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Björnberg - Music Video and Popular Music
Björnberg - Music Video and Popular Music
Introduction
During the last decade, music video has developed into one of the dominating
means for the dissemination of popular music, especially in the Anglo-American
pop and rock music market. In contrast with traditional film music, music video
is characterised by the fact that the visual dimension is governed by the music’s
syntax and verbal lyrics. The structure of visual narration in music video is thus
related to narrative processes in the lyrics, and to the analogue of narrative
processes in the music. The object of this paper is to give a theoretical outline
of the relationships between musical and visual structure specific to
contemporary music video, and to illustrate how these relationships work in
practice.
This means that the visual dimension also refers to the music’s primary
signification; if music «offers a means of thinking relationships», then the
images of music video offers a visual representation of these relationships,
visual homologues to musical structures. How this process of representation is
shaped depends to a large extent on the syntactical characteristics of the music
typically visualised in music video, i.e. contemporary rock and pop music.
Probably these are the characteristics of pop and rock music referred to by Frith
when writing, in a discussion of the aesthetics of music video, that «Rock music
[...] doesn’t seem to have the necessary density to take on interesting or
complex imagery» [Frith 1988, 219]. «Density» may here arguably be taken to
denote «information density» in the strict sense of information theory; however,
musical communication contains more than one type of information. Moles
[1968] divides the information content of music into «semantic» information
(roughly, the information contained within the notable structures of music) and
«aesthetic» information (the information which is added in the music as actual
sounding performance). Because of the important part played by repetitivity in
musical syntax, all music possesses a higher degree of structural semantic
redundancy (i.e. a lower information density) than verbal language, but in return
it contains a larger amount of aesthetic information. Whether this aesthetic
information bias generally applies more to popular music than to art music may
be disputed; however, the semantic information density is unquestionably lower
in contemporary pop/rock music than in, for example, the Western European art
{383-2} music tradition and Hollywood film music based on this tradition. This is
related to the differences discussed above concerning «narrative» tonal
structures.#3
great freedom of choice as regards actual visual content [Straw 1988, 258].
Slightly overstating the matter, music in general, and pop/rock music in
particular, may simply be said to constitute a more «post-modern» mode of
communication than verbal language or classical dramaturgy.
The fact that in music video specifically popular musical forms are visualised
implies an important distinction compared to traditional Hollywood film music. In
film music, the demands made by visual narration mean that specifically
musical structural principles are undermined and have to be modified [Gorbman
1987, 13], while in music video the relationship is reversed, i.e. the determinant
role played by musical syntax renders coherent narration difficult. Parallels to
this situation exist in opera and musical film, where the introduction of
«autonomous» musical forms (aria, TPA-type popular song) interrupts the
narrative flow. The visualisation of typical «narrative» musical structures, on the
other hand, is more easily adaptable to a traditional film/film music relationship;
a typical example would be the visualisation of Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony
in Disney’s Fantasia.
The interaction in music video between sound and image is particularly manifest
with regard to the dimension of time: the structuring of temporal flow effected by
the music determines the shaping of visual content, both on the macro- and the
micro-level. The most fundamental temporal determinant of music video is the
total duration of the song in question. The conventionalised restriction of most
pop/rock songs to a time span of some four minutes imposes obvious limits as
to what may be represented visually; extended dramatic! narrative processes
are excluded or have to be represented in a very concentrated and elliptical
way. Exceptions such as the video for Michael Jackson’s Thriller only serve to
underline this fact: in this case, the ambition to reproduce a more complex
5
narrative results in the duration of the video substantially exceeding that of the
song.
Also within this total duration visuals are structured by the music. A great
majority of contemporary pop/rock songs are based on one variant or other of
the verse-chorus form [Björnberg 1987,55, 69f], which means that a song
(including introduction, possible solo sections and coda) normally consists of 8-
9 fairly {384-5} distinctly delimited sections. In most music videos, this formal
organisation (i.e. the alternation of verse and chorus sections etc.) determines,
to a greater or lesser degree, the organisation of visual content. Musical form is
often visualised by means of general changes of scene, e.g. from depiction of
the artist or group (or, when applicable, the soloist) in chorus sections to a more
or less fragmentary narrative in verse sections (see, for example, the videos for
Kraftwerk’s The Model and Down Under by Men at Work). Musically as well as
lyrically, verse-chorus form may be characterised as a «multiple centripetal
process» (cf. footnote 1): musically by means of the cadential effect of the
chorus section, lyrically by means of the motion from
concretisation/problematisation in verse sections to generalisation/confirmation
in the chorus [ibid. 189]. The domination of this mode of formal organisation in
popular music since the mid-l9th century implies that it may be regarded as a
deeply ingrained musical «archetype» to the contemporary Western listener.
However, because of the repeated return to a «position of rest» or «centre»
implied by the verse-chorus form, it forms an oppositional relationship with
linear narrativity.#5 The cutting-up of visual narrative into short sections (of the
order of 30 seconds) effected by adaptation to musical form also appears rather
arbitrary and irrelevant from a dramatic/narrative point of view.
In the relatively few cases where the disposition of the visuals is not adapted to
musical form, a narrative development without clearly marked segmentation
may extend over the entire video (examples of this may be found in many of ZZ
Top’s videos); another possibility is a total domination of diffusely structured
«dreamlike visuals» [Kinder 1984] void of narrative elements (one example
among many is the video for New Order’s Blue Monday). Segmentation is also,
naturally enough, less distinct in visualisations of songs belonging to musical
styles where the delimitation of formal sections is less clear, such as hip-hop or
house music; see, for example, the videos for Young MC’s I Come Off and
Marrs’ Pump Up The Volume.
The most obvious connection between visual organisation and the time
structure of the music, however, is situated at a temporal micro-level: in {385-6}
practically all music videos, both the motions depicted, camera movements and
cutting is synchronised with the basic beat and/or short rhythmic units
congruent with the music’s meter or basic rhythmic gestures. Frith’s thesis, that
«montage is the video-maker’s basic tool simply because it is the visual
equivalent of music built up out of studio sound layers» [Frith 1988, 219], seems
to be based on a technical analogy without obvious experiential correlates;
rather «montage» is one of several conceivable visual equivalents of music
characterised more by a strongly emphasised beat than by tonal processes of
tension and release. Thus, the close connection between music and visuals
which in film music contexts is somewhat contemptuously described as
«mickey-mousing» [Schmidt 1982, 48fl is essential, especially with regard to the
6
While the rhythmic character of the music thus plays a significant part in the
shaping of music video, manifest visualisation of tonal processes of tension and
release (affecting the melodic and harmonic parameters) is considerably less
frequent. The close onnection between tonal and visual processes that Ruud
discerns in the video for Paul Simon’s Rene and Georgette Magritte With Their
Dog After The War [Ruud 1988, 56ff] is rare in music video contexts, a fact
which is related to the general tonal characteristics of contemporary pop/rock
music described above. The kind of network of differentiated tonal relations
playing a prominent part in Paul Simon’s song is exceptional in these genres;
more often, songs are based on static «modal fields» of a relatively constant
affective character [Björnberg 1989], which in music video rather is illustrated on
a general «mood» level comparable to genre-specific types of secondary
signification.
words or concepts in the lyrics is frequently used; the «cut up» montage
aesthetics typical of music video enables visual interjections on the micro-level
of the lyrics, without any necessary connection to the surrounding context. Such
«vocable visualisation» may serve to underline details of the lyrics, as, for
example, in the video for Midnight Oil’s Blue Sky Mine. At times it dominates the
visuals over longer stretches of time; a striking example is the video for Peter
Gabriel’s Sledgehammer, which to a large extent is based on concrete
illustration of the metaphors in the lyrics, to the effect of a «mickey-mousing»-
relationship between lyrics and images. Another frequent lyric visualisation
practice is the display of written words from the lyrics (a graphic illustration of
this can be found in the video for Need You Tonight/Mediate by INXS).#7
Because of their fragmentary {387-8} character, these types of lyric visualisation
paradoxically often seem to direct attention to musical (i.e. phonetic and
paralinguistic) aspects of the lyrics, rather than to their semantic meaning and
narrative context.
Conclusion
In this paper I have argued that the visualisation of the structural meaning of
music, its primary signification, constitutes an important, perhaps primary,
function for music video. Visual processes are determined by musical structure
in an effort to complement specifically musical experiential qualities with visual
homologues, which partly precede and work independently of the referential
substance of the images. The dimension of visual «content» in music video may
correspondingly be regarded as a visualised representation of (part of) the
potential connotative meaning of the music, its secondary signification. This
dimension presents a «play» of signifiers, referring to film history, televisual
conventions, advertising, the visual arts, subcultural styles etc.,the interpretation
of which has been given much attention in the literature on music video, mainly
from the perspective of film and television theory. The meanings of music video
are produced, however, in a continuous interplay of musical and visual
signification on a number of levels. The study of music video is therefore
musicologically important because of its potential contributions to the semiotics
of popular music; however, the musical-analytical perspective also constitutes
an important element in the multidisciplinary approach which a thorough
analysis of this multidimensional signifying practice requires, but which so far
has largely been missing from contemporary research.
Bibliography
Endnotes