITICS?

Global politics, also known as world politics, names both the discipline that studies the
political and economic patterns of the world and the field that is being studied. At the center of
that field are the different processes of political globalization in relation to questions of social
power. The discipline studies the relationships between cities, nation-states, shell-states,
multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations and international organizations.
Current areas of discussion include national and ethnic conflict regulation, democracy and the
politics of national self-determination, globalization and its relationship to democracy, conflict
and peace studies, comparative politics, political economy, and the international political
economy of the environment. One important area of global politics is contestation in the global
political sphere over legitimacy.
Global politics is said by some to be distinct from the field of international politics
(commonly seen as a branch of international relations), as it "does not stress the primacy of
intergovernmental relations and transactions". This distinction however has not always been
held among authors and political scientists, who often use the term "international politics" to
mean global politics.

Defining the field

Beginning in the late nineteenth century, several groups extended the definition of the
political community beyond nation-states to include much, if not all, of humanity. These
internationalists include Marxists, human rights advocates, environmentalists, peace activists,
feminists, and minority groups. This was the general direction of thinking on global politics;
though the term was not used as such.
The modern world politics perspective is often identified with the works, in particular
their 1972 work Transnational Relations and World Politics. Here, the authors argued that state-
centric views of international relations were inadequate frameworks to utilize in political science
or international relations studies due to the increased globalization. Today, the practices of
global politics are defined by values, norms of human rights, ideas of human development, and
beliefs such as Internationalism or cosmopolitanism about how we should relate to each. Over
the last couple of decades cosmopolitanism has become one of the key contested ideologies of
global politics:
Cosmopolitanism can be defined as a global politics that, firstly, projects a sociality of common
political engagement among all human beings across the globe, and, secondly, suggests that
this sociality should be either ethically or organizationally privileged over other forms of sociality.
Debates
The intensification of globalization led some writers to suggest that states were no longer
relevant to global politics. This view has been subject to debate:
On the other hand, other commentators have been arguing that states have remained essential
to global politics. They have facilitated globalizing processes and projects; not been eclipsed by
them. They have been rejuvenated because, among other reasons, they are still the primary
providers of (military) security in the global arena; they are still the paramount loci for articulating
the voices of(procedurally democratic)national communities, and for ordering their interactions
with similar polities; and finally, they are indispensable to relations of(unequal) economic
exchange insofar as they legitimize and enforce the global legal frameworks that enable
globalization in the first place.
LESSON 7: ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM
Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:

1. State the four key attributes;
2. Identify the origin and difference of the system; and
3. Differentiate between nation and state.

ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM

The world today has four key attributes:
1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves.
2. This country interacts with each other through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like the UN that facilitate these interactions.
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on
lives of their own.
WHAT ARE THE ORIGINS OF THIS SYSTEM?
A good start is by unpacking what one means when he/she says a “country”, or what
academics also call the Nation-State.
 This concept is not as simple as it seems.
 It is relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always
organize themselves as countries.
 Composed of 2 non-interchangeable terms.
(Not all states are nations and not all nations are states)
The difference between nation and state
“In layman’s term, state refers to a country and its government.”
A state has 4 attributes:
 It exercises authority over a specific population called-citizen.
 It governs specific territory.
 A state has a structure of government that crafts various rules that people follow.
 The state has sovereignty (refers to external and internal authority) over its territory.
INTERNALLY, no individuals or groups can operate in a given national territory by
ignoring the state.
  This means that groups like churches, civil society organizations, corporations and other
entities have to follow the laws of the state where they establish their parishes, offices,
or headquarters.
EXTERNALLY, sovereignty means that a state’s policies and procedures are
independent of the interventions of other states.
 On the other hand, according to BENEDICT ANDERSON, is an “imagined
community”.
 It is limited because it does not go beyond a given “official boundary”, and because
rights and responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of the
nations.
Calling it imagined, does not mean that the nation is made up. Rather, the nation allows
one to feel a connection with a community of people even he/she will never meet all of
them in his/her lifetime.
 Nation and state are closely related because it is nationalism that facilitates state
formation.
 In the modern and contemporary era, it has been the nationalist movements that have
allowed for the creation of nation states.
 Sovereignty is one of the fundamental principles of modern state politics.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name: Janmarinie Cabagbag Course/Section: BSBA -1D

EVALUATION ACTIVITY
Attack

Activity 1: ESSAY
Answer the following questions substantially and write your answer below each number.
1. What is nation and state? What do they differ? 10 points
- Nation is a broad community that lives and is reconnected by tradition, culture or other
commonalities in a particular territory. Notice that Roma's geographical nation is not
needed by a nation. However, as a general rule, they should share history and
language. While State is a united political structure, government is an organized society.
It's essentially just a society that was governed by a particular government (usually in a
particular territory). It could have or could not have a sovereign. A sovereign state is a
state with a permanent population, territory and administration. The state has its own
institution. It must also be able and entitled to conclude treaties and other agreements
with other Nations.
LESSON 8: THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM AND
INTERNATIONALISM
Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:

1. Discuss interstate system and internationalism;
2. Identify the principle of self-determination; and
3. Relate interstate system to internationalism.

THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM

 The origins of the present day concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty
of Westphalia, which was set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the 30years War
between the major continental powers of Europe.
 The Westphalian system provided stability for the nation of Europe, until it faced its first
major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte.
-believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and fraternity-to
the rest of Europe and thus challenged the power of kings, nobility, and religion in Europe.
 The Napoleonic Wars lasted from 1803-1815 with Napoleon and his armies marching all
over much of Europe.
 In every country they conquered, the French implemented the Napoleonic Code that
forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom of religion and promoted meritocracy in
government service.
 Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the battle of Waterloo in
1815, ending the latter’s mission to spread his liberal code across Europe.
 To prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, the royal powers created
a new system that, in effect, restored the Westphalian system.
 The Concert of Europe was an alliance of “great powers”-the UK, Austria, Russia and
Prussia-that sought to restore the world of monarchical, hereditary, and religious
privileges of the time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
 Under Metternich System (named after the Austrian diplomat, Klemens Von Metternich,
who was the system’s main architect & architect of the “Concert of Europe”),the
Concert’s power and authority lasted 1815-1914,at the dawn of World War I.

INTERNATIONALISM
 The Westphalia and concert systems divided the world into separate, sovereign entities.
 Others imagine a system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states,
particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and people-this is
called internationalism.
-comes in different forms, but the principle may be divided into 2 broad categories: liberal
internationalism and social internationalism.

Liberal internationalism
It was the late 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant-likened states in a global
system to people living in a given territory; he imagined a form of global government. Writing in
the late 18th century as well, British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (coined the world
“international” in 1780), advocated the creation of “international Law” that would govern the
inter-state relations. He believed that the objective of global legislators should aim to propose
legislation that would create “the greatest happiness of all nations taken together”.
 The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism was the 19th century
Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini.
 Mazzini was both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking mini-
states and a major critic of the Metternich system.
 He forwarded the principle of self-determination-the belief that the world’s nations had
a right to a free and sovereign government.
 Means of Production-the capitalist refereed to the owners of factories, companies and
others.
 Socialist International-was a union of European socialist and labour parties established
in Paris in 1889.
 May 1 as Labour Day and the creation of an International Women’s Day.
 As the SI collapsed, a more radical version emerged.
 In the so called Russian Revolution of 1917, Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and
replaced by a revolutionary government led by the Bolshevik Party and its leader,
Vladimir Lenin.
 This new state was called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR.
 To encourage these socialist revolutions across the world, Lenin established the
Communist International in 1919.
 After the war, however, Stalin re-established the Comintern as the Communist
Information Bureau (Cominform).
 It helped direct the various communist parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe.
 For the post-war period, however, liberal Internationalism would once again be
ascendant.
 And the best evidence of this is the rise of the United Nations as the centre of global
governance.

REFERENCES:
Claudio, L &Abinales P. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing.
Aldama, P.K. (2018). The contemporary world. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
 CHAPTER IV
UNITED NATIONS AND
CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

First, the United Nations and Contemporary Global Governance is the UN as a facilitator of global governance must be reinvigorated.
Second, UN economic bodies, especially the UN economic and Social Country the International Monetary Fund and the world bank must
be reformed to the point where they can serve their original mandates, while, Global Governance or World Governance is a movement
towards political cooperation among transnational. Actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state
or region.
Many internationalist like Bentham and Kant imagined the possibility of a Global Government
No one organization that various states are accountable
No organization can military compel as state to obey predetermined Global rules but there is a general behavior state
States in an international order continue to adhere global forms, it means that there is a semblance of world order despite the lack
of a single world government
LESSON 9: THE DEFINITION OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
AND INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:
1. Define global governance and international organization;
Learning Objectives 2. Identify the power of IOs; and
3. Illustrate example of organizational chart.

WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE?

Global Governance refers to the various intersecting processes that create these
sources. There are some sources of Global Governance or key actors participating in resources
governance in an international level include national governments, private transnational entities
operating on a commercial or non-profit basis and transnational communities of interest with a
civil society. One lesson will not be able to cover the various ways Global Governance; this
lesson will only examine how global governance is articulated by intergovernmental
organization. This will focus primarily on the UN because it is the most prominent
intergovernmental organizations today.

WHAT IS AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION?

It is likewise when scholars refer to groups like the UN or institutions like the IMF and the
World Bank. International NGO's sometimes considered as IOs (international organization) - this
term is commonly used to refer to international intergovernmental organizations or groups
that are primarily made up of member states.
One major fallacy about IOs(international organization) is that they are merely
amalgamation of various state interests.

Here are Michael N. Barnett & Martha Finniemore power of IOs listed;
o First, IOs have the power of classifications it can invent and apply
categories and it creates powerful global standards.
o Second, IOs have the power to fix meanings, it is broader function related
to the first. Here, the terms like "security" or "development" need to be well
defined.
o Finally, IOs have the power to diffuse norms; Norms are accepted codes
of conduct that may not be strict law.
o Furthermore, IOs do not only classify and fix meanings; they also spread
their ideas across the world. However, because of these immense powers,
IOs can be sources of great good and great harm. Also, it can promote
relevant norms like environmental protection and human rights.
LESSON 10: THE UNITED NATIONS AND ITS CHALLENGES

At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:

1. Discuss about the United Nations;
Learning Objectives 2. Identify challenges of the United Nations; and
3. Illustrate state sovereignty.

THE UNITED NATIONS

Having examined the powers, limitations, and weaknesses of IOs, the spotlight will now
fall on the most prominent IO in the contemporary world, the United Nations (UN). After the
collapse of the League of Nations at the end of the World War II, countries that worried about
another global war began to push for the formation of a more lasting international league.
The result was the creation of the UN. Although the organization is far from perfect, it
should be emphasized that it has so far achieved its primary goal of averting another global war.
For reason alone, the UN should be considered success.

ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS

A. General Assembly (GA)is UN’s “main deliberative policymaking and representative
organ.” According to the UN charter, “Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace
and security, admission of new members, and budgetary matters, require a two–thirds majority
of General Assembly. Decisions on the other questions are done by simple majority. Annually,
the General Assembly elects a GA President to serve a one-year term of office”. All members’
states (currently at 193) have seats in the GA.
B. Security Council (SC) is commentators consider this to be the most powerful.
According to the UN, this body consists of 15 member states. The GA elects ten of these 15 ten
two-year terms. The other five-sometimes referred to as the Permanent 5 (P5)-are China,
France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These states have been permanent
members since the founding of the UN, and cannot be replaced through election. The SC takes
the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression. It calls
upon the parties to a dispute to settle the act by peaceful means and recommends methods of
adjustments or terms of settlement. In some cases, it can resort to imposing sanctions or even
authorizing the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. Much
attention has been placed on the SC’s P5 due to their permanent seats and because each
country holds veto power over the council’s decisions. It only takes one veto vote from a P5
member to a stop an SC action dead in its tracks. In these sense, the SC is heir to the tradition
of “great power” diplomacy that began with the Metternich/Concert of Europe system. It is
especially telling that the P5 consists of the major Allied Powers that won World War II.
C. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) “the principal body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and environmental issues, as well as
the implementation of internationally agreed development goals”
D. International Court of Justice “is to settle, in accordance with the international law,
legal disputes submitted to it’s by states and to give advisory opinions referred to it by
authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. “The secretariat consists of the
“Secretary-General and tens of thousands of international UN staff members who carry out the
day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the organization’s other
principal organs. “It is the bureaucracy of the UN, serving as a kind of international civil service.
Members of the secretariat serve in their capacity as UN employees and not as state
representatives.
 CHALLENGES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Given the scope of the UN’s activities, it naturally faces numerous challenges. Chief
among these are the limits placed upon its various organs and programs by the need to respect
state sovereignty.
The UN is not a world government, and its functions primarily because of voluntary
cooperation from states. If states refuse to cooperate, the influenced of the UN can be severely
circumscribed.
 For example, the UN Council on Human Rights can send special rapporteurs to
countries where alleged human rights violations are occurring. If a country does not
invite the rapporteur or places conditions on his/her activities, however, this information
gathering mechanism usually fails to achieve its goals.
However, the biggest challenge of the United Nations is related to issues of security. The
UN Security Council is tasked with authorizing international acts of military intervention.
Because of the P5’s veto power, it is tough for the council to release a formal resolution, much
more implement it.
 For example; in the late 1990’s when the United States sought to intervene in the
Kosovo war. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic was committing acts of ethnic
cleansing against ethnic Muslim Albanians in the province of Kasoro.
Hundreds and thousands of Albanians were victims of massacres, mass deportations,
and internal displacement. Amid this systematic terror, members of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), led by the United States, sought SC authorization to intervene in the
Kosovo war on humanitarian grounds. China and Russia threatened to veto any action,
rendering the UN incapable of addressing the crisis.
NATO decided to intervene on its. Through the NATO intervention was largely a success, it
nevertheless, left the UN ineffectual.
Today, a similar is evident in Syria, which is undergoing a civil war. Russia has
threatened to veto any SC resolution against Syria; thus the UN has done very little to stop
state-sanctioned violence against opponents of the government.
Since, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad is an ally of Russian dictator Vladimir Putin, the latter
has shied away from any policy that could weaken the legitimacy of the former.
The UN is again ineffectual amid a conflict that has led to over 220,000 people dead and
11 million displaced.
Despite these problems, it remains important for the SC to place a high bar on military
intervention.
However, UN members Russia, China, and France and France were unconvinced and
vetoed the UN resolution for intervention, forcing the United States to load a small “coalition of
the willing "with its allies.
It has since been discovered that there were no weapons of mass destruction, and the
invasion of Iraq has caused problems for the country and the region that last until today.

REFERENCE:

Claudio, L &Abinales P. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing
CHAPTER V
LESSON 14: REALITIES OF RELIGION
Learning Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:

1.Discuss about the realities of religion;
2. Identify themajors religious traditions; and
3.Appreciate one’s religion.

REALITIES OF RELIGION
In actuality, the relationship between religion and globalism is much more complicated.
Peter Berger argues that far from being secularized, the “Contemporary World is… furiously
religious in most of the world, there are veritable explosions of religious fervor, occurring in one
form of another in all the major religious traditions – Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism,
Buddhism, and even Confucianism (if one wants to call it a religion) – and in many places in
imaginative synthesis of one or more world religions with indigenous faith.
Religions are the foundation of modern republics, the Malaysians Government places
religion at the center of the political system. Its constitution explicitly states that “Islam is the
religion of the federation”, and the rulers of each state was also the “Head of the religion of
Islam”.
Late Iranian Religious Leader, Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, bragged about the
superiority of Islamic rule over its secular counter parts and pointed out that “there is no
fundamental distinction among constitutional despotic, dictatorial, democratic and communistic
regimes”.
To Khomeine all secular ideologies were the same -- they were flowed –and Islamic rule
was the superior form of government because it was spiritual. Yet, Iran calls itself a Republic, a
turn that it associated with secular. Moreover, Religious movement does not hesitate to
appropriate secular themes and practices.
The moderate Muslim associates Nahdlatul Ulama in Indonesia has Islamic Schools
(Pesantrin) were students are thought not only about Islam but also about Modern Science such
as:
 social sciences,
 Modern Banking
 Civic Education
 Rights of Women
 Pluralism
 Democracy
In other cases Religion was the result of a shift in a state policy. The Church of England,
for example was “shaped by the rationality of modern democratic (and bureaucratic) culture”
King Henry VIII broke away from Roman Catholicism and established his own church to
bolster his own power.
In United States religion and law was fuse together to help build this “Modern Secular
Society”. It was observe in the early 1800s by French historian and Diplomat Alexis de
Tocqueville who wrote “Not Only do the Americans practice their religions out of self-interest but
they often even place in this world the interest which they have in practicing it”.
Jose Casanova confirms this statement by noting that “historically religion has always
been at the very center of all great political conflicts and movements of social reform”. From
independence to abolition, from nativism to women's suffrage, from prohibition to the civil rights
movements, religion had always been at the center of this conflicts, but also on both sides of
the political barricades “it remains the case until today with the power the Christian right has on
the republican party”

RELIGION FOR AND AGAINST GLOBALIZATION

 Religion
- An organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship God or group of
gods.
 Globalization
It is the process in which people ideas and goods spread throughout the world, boost
more interaction and integration between the world’s cultures, governments and economies.
The two old religion– Christianity and Islam see Globalization as an opportunity to
expand their reach all over the world.
Globalization has brought benefits in developing countries as well as negative effects
one of these is the disturbance of “cultural system.”
Globalization continues to use “the full range of modern means of communication and
organization associated with economic transformation, fast long distance transport and
communications, availability of English, modern management and marketing.
The spread of involving too many people and making them is known as “promiscuous
propagation” of religious forms.
The fundamentalist organizations are the result of the increase of Born-again group,
Islam, Daesh known as ISIS and also the spread of globalization which is the opposite of what
other assumes. Religious fundamentalism and globalization both find ways to benefit or take
advantage of each other.
But still the tension with globalist does not subside. Muslim views globalization as “Trojan horse-
hiding supporters of Western values ready to spread ideas and take over them”.
The World Council of Churches Association of different protestant leaders criticizes the
negative effects of Globalization. Churches should be accountable and become advocate of
inside and outside “the center of powers”.
Catholic Church condemned globalization “It suffocates hope and increase risks and
threats.”
Lutheran World Federation 10th Assembly- “Our world is split into parts by forces we
often don’t understand—Relationship in this world continues to be ruptured (break) due to greed
(selfish desire) injustices and various forms of violence”.
The advocacies gained attention of Global Institutions in 1998 the World Bank brought
discussion with religious leaders about global poverty. Although it only provide insignificant
result (WB supported anti-poverty project ONLY in Kenya and Ethiopia). Evidently they are
responsible to the liberationist, moral critiques of economic globalization including; writing on
social justice coming from the religious.
REFERENCES:
Claudio, L &Abinales P. (2018). The contemporary world. Quezon City: C & E Publishing.
Aldama, P.K. (2018). The contemporary world. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Name: Janmarinie Cabagbag Course/Section: BSBA -1D

EVALUATION ACTIVITY
Attack

Activity: ESSAY
Answer the questions substantially and write your answer on the spaces.
 What are the things you will need to show appreciation on one’s religion? 10
points
- Religion is a set of practices and beliefs that allow human beings to search for
the meaning of life and the purpose of their existence. These common practices
set the foundation for such beliefs to have validity. Every individual must wonder
why he/she exist on earth. Questioning about the purpose in one’s life and
whether or not there is meaning allows an individual to seek a supernatural,
Supreme Being or some form of deity. Technically, religion is essentially the
passing of stories, embedded with morals and values as well as being a way of
life. Appreciating another religion may be difficult at first because of conflicting
ideas or beliefs, but it is necessary if you want to live in a diverse community and
a greater understanding of people with different backgrounds. Instead of
questioning the validity of the other person’s opinions or beliefs, ask questions
and be curious. Genuinely try to understand their position. Even if you never fully
agree, at least you will learn something new and make them feel respected. And
relationship is built in understanding each other. I believe that merely respecting
their religious beliefs, especially their own rituals and activities devoted to
praising their God, as well as refraining from criticizing their practices, particularly
their beliefs, would suffice. Their religions must be respected, and instead of
criticizing them, they must be saluted.