VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VIRAR

DEPT:COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SECOND YEAR/SEM-III
SUBJECT:ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III
MODULE-III FOURIER SERIES LEC NO. 2
SUBJECT IN CHARGE
DR.J.C.JAIN
Determination of Fourier Coefficients (Euler’s Formulae)

Let f(x) be a periodic function of period

2𝜋 which can be represented in the interval
(𝑐, 𝑐 + 2𝜋) by
f(x)=𝑎0 + ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛 cosnx+ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx
We assume that the above series is uniformly convergent
and can be integrated term by term in the given interval
1 𝑐+2𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
1 𝑐+2𝜋 1 𝑐+2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
For The Interval (0, 2𝜋)

The Fourier series for f(x) is

f(x)=𝑎0 + ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛 cosnx+ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx
Where
1 2𝜋
𝑎0 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋

1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
For The Interval (-𝜋, 𝜋)

The Fourier series for f(x) is

f(x)=𝑎0 + ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛 cosnx+ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx
Where
1 𝜋
𝑎0 = −𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋

1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = −𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = −𝜋 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
For The Interval (0, 2𝑙)

The Fourier series for f(x) is

f(x)=𝑎0 + ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛 cosnx+ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx
Where
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙

1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
For The Interval (-𝑙, 𝑙)

The Fourier series for f(x) is

f(x)=𝑎0 + ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛 cosnx+ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx
Where
1 𝑙
𝑎0 = −𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙

1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = −𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = −𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
Problem 1:Find the Fourier series of f(x)=x in the interval
(0,2𝜋)

The Fourier series 0f f(x) with period 2𝜋 is given by

f(x)=𝑎0 + ∞ 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛 cosnx+ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx
2𝜋
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 1 𝑥2
𝑎0 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥dx = =𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋 0 2𝜋 2 0

1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝑥 − (1) − =
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 1
= 2 − 2 =0
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
 1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝜋 2
= 𝑥 − − (1) − 2 =-
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 0 𝑛
1
Hence, f(x)=𝜋 − 2 ∞𝑛=1 𝑛sinnx.
 Problem 2: Find the Fourier series of the function
f(x) = 𝑒 −𝑥 ,0<x<2𝜋 and f(x+2𝜋)=f(x) Hence deduce the value of
∞ −1 𝑛
𝑛=2 𝑛2 +1 Further derive the series for cosec h𝜋.

∞ ∞
Solution:Let f(x)=𝑒 −𝑥 =𝑎0 + 𝑎
𝑛=1 𝑛 cosnx+ 𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx-------(1)
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 −𝑥 1 𝑒 −𝑥 2𝜋
𝑎0 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 dx =
2𝜋 2𝜋 0 2𝜋 −1 0
1 1−𝑒 −2𝜋
= −𝑒 −2𝜋 + 1 =
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 −𝑥 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝑒 0
𝜋 1+𝑛2
1 1 −2𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛𝜋 − 𝑒 0 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑜)
= 𝑒
𝜋 1+𝑛2
 1 −2𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = .𝑒 −1 − (−1) =
𝜋(1+𝑛2 ) 𝜋(1+𝑛2 )
1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 2𝜋 −𝑥
= 0 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 1 −𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝑒 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 0
𝜋 1+𝑛2
1 1 −2𝜋 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 − 𝑒 0 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛0
= 𝑒 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜)
𝜋 1+𝑛2
1 −2𝜋 −𝑛 − 1(−𝑛)
= 𝑒
𝜋 1+𝑛2
𝑛 −2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 1 − 𝑒
𝜋 1+𝑛2
putting the value of 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑛 in equation (1)we get

1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1 𝑛

−𝑥 ∞ ∞
𝑒 = + 𝑛=1 1+𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛=1 1+𝑛2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋

1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1 ∞ 1
= + 𝑛=1 1+𝑛2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) -----------(2)
𝜋 2
Putting x= 𝜋 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1
−𝜋 ∞
𝑒 = + 𝑛=1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 (sinn𝜋 = 0)
2𝜋 𝜋 1+𝑛
1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 1 ∞ 1 𝑛
= + − + 𝑛=1 −1
2𝜋 𝜋 2 1+𝑛2
−𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋 ∞ 1 𝑛
𝑒 = 𝑛=1 1+𝑛2 −1
𝜋
𝜋 ∞ 1 𝑛
= 𝑛=1 1+𝑛2 −1
𝑒 𝜋 1−𝑒 −2𝜋

𝜋 ∞ 1 𝑛 𝜋 2 ∞ −1 𝑛
𝑒 𝜋 −𝑒 −𝜋
=𝑛=1 1+𝑛2 −1 ∴ . 𝜋 −𝜋= 𝑛=1
2 𝑒 −𝑒 1+𝑛2
𝜋 1 ∞ −1 𝑛
∴ . =𝑛=1 1+𝑛2
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋
2 ∞ −1 𝑛 2 1 1 1
∴cosech 𝜋= 𝑛=1 2 = 2 − 2 + 2 −
𝜋 1+𝑛 𝜋 1+2 1+3 1+4
Problem 3:Expand f(x)=x.sinx in the interval 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
∞ 1 3
Deduce that 𝑛=2 2 =
𝑛 −1 4
Solution:Let f(x)=x.sinx
=𝑎0 + ∞𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cosnx+ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sinnx-------(1)
1 2𝜋 1
𝑎0 = 0 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 2𝜋
0
2𝜋 2𝜋
1
= −2𝜋 + 0 − (0 + 0) = -1
2𝜋
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑥. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑥. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2𝜋
1 2𝜋
= 0 𝑥 sin 𝑛 + 1 𝑥 − sin 𝑛 − 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
1 cos 𝑛+1 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑛+1 𝑥 sin 𝑛−1 𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝑥 − + − (1) − +
2𝜋 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛+1 2 𝑛−1 2 0
 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑛+1)𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑛−1)𝜋
= 2𝜋 − + −0
2𝜋 (𝑛+1) (𝑛−1)
1 1 2
=- + = 2 if n≠ 1
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛 −1
If n=1, the above method fails.
Putting n-1 in (2),we get
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑎1 = 0 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑥. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2𝜋
1 2𝜋
= 0 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝑥 − − (1) −
2𝜋 2 4 0
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜋 1
𝑎1 = 2𝜋 − −0 =-
2𝜋 2 2
 1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 0 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ………………………..(3)
𝜋
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
= 0 𝑥. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥= 0 𝑥2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 2𝜋
=- 0 𝑥[cos 𝑛 + 1 𝑥 − cos 𝑛 − 1 𝑥]
2𝜋

1 sin 𝑛+1 𝑥 sin 𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑛+1 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 2𝜋

=- 𝑥 − − (1) − +
2𝜋 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛+1 2 𝑛−1 2 0
=0
If n=1 the above method is fail.
Puttingn=1 in (3) we get
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑏1 = 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥= 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝜋 0 𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
= 0 𝑥. (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
 2𝜋
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑥− − (1) +
2𝜋 2 2 4 0
1 4𝜋2 1 1
= 2𝜋 2𝜋 − 0 − + − 0−
2𝜋 2 4 4
1
= 2𝜋 2 = 𝜋
2𝜋
Putting these values in (1)
1 ∞ 2
x.sinx = -1- cosx+ 𝑛=2 2 cosnx+𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2 𝑛 −1
Deduction:
Put x=0 we get
3 ∞ 1
= 𝑛=2 2 Hence Proved
4 𝑛 −1