ARELLANO UNIVERSITY

DLP #2.4 IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

MS. LOUISE JONALYN ATIENZA
1ST SEM – SECOND QUARTER
SY 2021-2022

PETILOS, ANN GABRIELLE M.

NAME: YEAR AND SECTION: 11-STEM 3
(Surname, First Name MI)

NOVEMBER 22, 2021

DATE SUBMITTED: __________________________

I. TOPIC: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Reference: Agudong, JA et al (2017). General Chemistry 1. Recolletos St., Manila:
MINDSHAPERS CO., INC.

II. LESSON OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
• define organic compounds and hydrocarbons.
• identify how the discovery of carbon leads to the different discovery of other
substances.
• identify the different functional groups and how to name them using the IUPAC rules.

III. ACTIVITY #2.4 (WRITTEN WORKS: 55 POINTS)

DIRECTION: Research and answer the following guide questions in preparation for the
discussion. Make sure that prior to the synchronous session, you have understood well
the bonding patterns of covalent compounds. Also, familiarized yourselves with the
different terms that you have encountered. Submit your file in PDF format.

GUIDE QUESTIONS
*Structure your answers in a way that they answer these
questions. Use paragraph/s for your answer.
1. What is Organic Chemistry? What
is its scope of study?
2. Explain why carbon needs a total
separate field for study. (10 PTS)
ANSWER
Organic chemistry is the study of the
chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon
is singled out because it has a chemical
diversity unrivaled by any other chemical
element. Its diversity is based on the
following:

• Carbon atoms bond reasonably

strongly with other carbon atoms.
• Carbon atoms bond reasonably
strongly with atoms of other
elements.
• Carbon atoms make a large
number of covalent bonds (four).

Curiously, elemental carbon is not

particularly abundant. It does not even
appear in the list of the most common
elements in Earth’s crust. Nevertheless,
all living things consist of organic
compounds.

Carbon can form covalent bonds with

itself and other elements to create a mind-
boggling array of structures. In organic
chemistry, we will learn about the
reactions chemists use to synthesize
crazy carbon-based structures, as well as
the analytical methods to characterize

3. What are hydrocarbons? Aside
from the basic element
composition, what other elements
can form bonds with organic
compounds? (5 PTS)
4. What are the three (3) main
hydrocarbons? How are they
different from each other? (15
PTS)
them. We will also think about how those
reactions are occurring on a molecular
level with reaction mechanisms. Simply
put, organic chemistry is like building with
molecular Legos.
Most organic chemicals are covalent
compounds, which is why we introduce
organic chemistry here. By convention,
compounds containing carbonate ions
and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon
dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not
considered part of organic chemistry,
even though they contain carbon.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic
compounds and contain only carbon and
hydrogen, but they can be straight chain
or branched chain with the same
empirical formula but showing differences
in properties.
Organic compounds are molecules that
contain carbon atoms covalently bonded
to hydrogen atoms (C-H bonds). Many
organic compounds are formed from
chains of covalently linked carbon atoms
with hydrogen atoms attached to the
chain (a hydrocarbon backbone). This
means that all organic compounds have
in common the presence of carbon atoms
and hydrogen atoms. In addition, different
organic compounds may contain oxygen,
nitrogen, phosphorous, and other
elements.
In conclusion, four elements, hydrogen,
carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, are the
major components of most organic
compounds. Consequently, our
understanding of organic chemistry must
have, as a foundation, an appreciation of
the electronic structure and properties of
these elements.
1. Each successive member of the
series has one more Carbon atom
than the preceding member. This
series of compounds are called
alkanes (CnH2n+2). Alkanes are
saturated which means they
contain the maximum number of
hydrogens per carbon and no
double or triple bonds.
2. Another series of compounds is
called the alkenes. These have a

4. What does IUPAC stand for? How
are they relevant to chemistry?
What specific function do they
carry? (5 PTS)
5. What are the eight (8) functional
groups or hydrocarbon
derivatives? Enumerate and
define each by their characteristics
and general formula. (20 PTS)
*Early submission will warrant an additional of five (5) points.
general formula: CnH2n. Alkenes
have fewer hydrogen atoms than
the alkanes. The extra valences
left over occur as double bonds
between a pair of Carbon atoms.
The double bonds are more
reactive than single bonds making
the alkenes chemically more
reactive.
3. The third series are the alkynes.
These have the following formula:
CnH2n-2. Alkynes have two carbon
atoms joined by a triple bond. This
is highly reactive making these
compounds unstable.
The International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an
international, non-governmental
organization whose purpose is to address
many global issues involving the chemical
sciences.
• It is the world authority on chemical
nomenclature, terminology
(including the naming of new
elements in the periodic table),
standardized methods for
measurement, atomic weights and
many other critically evaluated
data.
• It develops and maintains
recommendations that create a
common language for the global
chemistry community.
• In addition, IUPAC has many other
wide-ranging activities that
ultimately impact both the chemical
profession and the worldwide
community. These include the
publishing of technical reports,
journals, books, databases, and
other information resources that
facilitate the conduct of scientific
research, conferences, and the
provision of awards for the
recognition of scientific excellence.
*See next page for the answer*
1. Alcohol
• Due to the presence of an -OH group, alcohols can hydrogen bond. This leads to higher
boiling points compared to their parent alkanes.
• Alcohols are polar in nature. This is attributed to the difference in electronegativity between
the carbon and the oxygen atoms.
• Alcohols are organic compounds in which the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) is bound to a
carbon atom.
Group General Structural Common Common Example
Formula Formula Name Suffix

Hydroxyl Ethyl alcohol -ol

(Ethanol)

2-3. Ketone and Aldehyde

• The carbonyl functional group is a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. Depending on the
location of the carbonyl group, it is termed differently; Ketones contain the carbonyl inside
the compound and Aldehydes contain the carbonyl at the end of the organic compound.
• Ketones and Aldehydes can undergo keto-enol tautomerism. This refers to the equilibrium
between the two possible tautomers. The interconversion of the two forms involves the
movement of a proton and the shifting of bonding electrons. This equilibrium affords the
compounds more reactivity.
• Ketones and aldehydes participate in a variety of reactions. They can undergo oxidation
reactions, in which they become oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
Chemical Group General Structural Common Common Example
Class Formula Formula Name Suffix
Ketone Carbonyl Acetone (2- -one
propanone)

Aldehyde Carbonyl Acetaldehyde -aldehyde

(ethanal) (-al)

4. Carboxylic acid
• Carboxylic acids are used as precursors to form other compounds such as esters,
aldehydes, and ketones.
• Carboxylic acids can exhibit hydrogen bonding with themselves, especially in non- polar
solvents; this leads to increased stabilization of the compounds and elevates their boiling
points.
• Since they contain both hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups, carboxylic acids
participate in hydrogen bonding as both hydrogen acceptors and hydrogen donors.
 Group General Structural Common Common Example
Formula Formula Name Suffix

Carboxyl Acetic acid -ic acid

(ethanoic (-oic acid)
acid)

5. Ether
• Ethers have relatively low boiling points due to their inability to form hydrogen bonds with
each other.
• Due to the electronegativity difference between the oxygen and carbon atoms of an ether,
the molecule is slightly polar.
• Although they have low reactivity overall, the two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen
atom do afford the ether molecule some reactivity; the ether molecule is subject to reacting
with strong acids and serves as a Lewis base.

Group General Structural Common Common Example

Formula Formula Name Suffix

Ether Diethyl ether ether

6. Ester
• Esters are a functional group commonly encountered in organic chemistry. They are
characterized by a carbon bound to three other atoms: a single bond to a carbon, a double
bond to an oxygen, and a single bond to an oxygen. The singly bound oxygen is bound to
another carbon.
• Ester names are derived from the parent alcohol and the parent acid. While simple esters
are often called by their common names, all esters can be named using the systematic
IUPAC name, based on the name for the acid followed by the suffix “-oate.”
• Esters react with nucleophiles at the carbonyl carbon. The carbonyl is weakly electrophilic
but is attacked by strong nucleophiles. The C-H bonds adjacent to the carbonyl are weakly
acidic but undergo deprotonation with strong bases.

Group General Structural Common Common Example

Formula Formula Name Suffix

Carboxyl Methyl acetate -ate

(methyl (-oate)
ethanoate)
7. Amine
• Due to the lone pair of electrons, amines are basic compounds. The basicity of the
compound can be influenced by neighboring atoms, steric bulk, and the solubility of the
corresponding cation to be formed.
• Amine compounds can hydrogen bond, which affords them solubility in water and elevated
boiling points.
• The general structure of an amine is a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons and three
substituents. However, the nitrogen may bind to four substituents, leaving a positive charge
on the nitrogen atom. These charged species can serve as intermediates for important
reactions.
Group General Formula Structural Common Common Example
Formula Name Suffix
Amino Ethylamine -amine

8. Phenol
• Phenols are the organic compounds containing benzene ring bonded to a hydroxyl group.
They are also known as carbolic acids. They exhibit unique physical and chemical
properties in comparison to alcohol. These physical and chemical properties of phenols are
mainly due to the presence of the hydroxyl group.
• Phenols are similar to alcohols but form stronger hydrogen bonds. Thus, they are more
soluble in water than are alcohols and have higher boiling points.
• Phenols occur either as colorless liquids or white solids at room temperature and may be
highly toxic and caustic.
Group General Structural Common Common Example
Formula Formula Name Suffix
Hydroxyl Phenol -ol